by Alan Palmer
and short sight, 1, 2;
his education, 1;
learns English, 1, 2,
and French, 1;
his appearance, 1, 2, 3;
Potemkin on, 1;
his betrothal and marriage to Elizabeth Alexievna (Louise of Baden), 1;
and the succession 1, 2;
his friendships, 1, 2;
his character, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
at death of Empress Catherine, 1;
recognized as Tsarevich, 1;
tours western Russia, 1;
suffers from his father’s mental vagaries, 1;
at Mikhailovsky Palace, 1;
suggestion of Regency made to, 1, 2;
shocked by murder of Tsar Paul, 1, 2;
his coronation, 1;
and the army: with his father’s military forces, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Arakcheev as military instructor of, 1, 2, 3;
appoints Arakcheev to reform army, 1;
sets off to join army (allied with Austria against Napoleon, 1805), 1;
and Kutuzov, 1;
at Olmütz, 1;
in peace parleys with Napoleon, 1;
at battle of Austerlitz, 1, 2, 3, 4;
after battle, 1;
at war on two fronts (1806), 1;
appoints Kamensky as commander-in-chief, 1;
inspects garrison towns (1807), 1;
promotes military colonies, 1; 2, 3, 4, 5;
plans campaign (1811), 1, 2;
inspects border fortresses, 1;
joins army (1812), 1;
at Volna, 1;
in retreat, 1;
leaves army for Moscow, 1, 2;
his difficulties over appointment of commander-in-chief, 1
announces the news of Borodino, 1;
refuses to consider peace, 1, 2;
hears of French retreat, 1, 2;
in Vilna (1813), 1, 2;
appoints successor to Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, 1, 2, 3;
satisfied with armistice, 1;
asks for command of Allied forces, 1;
battle of Leipzig, 1;
presses for advance on Paris, 1; 2, 3;
enters Paris (1814), 1;
hears of Napoleon’s escape (1815);
puts Russian armies on war footing, 1, 2;
at review on Plain of Vertus, 1;
his attitude to Semeonovsky mutiny (1820), 1;
prepares troops to assist Austria (1821), 1;
in internal affairs: his ideas of reform, 1, 2, 3;
his Secret Committee, 1;
some reforms initiated, 1;
growing autocracy of, 1, 2;
September Decrees for government reform (1802), 1;
end of government by friends of, 1;
his throne in danger? 1;
sees Speransky’s reforms as modernization of Tsardom (1808–9), 1, 2;
consults his confidants on proposed Council of State, 1;
his enthusiasm for reform declines, 1;
dismisses Speransky (1812), 1;
appoints Arakcheev to deal with breakdown of administration (1816), 1;
his attitudes to liberal ideas, 1;
travels about Russia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
fails to live up to his reputation, 1;
in foreign affairs, 1, 2, 3;
see further under places and people involved;
his religion: at church ceremonies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
turns to Bible for comfort and revelation, 1, 2, 3;
has Bible translated into Russian, 1;
interested in Society of Friends, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
his periods of mystical exaltation, 1, 2;
his relations with the prophetess Julie von Krüdener, see Krüdener;
receives monk Photius, 1, 2;
his personal relations and later days: and Queen Louise of Prussia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
his relations with his wife and with Maria Naryshkin, 1, 2, 3, 4,
and with his sisters, 1;
death of his baby daughter, 1, 2;
and Grand Duchess Catherine’s marriage, 1;
and Napoleon’s proposal for Grand Duchess Anna, 1;
visits Grand Duchess Catherine in Tver, 1, 2, 3, 4;
deaths of his daughters by Maria Naryshkin, 1, 2;
death of Queen Louise, 1;
falls ill, 1;
rebuked by Grand Duchess Catherine (1812), 1, 2;
visits his sisters, 1;
death of Grand Duchess Catherine, 1;
on Nicholas as future Tsar, 1;
talks of abdicating, 1, 2;
his reconciliation with Elizabeth during his illness (1824), 1;
sees Neva floods, 1, 2;
illness of Elizabeth, 1,
leads to decision to spend winter at Taganrog, 1;
prepares route for Elizabeth, 1;
arranges to buy estate in Crimea, 1;
succumbs to “Crimean fever”, 1;
death of, 1;
rumours about death of, 1, 2;
his funeral at cathedral of Peter and Paul fortress, 1;
his tomb opened and found empty, 1;
perhaps buried at Nevsky cathedral, 1
Alexander II, Tsar, reputed to have moved body of A from Peter and Paul fortress to Nevsky monastery, 1
Alexander Nevsky, St, 1, 2
Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), wife of Grand Duke Nicholas, 1, 2;
on Arakcheev, 1;
records A’s intention that Nicholas should succeed him, 1
Alexandra Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of A), 1;
wife of Archduke Joseph;
dies in childbirth, 1
Allen, William, of Society of Friends, 1;
in Russia, 1, 2;
at Verona, 1
Alsace and Lorraine, Prussian efforts to obtain, 1
Ambrose, Metropolitan, 1
Amiens, Treaty of (1802), between Britain and France, 1
Anglo-Rrussian Convention (1801), 1;
Anglo-Russian Alliance (1805), 1
Anichkov Palace, St Petersburg, assigned to Grand Duchess Catherine and her husband, 1
Anna Feodorovna (of Saxe-Coburg), wife of Grand Duke Constantine, 1, 2;
returns to Germany, 1;
marriage annulled, 1
Anna Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of A), 1;
Napoleon offers to marry, 1, 2;
married to Prince of Orange (1816), 1, 2;
A visits, at Brussels, 1;
sees flood at St Petersburg, 1
Ansbach; Prussian territory of, violated by Napoleon, 1,
and ceded to France (1805), 1
Anstedt, Jean: envoy to Prague (1813), 1, 2;
in Russian delegation at Vienna, 1
Arakcheev, Alexei, 1, 2;
introduces A to military service, 1, 2, 3;
dismissed by Tsar Paul, 1, 2;
Paul tries to recall, 1;
recalled by A to reform army, as Inspector-General of Artillery, 1, 2;
with A at Olmütz, 1;
head of commission to inquire into failure of artillery at Austerlitz, 1;
A’s reliance on, 1;
appointed War Minister, 1;
and Speransky’s reforms, 1, 2;
Chairman of Military Department, Council of State, 1;
organizes military colonies, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Secretary for Military Affairs to A (1812), 1, 2, 3;
heads committee to appoint commander-in-chief, 1;
Deputy Chairman of Committee of Ministers (1816), 1;
administrative system of, 1; 2;
in control of internal policy (1820), 1;
involved in ousting of Golitsyn (1824), 1;
puts forward Photius, 1;
and murder of his mistress, 1
army, European, proposal for, 1
army, Russian: Prussian methods introduced by Tsar Paul into, 1, 2, 3;
A summons Arakcheev to reform, 1, 2;
levies of serfs for,
1, 2, 3, 4;
slow to mobilize, 1, 2;
strength of, during peace negotiations (1814), 1, 2;
at A’s death, declares for Constantine, 1n
artillery: Arakcheev and, 1;
at Austerlitz, 1, 2;
at Pultusk, 1;
at Borodino, 1
Artois, Comte d’, brother of Louis XVIII, 1
Auerstadt, battle of (1806), 1
Augereau, Marshal: A waltzes with widow of, 1
Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Austria: Russia assists, against France (1790), 1;
adheres to Anglo-Russian alliance (3rd Coalition, 1805), 1;
and Poland, 1;
at war with France (1805), 1;
defeated, 1, 2;
effect of Tilsit agreement on, 1;
feeling against France in, 1, 2;
Napoleon and, at Erfurt, 1, 2;
challenges France and is defeated (1809), 1, 2, 3;
A strengthens relations with, 1;
signs commitment to France (1811), 1;
concludes armistice with Russia (1813), 1;
joins 4th coalition against France, 1;
in Teplitz Treaties with Prussia and Russia, 1;
in Quadruple Alliance, (1814), 1, (1815) 2;
with Allies in advance westward, 1, 2;
A and political influence of, 1, 2;
Congress of Vienna and, 1, 2, 3;
causes of friction between Russia and, 1, 2;
entente between Britain and, 1;
and unrest in Italy (1820–1), 1, 2, 3;
see also Francis II, Metternich
Baader, Franz von, Catholic publicist, 1, 2
Baden: Napoleon and, 1;
Duc d’Enghien abducted from, 1;
Empress Elizabeth visits, 1, 2
Bagration, Prince: cavalry commander (1805), 1, 2, 3;
at Austerlitz, 1, 2, 3, 4;
feted in Moscow, 1;
commands Russian rearguard (1806), 1n;
Grand Duchess Catherine and, 1, 2, 3;
idol of soldiery, 1;
commands 2nd Army in 1812 campaign, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
A’s letter of rebuke to, 1;
feud between Barclay de Tolly and, 1, 2;
mortally wounded at Bordino, 1, 2
Bagration, Princess Katharina (widow of foregoing and cousin of A); A’s visits to, in Vienna (1814–15), 1, 2, 3, 4;
in Paris, 1
Bakhchisarai, A visits, 1, 2, 3
Bakounina, Ververa, on A’s entry into Moscow, 1
Balashov, General: Minister of Police, 1;
brings news of French invasion to A, 1;
emissary from A to Napoleon, 1, 2;
wants A to leave army, 1, 2
Balkans: French agents in, 1;
Czartoryski favours forward policy in, 1;
Napoleon and Russian policy in, 1;
memorandum of Capodistrias on, 1;
risings against Turkey in, 1, 2, 3, 4:
A’s proposals for, 1
Banbury: enthusiasm for Russians in (1814), 1
banks: failures of, in Germany and Paris (1810), 1, 2
Barante, C. de, French diplomat, on Capodistrias, 1
Barclay de Tolly, General: War Minister, 1, 2;
commands 1st Army in 1812 campaign, 1, 2;
made commander-in-chief, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
feud between Bagration and, 1, 2;
confirmed in command, 1,
and as War Minister, 1;
reappointed commander-in-chief (1813), 1, 2;
in Poland (1815), 1;
opposes military colonies, 1
Bartenstein Convention, between Prussia and Russia (1807), 1, 2, 3
Basle, Allied sovereigns at (1814), 1
Bautzen, battle of (1813), 1
Bavaria: Austrian thrust into (1805), 1;
thrust checked by Napoleon, 1;
Napoleon concentrates forces in, 1;
deserts Napoleon (1813), 1
Beauharnais, Eugene: made Viceroy of Italy (1805), 1;
commands Italian corps of Grand Army (1812), 1, 2, 3;
A’s attentions to (1814), 1
Beauharnais, Hortense: A’s attentions to (1814), 1;
expelled from France (1815), 1
Benckendorff, Countess Sophia, governess to A, 1
Bennigsen, General: involved in murder of Tsar Paul (1801), 1, 2, 3;
high appointments for, 1;
commander-in-chief (1806), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
at Tilsit, 1;
decorated by Napoleon, 1;
in 1812 campaign, 1;
gives ball for A at his estate at Zakret, 1;
considered for commander-in-chief;
appointed chief-of-staff, 1
Berezina river, 1;
French cross, 1
Berlin: A visits (1805), 1;
Napoleon in (1806), 1;
liberation of (1813), 1, 2
Bernadotte, Marshal: with Napoleon (1805), 1, 2;
elected Prince Royal of Sweden, 1n;
opposes French influence in Baltic, 1;
meets A at Äbo, 1, 2;
as possible commander of Allied forces, 1;
as possible ruler for France, 1, 2, 3;
halts his army in the Netherlands (1815), 1
Berri, Duc de, assassination of (1820), 1
Berthier, General, chief-of-staff to Napoleon, 1, 2
Bessarabia, ceded to Russia (1812), 1n
Bessières, Marshal, at Moscow, 1
Bialystok province, transferred from Prussia to Russia (1807), 1
Bible: A turns to, for comfort and revelation, 1, 2, 3;
A persuades Holy Synod to have Russian translation of, 1
Blücher, General, Prussian commander: at battle of Dresden (1813), 1;
considered for command of Allied forces, 1;
in France (1814), 1, 2, 3, 4;
at Oxford, 1;
in 1815 campaign, 1, 2;
at Russian review in Paris, 1
Borodino, battle of (1812), 1
Bouche, Mme, prophetess from Marseilles, 1
Bourbon dynasty: question of restoration of, 1;
A’s attitude to, 1, 2, 3;
Mme von Krüdener foretells disappearance of, 1;
Wellington and, 1;
see also Louis XVIII
Boyen, General von, Prussian patriot, 1
Britain: Czartoryski and, 1;
Tsar Paul at first allies Russia with, 1,
and then puts an embargo on trade with, 1;
Convention between Russia and (1801), 1;
Treaty of Amiens between France and (1802), 1;
resumes war with France (1803), 1;
Russian mission to propose Grand Design to (1804), 1;
counter-proposals by, 1;
subsidies to Russia from, 1, 2, 3;
Napoleon desires Russian alliance against 1, 2, 3;
Russia committed to Continental System against, 1, 2;
Russia breaks off relations with, 1;
Russian need to trade with, 1;
A uncertain about, 1;
technical state of war between Russia and, ended by treaty (1812), 1;
feeling in, warms to Russia (1813), 1;
A gives assurance of no peace with France without consulting, 1;
in 4th Coalition (1813), 1;
in Quadruple Alliance, (1814) 1, (1815) 2;
Louis XVIII’s thanks to, 1;
A’s visit to, 1;
at Vienna, 1, 2;
entente between Austria and, 1;
Cato Street conspiracy in, 1;
suspects Russia of wanting naval bases in Spain, 1;
sends observer to Troppau Congress, 1;
deprecates interference by one State in affairs of another, 1;
and Balkans, 1, 2
Bucharest Treaty, between Russia and Turkey (1812), 1, 2
Budberg, General Andrei: Foreign Minister, 1, 2, 3;
/> at Tilsit, 1, 2, 3, 4;
wishes to retire, 1
Bülow, General von, Prussian commander: at Waterloo, 1
Buxhöwden, General, Russian commander (1805), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
in Finland (1808), 1
Canning, George, British Foreign Secretary, 1, 2
Canning, Stratford, British Minister in Constantinople, 1
Capel, Maria on A at Dover, 1
Capodistrias, John: in Russian delegation at Vienna, 1, 2, 3;
and 2nd Treaty of Paris (1815), 1, 2;
at Foreign Ministry: A’s relations with, 1, 2, 3;
at Aix Congress, 1, 2;
Austrians distrust, 1;
at Troppau Congress, 1, 2, 3;
and Balkans, 1, 2
Carbonari, 1
Carlsbad Decrees, repressive measures (1819), 1, 2
Castlereagh, Viscount, British Foreign Secretary: on A, 1, 2;
and war aims (1813), 1, 2;
during advance into France, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
disturbed by A’s ascendancy, 1, 2, 3, 4;
wants early settlement with France, 1;
in Vienna, 1, 2, 3, 4;
on Julie von Krüdener, 1, 2;
and Holy Alliance, 1;
and Quadruple Alliance, 1;
A proposes disarmanent in letter to, 1;
friendship of Metternich and, 1;
proposes Aix Congress (1818), 1, 2;
and Balkans, 1;
and Spain, 1;
suicide of, 1
casualties: at Austerlitz, 1, 2;
at Borodino, 1;
at Eylau, 1;
of French in Russia, 1;
of advancing Russians, 1
Cathcart, Lord, British Ambassador in St Petersburg, 1, 2, 3;
on A and Metternich, 1
Catherine II of Russia (the Great), 1;
reforms by, 1;
and A, 1;
and A’s marriage, 1;
visits Crimea, 1;
question of successor to, 1, 2;
last years of, 1;
death, 1;
burial, 1
Catherine Pavlovna, Grand Duchess (sister of A), 1;
and Tilsit agreement, 1, 2;
and Bagration, 1, 2, 3;
suggested as bride for Napoleon, 1;
marries George of Holstein-Oldenburg (1809), 1, 2,
and settles at Tver, 1;
dislikes Speransky, 1, 2, 3;
as champion of conservatives, 1, 2;
and Napoleon’s proposal to her sister Anna, 1, 2;
A visits at Tver, 1, 2, 3, 4;
birth of son to, 1;
against A as commander (1812), 1, 2, 3;
birth of second son to, 1, 2, 3;
reproves A, 1, 2;
death of her husband, 1;
at Teplitz, 1, 2;
meets Metternich, 1;
question of second marriage for, 1, 2, 3;
in England (1814), 1
passim; in Vienna, 1, 2;
married to William of Württemberg (1816), 1;
A visits at Stuttgart, 1;
