32 Guedalla op. cit., p. 42.
33 Ibid., p. 43.
34 Ibid., p. 45.
35 Fortescue vol. IV part 1 pp. 320–1.
36 Guedalla op. cit., p. 49.
37 Ibid., p. 50.
38 Thomas Pakenham The Year of Liberty (London 1972) p. 17.
II SEPOY GENERAL
1 The best short history of the East India Company is John Keay The Honourable Company (London 1991).
2 Roger Hudson (ed) Memoirs of a Georgian Rake: William Hickey (London 1995) p. xiv.
3 Dennis Kinkaid British Social Life in India 1608–1937 (London 1973) p. 69.
4 Hudson op. cit., pp. 396–7.
5 Ibid., p. 399.
6 Jac Weiler Wellington in India (London 1993) p. 30.
7 Ibid., p. 37.
8 Antony Brett-James (ed) Wellington at War (London 1961) p. 22.
9 Ibid., p. 25.
10 Ibid., p. 20.
11 Ibid., pp 23–4.
12 Weiler op. cit., p. 44.
13 Brett-lames op. cit., p. 29.
14 Lord Monson and George Leveson-Gower (ed) Memoirs of George Elers, Captain in the 12th Regiment of Foot, 1774–1842 (London 1903) p. 100.
15 Weiler op. cit., p. 65.
16 Monson and Leveson-Gower op. cit., p. 103.
17 Brett-James op. cit., pp. 32–33.
18 Guedalla op. cit., p. 89.
19 Longford op. cit., Sword p. 67.
20 Guedalla op. cit., p. 89.
21 Lieutenant Colonel John Gurwood Selections from the Dispatches and General Orders of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington (London 1841) p. 5.
22 Ibid., p. 4.
23 Guedalla op. cit., p. 100.
24 Gurwood op. cit., p. 6.
25 Ibid., p. 9.
26 Ibid., p. 19.
27 S. G. P. Ward Wellington (London 1963) p. 29.
28 Gurwood op. cit., pp. 42–43.
29 Ibid., p. 62.
30 Ibid., p. 69.
31 Anthony S. Bennell (ed) The Maratha War Papers of Arthur Wellesley (London 1998) p. 262.
32 Ibid., p. 311.
33 Ibid., p. 227.
34 Weiler op. cit., p. 157.
35 Ibid., p. 163.
36 Bennell op. cit., p. 287.
37 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 93.
38 Gurwood op. cit., p. 89.
39 Bennell op. cit., pp. 289–90.
40 Gurwood op. cit., p. 90.
41 Bennell op. cit., p. 289.
42 Ibid., p. 290.
43 Gurwood op. cit., p. 96.
44 Ibid., p. 160.
45 Gurwood op. cit., p. 170.
46 Brett-Iames op. cit., p. 119.
47 Weiler op. cit., p. 252.
48 Brett-James op. cit., p. 115.
49 Weiler op. cit., p. 251.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid., p. 262.
52 Ibid.
53 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 101–2.
54 Bennell op. cit., p. 235.
55 Weiler op. cit., p. 265.
56 Ibid., p. 266.
57 Gurwood op. cit., p. 124.
58 Ibid., p. 41.
III FALSE STARTS
1 Oliver Warner ‘The Meeting of Wellington and Nelson’ History Today Feb 1968; Guedalla op. cit., pp. 119–20, Longford Sword pp. 109–111.
2 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 111.
3 Gleig op. cit., p. 48.
4 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 121.
5 Brett-James op. cit., p. 124.
6 Gleig op. cit., p. 50
7 Brett-James op. cit., p. 124.
8 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 104
9 Christopher Hibbert Wellington: A Personal History (London 1997) p. 55.
10 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 122.
11 Brett-James op. cit., p. 120.
12 Guedalla op. cit., p. 128.
13 Brett-James op. cit., p. 125.
14 Foster op. cit., p. 290.
15 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 129.
16 Ibid., p. 131.
17 Hibbert op. cit., p. 58.
18 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 132.
19 Brett-James op. cit., p. 127.
20 Ibid., p. 129.
21 Ibid., p. 128.
22 Hibbert op. cit., p. 65.
23 Philip J Haythornthwaite ‘“That unlucky war”: some aspects of the French experience in the Peninsula’ in Ian Fletcher (ed) The Peninsular War (Staplehurst 1998) p. 31.
24 Ibid., p. 40.
25 Mills, p. 62.
26 Hibbert op. cit., p. 68.
27 Gurwood op. cit., p. 201.
28 Guedalla op. cit., p. 147.
29 Croker I pp. 12–13.
30 Guedalla op. cit., p. 150.
31 Gurwood op. cit., p. 202.
32 Ibid.
33 Croker op. cit., vol. I p. 343.
34 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 147.
35 Gurwood op. cit., p. 203.
36 Spelt Vimiero in most British accounts and Vimiera on the colours of regiments which bear it as a battle honour, the village is in fact spelt Vimeiro both in Wellington’s dispatches and by its modern inhabitants.
37 Here I rely heavily on Jac Weiler Wellington in the Peninsula (London 1999) pp. 46–7. For a characteristically common-sense view of drill see Paddy Griffith ‘“Keep step and they cannot hurt us”: The value of drill in the Peninsular War’ in Fletcher Peninsular War op. cit.
38 Benjamin Harris The Recollections of Rifleman Harris as told to Henry Curling (London 1985) p. 50.
39 Fletcher Galloping op. cit., p. 86.
40 Harris op. cit., p. 53.
41 Gurwood op. cit., p. 212.
42 Ibid., p. 601.
43 Fletcher Galloping op. cit., p. 175.
44 Fortescue op. cit., vol. VI p. 231.
45 Michael Glover Britannia Sickens (London 1970) p. 67.
46 The French army of the old regime had only two grades of general officer, marshal of France being technically a dignity of state rather than a military rank. After the revolution these were renamed général de brigade and général de division. The term major général did not designate a rank, but the appointment of chief of staff. There were no exact parallels between the two French general ranks and the more numerous ones in the British army, for a general of division could well command a division, a corps or even an army. As all three British generals involved in the negotiation were of the same rank, lieutenant general, despite their very different seniority, there was no case in protocol for the argument that Kellermann should sign with Wellesley on the grounds that he was an officer of equal rank. The fact that the Convention was drawn up for Wellesley to sign may reflect Kellermann’s understanding of his political importance; a desire by Dalrymple and Burrard (for whatever reason) to let Wellesley sign; or it may cast doubt on Wellesley’s own version of his involvement. We simply cannot tell which.
47 Gurwood op. cit., p. 215.
48 Ibid., p. 217.
49 Glover op. cit., p. 166.
50 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 164.
51 Gurwood op. cit., p. 249.
IV PENINSULA
1 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 173.
2 Guedalla op. cit., p. 174. For a discussion of an alternative version see Hibbert p. 81.
3 Wheeler p. 48.
4 Gurwood op. cit., p. 263.
5 Ibid., pp. 266–8; in full in Brett-James op. cit., pp. 154–157.
6 Guedalla op. cit., p. 179.
7 Gurwood op. cit., p. 274.
8 Gleig op. cit., p. 101.
9 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 193.
10 Ibid., p. 194.
11 Sergeant Anthony Hamilton Hamilton’s Campaign with Moore and Wellington (Staplehurst 1998) p. 76.
12 Brett-James op. cit., p. 163.
13 Gurwood p. 277.
14 Ibid., p. 283.
15 Ibid., p. 284.
16 Ibid., p. 290.
17 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 198–9.
18 Ibid., pp. 206–7.
/> 19 Ibid., p. 219.
20 Brett-James op. cit., pp. 172–3. Young Pearse made honourable amends, and was killed at the top of the breach at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812.
21 Gurwood op. cit., p. 320.
22 Ibid., p. 343.
23 Ibid., p. 389.
24 Ibid., p. 414.
25 Christopher Hibbert (ed) A Soldier of the Seventy-First (London 1976) pp. 61–3.
26 Gurwood op. cit., p. 478.
27 Ibid., p. 481.
28 Ibid., p. 479.
29 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 256.
30 W.F.P. Napier History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of France (6 vols, London 1835–40) vol. III p. 547.
31 Gurwood op. cit., p. 487.
32 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 258.
33 Gurwood op. cit., p. 483.
34 Weller Peninsula op. cit., pp. 182–3.
35 John Spencer Cooper Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns (London 1996) p. 63.
36 Hart p. 64.
37 Fletcher p. 99.
38 Kincaid op. cit., p. 93.
39 Ibid., p. 98.
40 Gurwood op. cit., p. 576.
41 Harry Smith The Autobiography of Lieutenant General Sir Harry Smith (2 vols London 1901) vol. I pp. 64–5.
42 Michael Glover (ed) A Gentleman Volunteer: The Letters of George Hennell from the Peninsular War (London 1979) p. 14.
43 Richard L. Blanco Wellington’s Surgeon General: Sir James McGrigor (Durham, North Carolina 1974) p. 125.
44 Antony Brett-James (ed) Edward Costello: The Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns (London 1967) p. 76.
45 Cooper op. cit., p. 84.
46 Oman op. cit., p. 86.
47 Ibid.
48 Hibbert op. cit., p. 118.
49 Fletcher Galloping op. cit., p. 169, Gurwood p. 601.
50 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 281.
51 Muriel Wellesley The Man Wellington, Through the eyes of those that knew him (London 1937) p. 225.
52 Gleig op. cit., p. 479.
53 Sir George Larpent (ed) The Private Journals of Judge-Advocate Larpent, attached to the head-quarters of Lord Wellington (London 1854) p. 168.
54 There are many versions of this conversation, which differ in detail but not substance: see, for instance, Guedalla p. 216, Weiler Peninsula p. 216, and Longford Sword p. 285.
55 Gurwood op. cit., p. 615.
56 Weiler Peninsula op. cit., p. 226.
57 Brett-James op. cit., pp. 240–1.
58 Larpent op. cit., p. 65.
59 Blanco op. cit., p. 131.
60 William Tomkinson The Diary of a Cavalry Officer (Staplehurst 1999) p. 210.
61 Ibid.
62 Brett-James op. cit., p. 246.
63 Hart p. 106.
64 Brett-James Hart p. 247.
65 Ibid.
66 Fletcher p. 245.
67 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 296.
68 Wellesley op. cit., p. 253.
69 Gurwood op. cit., pp. 645–6.
70 Kincaid op. cit., pp. 97–8.
71 Fletcher p. 264, Costello p. 114.
72 Guedalla op. cit., p. 222.
73 Hibbert p. 111.
74 Ibid.
75 Creevey I p. 280.
76 Roger Norman Buckley (ed) The Napoleonic War Journal of Captain Thomas Henry Browne (London 1987) pp. 200–1.
77 G. R. Gleig The Subaltern (Edinburgh 1877) pp. 161–2.
78 Buckley op. cit., p. 201.
79 Wellesley op. cit., p. 210.
80 Larpent op. cit., p. 48.
81 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 342.
82 John Kincaid Random Shots from a Rifleman (London 1835) p. 198
83 Gurwood op. cit., p. 641.
84 Ibid., p. 631.
85 Michael Glover Wellington’s Army (Newton Abbot, Devon 1977) pp. 137–8.
86 Blanco op. cit., p. 122.
87 Larpent op. cit., p. 96.
88 Hibbert p. 95.
89 John Sweetman Raglan: From the Peninsula to the Crimea (London 1993) p. 23.
90 Hibbert p. 96.
91 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 214, 360–1.
92 Larpent op. cit., p. 49.
93 Buckley op. cit., p. 201.
94 Larpent op. cit., p. 52
95 Gurwood op. cit., p. 651.
96 S.A.C. Cassels (ed) Peninsular Portrait: The Letters of Captain William Bragge (London 1963) p. 100.
97 Gurwood op. cit., p. 658.
98 Wellesley p. 268.
99 Gurwood op. cit., p. 706.
100 Tomkinson op. cit., p. 253.
101 Buckley op. cit., p. 217.
102 Brett-James p. 292.
103 Guedalla op. cit., p. 232.
104 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 330.
105 Gurwood op. cit., pp. 719–20.
106 Nicholas Bentley (ed) The reminiscences of Captain Gronow (London 1977) p. 13.
107 Gurwood op. cit., p. 712.
108 Ibid., p. 766.
109 Gleig p. 213.
110 Ibid., p. 217.
111 Gronow p. 15.
112 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 335–6.
113 Ibid., p. 331.
114 Ibid., p. 344.
115 Larpent op. cit., p. 487.
V TWO RESTORATIONS AND A BATTLE
1 Alan Schom Napoleon Bonaparte (London 1997) p. 789.
2 Alfred Cobban A History of Modern France (3 vols, London 1967), vol. II p. 66.
3 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 347.
4 Wellesley op. cit., p. 312.
5 Ibid.
6 Gurwood op. cit., p. 814.
7 Kincaid Adventures op. cit., p. 77.
8 Brett-James op. cit., p. 294.
9 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 357.
10 Oman op. cit., p. 000.
11 Wellesley op. cit., p. 310.
12 Guedalla op. cit., p. 248.
13 Ibid., p. 248.
14 Gurwood op. cit., p. 833.
15 Ibid., p. 819.
16 Wellesley op. cit., p. 321.
17 Guedalla op. cit., p. 252.
18 Brett-lames op. cit., p. 295.
19 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 374.
20 Ibid., p. 375.
21 Brett-James op. cit., p. 296.
22 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 378–9.
23 Wellesley op. cit., p. 336.
24 Ibid., p. 337.
25 Guedalla op. cit., p. 252.
26 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 382.
27 Gurwood op. cit., p. 835.
28 Fortescue op. cit., vol. X p. 247.
29 Creevey op. cit., vol. I p. 289.
30 David Miller Lady De Lancey at Waterloo (Staplehurst 2000) p. 49.
31 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras (London 1998); 1815: The Waterloo Campaign, Volume 2, The German Victory (London 1999). See also Peter Hofschröer’s useful The Memoirs of Baron von Müffling: A Prussian Officer in the Napoleonic Wars (London 1997).
32 John Hussey ‘At what time on 15 June 1815 did Wellington Learn of Napoleon’s attack on the Prussians?’ War in History 1999 no. 6.
33 Gurwood op. cit., p. 838.
34 Gurwood op. cit., p. 842.
35 Creevey op. cit., p. 228.
36 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 405.
37 Gurwood op. cit., p. 855.
38 Wellesley op. cit., p. 355.
39 Miller op. cit., p. 108.
40 Wellesley op. cit., p. 343.
41 Gurwood op. cit., p. 845.
42 Andrew Roberts Napoleon and Wellington (London 2001) p. 159.
43 David G. Chandler The Campaigns of Napoleon (London 1967) p. 1092.
44 Longford Sword op. cit., pp. 348–9.
45 Brett-James p. 307.
46 Gurwood op. cit., p. 842.
47 Sweetman op. cit., p. 57.
48 Ibid., pp. 57–8.
49 Ian Fletcher A Desperate Business (London 2002) p. 33.
50 Jac Weiler Wellington at Waterloo (London 1967)
p. 46.
51 Fletcher Desperate Business op. cit., p. 40.
52 Ibid., p. 41,
53 Ibid., p. 51.
54 David Hamilton-Williams Waterloo: New Perspectives (London 1993) p. 233.
55 Fletcher Desperate Business op. cit., p. 76.
56 Gronow p. 42.
57 Weiler Waterloo op. cit., p. 93.
58 Hamilton-Williams op. cit., p. 300.
59 Gronow p. 44.
60 Fletcher Galloping op. cit., p. 262.
61 John Selby (ed) Thomas Morris (London 1967) p. 141.
62 Sweetman op. cit., p. 64.
63 Gronow p. 44.
64 Selby p. 15.
65 Gronow p. 45.
66 Sweetman op. cit., p. 65.
67 Weiler Waterloo p. 121.
68 Ibid., p. 122.
69 Ibid.
70 Miller op. cit., p. 76.
71 Fletcher Galloping p. 273.
72 Kincaid Adventures p. 46.
73 Weiler Waterloo op. cit., p. 152.
74 Wellesley op. cit., p. 367.
75 Weiler Waterloo op. cit., p. 154.
76 Gurwood op. cit., p. 860.
77 Longford Sword op. cit., p. 486.
78 Gurwood p. 865.
79 Brett-James p. 310.
80 Cavalié Mercer Journal of the Waterloo Campaign (London 1985) p. 57.
81 Shelley I, p. 102.
VI PILLAR OF THE STATE
1 Elizabeth Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 57.
2 Creevey op. cit., pp. 277–9.
3 Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 67.
4 Guedalla pp. 314–5. Longford Pillar fn p. 68 points out that the same story is attributed to Lord Uxbridge (then Marquess of Anglesey), the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, and Theodore Hook. Whoever really said it deserved credit for quick thinking and not a little courage.
5 Hibbert p. 222.
6 Ibid., p. 227.
7 Ibid., p. 231.
8 Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 87
9 Guedalla op. cit., p. 318.
10 Ibid., pp. 324–5.
11 Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 101.
12 Guedalla op. cit., p. 332.
13 Sweetman op. cit., p. 78.
14 Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 114.
15 Sweetman op. cit., p. 79.
16 Christopher Hibbert (ed) Greville’s England (London 1981) p. 26.
17 Croker p. 121.
18 Hibbert p. 260.
19 Gleig p. 335.
20 Croker p. 124.
21 Longford Pillar op. cit., p. 157.
22 Guedalla op. cit., p. 356.
23 Ibid., p. 372.
24 Greville p. 46.
25 Hibbert op. cit., p. 274.
26 Gleig p. 349.
27 Greville p. 48.
28 Ibid., p. 47.
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