by Simon Dixon
C’s baptism 52
first serious argument with Grand Duke Peter 53
birthday 54
status-consciousness 55
C’s wedding 56, 58, 59, 61–2
leaves the Russian Court 64
death (1760) 107
Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Auguste
Friderike, Princess of see Catherine
II the Great, Empress of Russia
Anhalt-Zerbst, Wilhelm Christian Friedrich, Prince of (C’s brother) 26, 27
Anichkov Palace, St Petersburg 128, 149, 242
Anna, Empress of Russia 3, 8, 14, 43, 44, 45, 47, 54, 55, 56, 66, 69, 71–5, 78, 81, 115, 123, 149, 230, 295
Anna Petrovna, Grand Duchess (C’s illegitimate daughter) 104–5, 106
Anna Petrovna (sister of Elizabeth, Empress of Russia) see Holstein-Gottorp, Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Antropov, Aleksey 7
Apraksin, Admiral 55, 99–100, 102, 105–6
Aptekarsky Island 57
Araja, Francesco 104
Bellerofont 77
Mithridates 79
Scipio 62
architecture
a golden age of Baroque church-building 79
recurrent alterations to imperial palaces 81
disaster at Gostilitsy 82, 84
effects of the Russian climate 82–3
resurrection of the Golovin Palace 88–9
heyday of private building projects
in St Petersburg 95
C’s ambitions for urban reconstruction 211–14
Arseny, Metropolitan, of Rostov 52
Assebourg, Baron von 219, 220
Assemblies of the Land 159
Astrakhan 169
Augustus, Emperor 211
Augustus III, King of Poland 185, 186
Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony 31
Austria
diplomatic alliance with Russia (1726) 35
implacable enemy of Prussia 187
incorporation of the Polish enclave of Zips 207
education model 248
Russia’s need for a rapprochement with 250
formal alliance with Russia (1781) 253, 269, 290
Avdotino estate, near Moscow 308
Azov 239
B
Bach, Johann Sebastian
Brandenburg Concertos 32
Well-Tempered Clavier 32
Bachaumont, Louis Petit de: Mémoires secrets 194
Bad Neuheim 331
Baden-Durlach, Louise, Princess of 313
Baedeker, Karl 25
Bakhchisaray 287
Balkan Slavs 196
Balta, sacking of (1768) 183
Baltic lands 9, 40, 217
Baroque style 59, 160, 179, 205, 259
Baryatinsky, Prince Fëdor 124, 125, 315, 319
Bashkir tribal leaders 228
Bashkiria 228, 254
Basil the Great, St 17
Batyushkov, Konstantin 324, 326
Bauer, General 203, 220, 223, 258, 265, 273
Bayle, Pierre 68
Historical and Critical Dictionary 67, 310
Bazhenov, Vasily 212, 213, 214, 230, 239, 258, 276
Beardé de l’Abbaye, M. 154–5
Beaumarchais, Pierre 224
Beccaria, Cesare 182, 198, 223
On Crimes and Punishments 157, 199
Belaya Tserkov estate 322
Belorussia 270
Beloselsky, Prince Andrey 140, 141
Bender 204, 211
Bentham, Jeremy 156–7, 199, 261, 282
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 157
Bentham, Samuel 282, 286
Bentinck, Countess 34
Berch, Carl Reinhold 42
Berda 228, 235
Berezovsky, Maxim 150
Berlin 29, 37, 231, 245, 254
Court of 25, 30, 204
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Count Aleksey
Petrovich 14, 35, 50, 56, 66, 79, 97, 99–100, 102, 105, 109, 113, 115, 132, 133, 140, 185
Betskoy, Ivan 129, 132, 140, 155, 179, 208, 245, 256, 257, 262–3, 333, 334
General Plan for the Education of Young People of Both Sexes 130
Bezborodko, Alexander 184–5, 250, 251, 253, 254, 268, 270, 277, 281, 290, 298, 311, 320, 333
Bibikov, Alexander 161, 164, 171, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 325
Bielfeld, Jakob Friedrich, Freiherr von 162
Political Instruction 112
Bielke, Frau Johanna 204, 208, 210, 211, 218, 229, 230, 238, 244
Bilbasov, Vasily 1–2, 331
Bismarck, Prince Otto von 332
Blackstone, William 286, 325
Blanning, Tim 32, 75–6
Blessing of the Waters at Epiphany 115, 149–50
Blok, Alexander 331
Blondel, Jean 136
Board of Public Welfare 240
Bobrinsky, Aleksey Grigoryevich (C’s illegitimate son) 6, 120, 265, 285, 287, 331
Boerhaave, Abraham 49, 99
Boerhaave, Herman 49
Bolotov, Andrey 239
Bonecchi, Giuseppe 62, 77
Book on the Duties of a Man and Citizen, The 248
Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia 15
Borovichy 274
Boswell, James: Corsica 196, 199
Bourbon kings 31
Brandenburg-Prussia 24
Brandt, Johann 81
Branicka, Countess Alexandra (née Engelhardt) 255, 284, 311, 322
Branicki, Count 255
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de 67
Bratovshchina 85, 170
Bratslav 290
Brenna, Vincenzo 320
Breteuil, Louis-Auguste de Tonnelier, baron de 20
Britain
and War of American Independence (1775–83) 263
Anglo-Russian relations at an all-time low 298
Brompton, Richard 249
Bronnaya crown estate 129, 197
Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’ 94
Bruce, Count 204, 268, 272, 276–7, 285
Bruce, Countess Praskovya 118, 144–5, 197, 233, 255
Buckinghamshire on 144
C’s trusted friend 144–5
banished from Court (1779) 144
Brühl, Count Heinrich von 193
Brummer, Grand Marshal 36
Brunswick, dukes of 30
Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elisabeth Sophie Marie, Dowager Duchess of 29
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Juliana Maria, Duchess of, Queen of Denmark 37
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Lower Saxony, Court of 29, 30, 65
Buch, Iver 312
Buchanan, Sir George 332
Buckinghamshire, John, 2nd earl 7, 10, 22, 126–7, 144
Bühren, Ernst 72, 230
Bulgarians 174
Burney, Dr Charles 177
Busch, Johann (John Bush) 210
Butler, Martin 9
Buturlin, Count Peter 142
Buturlin, Field Marshal 114
Byron, George Gordon, Lord: Don Juan 296
Byzantine calendar 17
Byzantine empire 250
Byzantium 206
C
Cadet Corps 128, 148, 205, 265, 327
Cagliostro, Count (Giuseppe Balsamo) 276
Calas family 153
Cameron, Charles 210, 258–9, 320
Canitz, Julius von 168
Cardel, Elisabeth (Babet) 26, 27, 28, 34
Cardel, Magdalena 26
Caroline, Landgravine 220, 221
Catharinaea sublimis 333
Cathcart, Lord 138, 179, 181–2, 192, 196, 200–201, 208, 219, 241
Cathedral of St Isaac, St Petersburg 179, 180–81
Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow 5, 20, 213
Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, Moscow 5, 20, 213, 277
Cathedral of the Dormition, Kiev 54
Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow 4, 5, 7, 9, 13–17, 52, 160, 171, 183, 213, 237, 273, 288
Cathedral of the Dorm
ition, Smolensk 282
Cathedral of the Dormition, Vladimir 15
Cathedral Square, Moscow 8, 9, 10, 14, 20
Catherine I, Empress of Russia 5, 52, 62, 77, 143, 179
Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia
birth (21 April 1729; as Princess Sophie Auguste Friderike of Anhalt-Zerbst) 4, 23, 333
appearance 10, 27, 49, 58, 180, 302, 314, 332
health 24, 49, 72, 82, 85, 89, 149, 157, 192, 239, 243, 267, 289–90, 294–5, 303
childhood 24, 28–9
education 26–7, 28
journeys to Russia (1744) 37–40
meets Empress Elizabeth 47–8
accepted into the Russian faith 51–2
engaged to Grand Duke Peter 10, 52
name day (24 November) 54, 77, 101, 147, 191, 254, 255
marries Peter (1745) 56–63
mounting debts 73, 97–8
birthday 77, 89, 112, 160, 177, 233, 266, 270, 271, 279, 289, 290, 300, 307
relationship with Zakhar Chernyshëv 86, 269
pregnancies by Sergey Saltykov 87
third pregnancy 89
birth of Paul 91–2
affair with Poniatowski 93–4, 95, 103
maturing political aspirations 100–103, 112, 113
pregnant by Poniatowski 103, 106
birth of Anna Petrovna 104–5
and Bestuzhev’s arrest 106
death of Anna Petrovna 106
pregnant by Orlov 112, 114, 117, 118, 120
birth of Aleksey Grigoryevich 6, 120
Peter III insults her at a banquet 122, 143
coup (1762) 11–14, 20, 22, 118, 122–4, 316
ceremonial re-entry into the capital 127–8
early reforms 125, 129–30, 155
long-serving state secretaries 130–32
coronation (1762) 4–22, 125, 136
correspondence with Voltaire 28, 153, 154, 158, 168–9, 175, 182, 191, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 217, 218, 224, 237, 244, 321
Volga expedition 155, 156, 158–69, 175, 235
accession anniversaries 169–70, 242, 256, 288
denies any expansionist ambitions 185–6, 250
and Poniatowski’s election as king of Poland 186
inoculation against smallpox 24, 188–90
art collection 192–4, 260–63
Greek project 206, 250, 263
‘plantomania’ 210
urban reconstruction 211–14
Vasilchikov becomes her new favourite 216, 217
improved relations with Paul 218–19
correspondence with Grimm 25, 223–4, 238–9, 245, 246, 247, 251–4, 256–7, 259–62, 265, 266, 269, 275, 277, 280, 283–4, 293, 295, 302, 304, 305, 310, 312, 313, 314, 330, 333
relationship with Grigory Potëmkin 6, 27, 229, 231–2, 234, 238, 241
Provincial Reform 239–40, 250, 254, 271
relationship with Zavadovsky 28, 241, 242–3
relationship with Zorich 243, 252
buys off Sophia Dorothea’s fiancé 245
love for grandson Alexander 247, 249, 268, 323
and education issue 248, 252, 295, 296
visits Mogilëv 250–53
secret correspondence with Joseph 253, 254, 276
busts of 261, 305
deaths of General Bauer and Lanskoy 265–9
relationship with Yermolov 270–71
passion for garden design 94, 275–6
visits Kiev 281–6
journeys South 286–8
her last and youngest favourite, Zubov 291, 294
coronation anniversaries 302, 315, 320
and Potëmkin’s death 303–4
and the second partition of Poland 309
opposes independent publishing 310
daily routine 132–3, 310–11
gifts given by 311–12
will 313–14
death (6 November 1796) 1, 315, 316
succession 316–17
lies in state 317–19
burial 318–20
publications on her 321–29
and exhibition of imperial portraits (1905) 331
self-assessment 333
contemporary criticism of 333–4
achievements 334–5
personality
bookishness 63, 67
competitiveness 204, 265
courage 18
eagerness to learn 63
fashions her own persona 27
impetuous nature 118
intelligence 63
joie de vivre 271
obsessed by the value of time 11
obsessed with her posthumous reputation 174, 181, 205, 209, 212, 333
optimism 127
scepticism 4
secretiveness 27–8
values precision 5, 133, 273
values trustfulness 134, 231
work ethic 28, 134, 184–5
works
The Antidote 12, 201
‘Authentic relation of a journey overseas that Sir Léon the Grand Equerry would have undertaken in the opinion of some of his friends’ 287
The Beginning of Oleg’s Reign (libretto) 280, 295
The Deceiver 276
Fedul and his children 297
Great Instruction (Bolshoy Nakaz) 67, 101, 156–7, 171–5, 182, 199, 277, 324, 325
Linguarum totius orbis, vocabularia comparativa 268, 275
memoirs 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 46, 63, 68, 74, 82, 85–8, 92, 104, 106, 143–5, 200, 306, 314, 328, 329
The Misunderstanding 279–80
O, these times! 200, 215, 217–18
Russian primer to teach young people to read 248, 249, 255
Ryurik 280
The Shaman of Siberia 277
Tale of Tsarevich Khlor 249
Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo 214
censorship 310, 328, 331
census (1745) 58
Chamfort, Nicolas: The Merchant of Smyrna 300
Chancellery of Guardianship of Foreigners 145
Chappe d’Auteroche, abbé 110, 111, 166, 204
A Journey into Siberia 201
Charles XII, King of Sweden 35, 93
Charnutsky, Bishop Feofan 166
Charter to the Nobility (1785) 119, 271, 320
Charter to the Towns (1785) 271, 273
Cheboksary 167
Chemical Psalter (Masonic text) 277
Cheremis 168
Cherkasov, Alexander 141, 189, 230
Cherkasov, Ivan 141
Chernigov 282
Chernyshëv, Andrey 66
Chernyshëv, Ivan 140, 141, 158, 160, 187, 196, 210, 268
Chernyshëv, Count Zakhar 66, 140, 141, 149, 185, 197, 233, 240
a gentleman of the bedchamber 65
relationship with C 86, 269
at the College of War 133
mishandling of the Cossacks 233
governs lands acquired in first partition of Poland 250
lavish entertainment of guests 251, 252
death 269
Chernyshëv family 137, 161, 239
Chesme naval battle of (1770) 202–3, 206, 209, 211, 262, 334
Chesme Palace, St Petersburg 326
Chétardie, Marquis de la 50, 68
Chevakinsky, Savva 79, 95, 100
Chevaliers Gardes 9, 59, 116, 132, 137, 230, 318
Chichagov, Admiral 293
Chika, Zarubin 228
Chinese Village, Tsarskoye Selo 210, 312
Chinoiserie 210
Choglokov, Nikolay 66, 67, 87, 89
Choglokova, Maria 67, 70, 73
appointed C’s leading lady-in-waiting 65, 66
initially disliked by C 66
and C’s relationship with Sergey Saltykov 87
becomes a friend to C 89
Choglokova, Vera 136
Choiseul, duc de 194
Chrysostom, St John 17
Chrysostom monastery, Moscow 176
Chuguyev 80
Chulkov, Vasily 74
Church of St Sampson the Hospitable, St Petersburg 234
Church of the Annunciation, Alexander Nevsky monastery 319
Church of the Dormition, St Petersburg 127
Church of the Sign, Tsarskoye Selo 105
Chuvash 168
Cicero 65, 299
Clérisseau, Charles-Louis 258, 261
Cobenzl, Count 253, 264–5, 269, 270, 272, 279, 284
College of Commerce, St Petersburg 134, 140
College of Foreign Affairs, Moscow 9, 56, 278
College of Guardianship 154
College of Manufactures, St Petersburg 134, 162
College of War 133, 233
Collot, Marie-Anne 181
comet (1744) 38–9
Commission on Church Lands 131
Commission of National Schools 248
Companion of Lovers of Russian Literature, The (journal) 264
Complete Collected Laws of the Russian Empire 101
Condoidi, Dr 113
Confederation of Targowica 309
conscience court 240, 254–5
Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke 273, 284, 299, 320–21
birth (1779) 247, 250
personality 249
wedding to Princess Juliana Henrietta 313
Constantingorod 249
Constantinople 196, 213, 298
falls to the Turks (1453) 17
Russian ambassador imprisoned in (1768) 183, 204
Constantine destined for 249
Russian ambassador imprisoned again (1787) 288
Construction Chancellery 158, 159, 179
Cook, John 43
Copenhagen 219
Corberon, chevalier de 242, 243–4, 245, 246, 260, 265
Coriolanus 306
Coronation Commission 7
Correggio, Antonio 142
Correspondance littéraire 193, 222
Corsica 196
Cossacks 158, 174, 183, 222, 228, 229, 233, 236
Court Office 75, 274
Coxe, Archdeacon William 6, 273, 281
crime and punishment 173, 175–6, 200, 236, 251
Crimea 208, 209, 263, 287, 288, 289, 317
Crozat, Pierre 193
Cruys, Cornelius 191, 192
currency 195
D
d’Alembert, Jean 153, 206, 222
Damas, Comte de 296
Danilevsky, G.P.
Catherine the Great on the Dnieper 329
Mirovich 330
Potëmkin on the Danube 330
Princess Tarakanova 330
Danube River 207, 293, 296, 302, 306
Dashkov, Prince 111, 120, 185
Dashkova, Princess 16, 95, 110–11, 113, 120, 122, 124, 126, 156, 185, 226, 264, 265, 267, 295, 321, 325
Dashwood, Sir Francis 84
Dauphin of France 57
Davydov, Denis 322
death penalty 173
Demidov brothers 76
Demosthenes 299
Denis (a foundling adopted by C) 334
