2. Toronto Community Health Profiles, 2012–13 and 2013–14, www.torontohealthprofiles.ca/a_dataTables.php.
3. Tim Alamenciak and Timothy Appleby, “Charges Laid in Assaults on Mentally Ill in Toronto’s Parkdale Neighbourhood,” The Globe and Mail, May 3, 2011.
4. Parkdale Neighbourhood Land Trust, No Room for Unkept Promises: Parkdale Rooming Houses Study, May 2017.
5. Almost 4,000 people apprehended under Ontario’s Mental Health Act were dropped off at St. Joe’s between 2014 and 2017, 500 more than the second-place hospital, CAMH. (Toronto Police Service statistics released in January 2018, obtained through Access-to-Information request).
6. City of Toronto, Social Housing Waiting List Reports, Q2, 2018.
7. Patricia O’Campo et al, “How did a Housing First intervention improve health and social outcomes among homeless adults with mental illness in Toronto? Two-year outcomes from a randomized trial,” BMJ Open, September 2016.
CHAPTER 5: WHEN DIAGNOSIS MAKES YOU CRAZY
1. Patrick Barkham, “Green-Haired Turtle that Breathes through Its Genitals Added to Endangered List,” The Guardian, April 11, 2018.
CHAPTER 7: KNOW THINE ENEMY
1. Madhukar Trivedi, interviewed by the author by phone, October 11, 2016.
2. Paul Kurdyak, interviewed by the author in Toronto, March 30, 2015.
3. Javed Alloo, interviewed by the author in Toronto, September 6, 2016.
4. Ishaq ibn Imran in Andrew Scull, Madness in Civilization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015), 56.
5. Andrew Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression (New York: Scribner, 2001), 31–2.
6. Scull, Civilization, 92, 168.
7. National Institute of Mental Health, “Major Depression,” www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml.
8. Ronald C. Kessler et al, “Lifetime and 12-month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States,” Arch Gen Psychiatry (1994).
9. US Centers for Disease Control, “Selected prescription drug classes used in the past 30 days, by sex and age: United States, selected years 1988–1994 through 2011–2014,” https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2016/080.pdf.
10. World Health Organization, Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates, 2017.
11. WHO, Depression, 2017.
12. Sarah Lisanby, interviewed by the author by phone, July 6, 2016.
13. Laura Hirshbein, American Melancholy: Constructions of Depression in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 59.
CHAPTER 8: CHECKING BOXES
1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5, “Major Depressive Disorder,” (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
2. Benoit Mulsant, interviewed by the author by phone, April 23, 2015.
3. Scull, Civilization, 392.
4. Elliot Goldner, interviewed by the author by phone, March 20, 2015.
5. Allen Frances, “The New Crisis of Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis,” Annals of Internal Medicine (August 6, 2013), http://annals.org/aim/article/1722526/new-crisis-confidence-psychiatric-diagnosis.
6. Thomas Insel in Scull, Civilization, 408.
7. Tom Insel, interviewed by the author by phone, August 23, 2016.
CHAPTER 9: SUICIDE BLUES
1. Jane Pearson, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2016.
2. Jan Neeleman, “Suicide as a Crime in the UK,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (1996).
3. Rae Spiwak et al, “Suicide Policy in Canada: Lessons from History,” Canadian Journal of Public Health (2012).
4. Prakash Behere et al; “Decriminalization of Attempted Suicide Law: Journey of Fifteen Decades,” Indian Journal of Psychiatry (2015).
5. Jose Manoel Bertolote and Alexandra Fleischman, “Suicide and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Worldwide Perspective,” World Psychiatry, October 2002.
6. Maria Oquendo, interviewed by the author by phone, July 13, 2017.
7. Tom Ellis, interviewed by the author by phone, July 26, 2016.
8. World Health Organization, “Suicide: Key Facts,” August 24, 2018, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide.
9. Statistics Canada, table 13-10-0392-01, “Deaths and Age-Specific Mortality Rates, by Selected Grouped Causes,” www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310039201.
10. You’re also more than 63 percent more likely to kill yourself than to die in a car accident and 44 percent more likely to kill yourself than to die of prostate cancer. Statistics Canada, Canadian Vital Statistics, Birth and Death Databases and Appendix II of the publication “Mortality Summary List of Causes,” 2012, www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/84f0209x/2009000/t023-eng.htm.
11. National Violent Death Reporting System, Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.
12. National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC.
13. J.K. Canner et al, “Emergency Department Visits for Attempted Suicide and Self Harm in the USA: 2006–2013,” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences (February 2018).
14. National Center for Health Statistics, “Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999–2017,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db330.htm.
15. Sally C. Curtin, Margaret Warner, and Holly Hedegaard, “Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999–2014,” NCHS Data Brief No. 241, April 2016, www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db241.htm.
16. Jane Pearson, interviewed by the author, July 13, 2016.
17. Sarah Lisanby, interviewed by the author, July 6, 2016.
18. Robin Skinner et al, “Suicide in Canada: Is Poisoning Misclassification an Issue?” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (July 2016).
19. Ian R. H. Rockett et al, “Suicide and Unintentional Poisoning Mortality Trends in the United States, 1987–2006: Two Unrelated Phenomena?” BMC Public Health (2010).
20. Ian R.H. Rockett et al, “Variable Classification of Drug-Intoxication Suicides across US States: A Partial Artifact of Forensics?” PLOS One (August 2015).
21. Skinner et al, “Suicide in Canada.”
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “The Changing Profile of Autopsied Deaths in the United States, 1972–2007,” NCHS Data Brief No. 67, August 2011.
23. Rockett et al, “Suicide and Unintentional Poisoning Mortality.”
24. Ian Rockett, interviewed by the author by phone, August 2, 2016.
25. Skinner et al, “Suicide in Canada.”
26. Rockett et al, “Unintentional Poisoning Mortality.”
27. Rockett et al, “Unintentional Poisoning Mortality.”
28. Skinner et al, “Suicide in Canada.”
29. National Violent Death Reporting System, CDC.
30. 29 percent compared to 51 percent. Ian Rockett et al, “Race/Ethnicity and Potential Suicide Misclassification: Window on a Minority Suicide Paradox?” BMC Psychiatry (2010).
31. Rockett et al, “Race/ethnicity and potential suicide misclassification.”
32. Rockett, interviewed by the author by phone, August 2, 2016.
33. Michael Peck, interviewed by the author by phone, August 18, 2016.
CHAPTER 11: A PILL-POPPING PARADE
1. Gil Tomer, “Prevailing Against Cost-Leader Competitors in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Journal of Generic Medicines, Vol. 5 No. 4 (July 2008).
2. Haiden A. Huskamp, Alisa B. Busch, Marisa E. Domino and Sharon-Lise T. Normand, “Antidepressant Reformulations: Who Uses Them, and What Are the Benefits?” Health Affairs, Vol. 28 No. 3 (May/June 2009).
3. Jennifer Tryon and Nick Logan, “Antidepressant Wellbutrin Becomes ‘Poor Man’s Cocaine’ on Toronto Streets,” Global News (September 18, 2013).
4. Jakob Nielsen, “Dysregulation of Renal Aquaporins and E
pithelial Sodium Channel in Lithium Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus,” Seminars in Nephrology (May 2008).
5. Ross J. Baldessarini and Leonardo Tondo, “Lithium in Psychiatry,” Revista De Neuro-Psiquiatria (2013).
6. Martin Alda et al, “Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics,” Molecular Psychiatry (2015).
7. Thomas E. Schlaepfer et al, “The Hidden Third: Improving Outcome in Treatment-Resistant Depression,” Journal of Psychopharmacology (2012); Laura Orsolini et al, “Atypical Antipsychotics in Major Depressive Disorder,” Understanding Depression (2018).
8. Sven Ulrich, Roland Ricken and Mazda Adli, “Tranylcypromine in Mind (Part I): Review of Pharmacology,” European Neuropsychopharmacology (April 2017).
9. Roland Ricken, Sven Ulrich, Peter Schlattman and Mazda Adli, “Tranylcypromine in Mind (Part II): Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Meta-analysis of Controlled Studies in Depression,” European Neuropsychopharmacology (April 2017).
10. Maurizio Fava and A. John Rush, “Current Status of Augmentation and Combination Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder: A Literature Review and a Proposal for a Novel Approach to Improve Practice,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2006).
11. Thomas J. Moore, and Donald R. Mattison, “Adult Utilization of Psychiatric Drugs and Differences by Sex, Age, and Race,” JAMA Internal Medicine (December 2016).
12. Thomas Harr and Lars E. French, “Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome,” Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (2010).
13. Connie Sanchez, Karen E. Asin and Francesca Artigas, “Vortioxetine, a Novel Antidepressant with Multimodal Activity: Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014).
14. Richard A. Friedman, interviewed by the author by phone, October 19, 2016.
15. They were also more likely to be white or Hispanic, and less likely to be Black, but that could be because of response rates or general likelihood of continued participation: the population was overwhelmingly white all the way through. A. John Rush et al, “Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report,” American Journal of Psychiatry, (November 2006).
16. Madhukar Trivedi, interviewed by the author by phone, October 11, 2016.
17. Steven Hyman, interviewed by the author by phone, March 4, 2015.
18. Katelyn R. Keyloun et al, “Adherence and Persistence Across Antidepressant Therapeutic Classes: A Retrospective Claims Analysis Among Insured US Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD),” CNS Drugs (April 2017).
19. Elisabeth Y. Bijlsma et al, “Sexual Side Effects of Serotonergic Antidepressants: Mediated by Inhibition of Serotonin on Central Dopamine Release?” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior (October 2013).
20. Arif Khan and Walter Brown, “Antidepressants Versus Placebo in Major Depression: An Overview,” World Psychiatry (2015).
21. Benoit Mulsant, “Is There a Role for Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Practice in 2014?” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (February 2014).
CHAPTER 12: GOOD NOTICING!
1. Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, “History of Cognitive Behavior Therapy,” https://beckinstitute.org/about-beck/our-history/history-of-cognitive-therapy/.
2. Steven Hollon et al; “Effect of Cognitive Therapy with Antidepressant Medications vs. Antidepressants Alone on the Rate of Recovery in Major Depressive Disorder,” JAMA Psychiatry (2014).
3. Christiane Steinert et al; “Relapse Rates after Psychotherapy for Depression—Stable Long-term Effects? A Meta-analysis,” Journal of Affective Disorders (2014).
4. Mark Olfson and Steven Marcus, “National Patterns in Antidepressant Medication Treatment,” JAMA Psychiatry, (August 2009).
5. Dennis Greenberger and Christine A. Padesky, authors of the clinically sound, largely helpful bestselling work, Mind Over Mood: Change How You Feel by Changing the Way You Think (New York: Guilford Publications, 1995).
6. Statutory Regulation in Canada. Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association, 2016.
7. There are guidelines out there: Health Quality Ontario has found evidence for CBT, interpersonal therapy and supportive therapy for depression and anxiety, and recommends publicly covering their provision by non-physicians. (At the time of this writing, they are not.) Health Quality Ontario, “Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Health Technology Assessment” and “Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: OHTAC Recommendation,” 2017. https://www.hqontario.ca/Portals/0/documents/evidence/reports/hta-psychotherapy-1711.pdf and https://www.hqontario.ca/Portals/0/documents/evidence/reports/ohtac-recommendations-psychotherapy-1711-en.pdf.
8. Michael Schoenbaum, interviewed by the author by phone, July 22, 2016.
CHAPTER 13: ZAPPING, SHOCKING AND BURNING YOUR BRAIN INTO SUBMISSION
1. Jeff Daskalakis, interviewed by the author in Toronto, August 9, 2016.
2. Jonathan Downar, Daniel M. Blumberger and Zafiris J. Daskalakis, “Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: an emerging treatment for medication-resistant depression,” CMAJ (November 2016).
3. Charles Kellner, interviewed by the author by phone, November 10, 2016.
4. Georgios Petrides et al; “ECT Remission Rates in Psychotic Versus Nonpsychotic Depressed Patients: A Report from CORE,” The Journal of ECT (2001); Gerard Gagne et al, “Efficacy of Continuation ECT and Antidepressant Drugs Compared to Long-Term Antidepressants Alone in Depressed Patients,” American Journal of Psychiatry (2000).
5. Thomas Insel, interviewed by the author, March 25, 2015.
6. Sarah Lisanby, “Facebook Q&A on Electroconvulsive Therapy,” March 17, 2016.
7. Charles Kellner et al, “Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy vs. Pharmacotherapy for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression: A Multisite Study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE),” Archives of General Psychiatry (2006).
8. Darin Dougherty, interviewed by the author by phone, October 13, 2016.
9. H. Thomas Ballantyne Jr. et al, “Treatment of Psychiatric Illness by Stereotactic Cingulotomy,” Biological Psychiatry (July 1987).
10. Clemens Janssen et al, “Whole-Body Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Psychiatry (2016).
CHAPTER 14: BRAINIACS
1. Barbara Lipska, interviewed by the author in Bethesda, MD, July 1, 2016.
2. Jonathan Sirovatka, interviewed by the author in Bethesda, MD, July 1, 2016.
3. Melanie Bose, interviewed by the author in Bethesda, MD, July 1, 2016.
4. Luke Dittrich, Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness and Family Secrets (New York: Random House, 2016).
5. Kasey N. David et al, “GAD2 Alternative Transcripts in the Human Prefrontal Cortex, and in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders,” PlosONE (February 2016).
6. Maree Webster, interviewed by the author in Rockville, MD, June 28, 2016.
7. Gustavo Turecki, interviewed by the author in Montreal, August 8, 2016.
CHAPTER 15: A DRY PHARMA PIPELINE
1. Francisco López-Muñoz and Cecilio Alamo, “Monoaminergic Neurotransmission: The History of the Discovery of Antidepressants from 1950s Until Today,” Current Pharmaceutical Design (Vol. 15 No. 14, 2009).
2. Steven Hyman, interviewed by the author by phone, March 4, 2015.
3. James W. Murrough and Dennis S. Charney, “Is There Anything Really Novel on the Antidepressant Horizon?” Current Psychiatry Reports (December 2012).
4. “Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products in the treatment of depression,” European Medicines Agency, 2013; Corrado Barbui and Irene Bighelli, “A New Approach to Psychiatric Drug Approval in Europe,” PLOS Medicine (October 2013).
5. Steven Hyman, interviewed by the author, March 4, 2015.<
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6. Alison Abbott, “Novartis to Shut Brain Research Facility,” Nature, December 6, 2011, www.nature.com/news/novartis-to-shut-brain-research-facility-1.9547?nc=1344043518270.
7. Gregers Wegener and Dan Rujescu, “The Current Development of CNS Drug Research,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (August 2013).
8. Richard A. Friedman, interviewed by the author by phone, October 19, 2016.
9. Amy E. Sousa, email to the author, January 13, 2017.
10. Steven Danehey, email to the author, November 1, 2016.
11. Mai Tran, email to the author, September 26, 2016.
12. Pamela L. Eisele, email to the author, October 20, 2016.
13. Mark Marmur, email to the author, January 13, 2017.
14. Hyman, interviewed by the author, March 4, 2015.
15. Kenneth Kaitin, interviewed by the author, October 24, 2016.
16. Thomas R. Insel, “The Anatomy of NIMH Funding,” www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/funding-strategy-for-research-grants/the-anatomy-of-nimh-funding.shtml.
17. Zul Merali, Keith Gibbs and Keith Busby, “Mental-Health Research Needs More than Private Donations,” The Globe and Mail (January 29, 2018).
18. Braincanada.ca, accessed Jan. 27, 2018.
CHAPTER 16: OLD ILLNESS, NEW TRICKS—THE ELECTRODE IN YOUR BRAIN
1. Helen Mayberg, interviewed by the author by phone, August 4, 2016.
2. Craig M. Bennett, Abigail A. Baird, Michael B. Miller and George L. Wolford, “Neural Correlates of Interspecies Perspective Taking in the Post-Mortem Atlantic Salmon: An Argument for Multiple Comparisons Correction,” NeuroImage (July 2009).
3. Deanna Cole-Benjamin, interviewed by the author in Kingston, ON, November 23, 2016.
4. Takashi Morishita et al, “Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes,” Neurotherapeutics (2014).
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