by Dr. Josh Axe
Chapter 7: Cannabis: The Forbidden Herb
1. A. E. Munson, L. S. Harris, M. A. Friedman, et al., “Antineoplastic Activity of Cannabinoids,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 55 (September 1975): 597–602.
2. Pawel Sledzinski, Joanna Zeyland, Ryszard Slomski, and Agnieszka Nowak, “The Current State and Future Perspectives of Cannabinoids in Cancer Biology,” Cancer Medicine 7 (March 2018): 765–75.
3. Antonio Currais, Oswald Quehenberger, Aaron M. Armondo, et al., “Amyloid Proteotoxicity Initiates an Inflammatory Response Blocked by Cannabinoids,” Aging and Mechanisms of Disease 2 (June 2016).
4. Ethan B. Russo, “Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology,” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 18 (October 2018).
5. Marcia Frellick, “Medical, Recreational Marijuana Should Be Legal, Most Clinicians Say,” Medscape, January 8, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/901761
6. Sanjay Gupta, “Dr. Sanjay Gupta to Jeff Sessions: Medical Marijuana Could Save Many Addicted to Opioids,” CNN.com, April 24, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/24/health/medical-marijuana-opioid-epidemic-sanjay-gupta/index.html
7. Suzanne Ryan-Ibarra, Marta Induni, and Danielle Ewing, “Prevalence of Medical Marijuana Use in California, 2012,” Drug and Alcohol Review 34 (October 2014): 141–46.
8. Ethan B. Russo, “Taming THC: Potential Cannabis Synergy and Phytocannabinoid-Terpenoid Entourage Effects,” British Journal of Pharmacology 163 (August 2011): 1344–64.
9. Esther M. Blessing, Maria M. Steenkamp, Jorge Manzanares, and Charles R. Marmar, “Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders,” Neurotherapeutics 12 (September 2015): 825–36.
10 Linda A. Parker, Erin M. Rock, and Cheryl L. Limebeer, “Regulation of Nausea and Vomiting by Cannabinoids,” British Journal of Pharmacology 163 (August 2011): 1411–22.
11 Emilio Perucca, “Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?” Journal of Epilepsy Research 7 (December 2017): 61–76.
12 Arthritis Foundation, “Arthritis Foundation CBD Guidance for Adults with Arthritis,” 2019. https://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/pain-management/chronic-pain/arthritis-foundation-cbd-guidance-for-adults.php
13 Benjamin J. Whalley, Royston A. Gray, Colin G. Scott, and Nicholas A. Jones, “Antiseizure Properties of Cannabidiol (CBD) Are Attenuated in the Absence of Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Receptors,” Neurology 90 (April 2018).
14 Ethan B. Russo, “Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes,” Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 1 (July 2016): 154–65.
15 Danielle N. Rhyne, Sarah L. Anderson, Margaret Gedde, and Laura M. Borgelt, “Effects of Medical Marijuana on Migraine Headache Frequency in an Adult Population,” Pharmacotherapy 36 (May 2016): 505–10.
16 M. G. Gascio, L. A. Guason, L. A. Stevenson, and R. A. Ross, “Evidence That the Plant Cannabinoid Cannabigerol Is a Highly Potent a2-adrenoceptor Agonist and Moderately Potent 5HT1A Receptor Antagonist,” British Journal of Pharmacology 158 (December 2009): 129–41.
17 Giovanni Appendino, Simon Gibbons, Anna Giana, et al., “Antibacterial Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: A Structure-Activity Study,” Journal of Natural Products 71 (August 2008): 1427–30.
18 Hayes Wong and Brian E. Cairns, “Cannabidiol, Cannabinol and Their Combinations Act as Peripheral Analgesics in a Rat Model of Myofascial Pain,” Archives of Oral Biology, 104 (August 2019): 33–39.
19 Jonathon A. Farrimond, Benjamin J. Whalley, and Claire M. Williams, “Cannabinol and Cannabidiol Exert Opposing Effects on Rat Feeding Patterns,” Psychopharmacology 223 (April 2012): 117–29.
20 Noriyuki Usami, Takeshi Okuda, Histoshi Yoshida, et al., “Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation in Mice of Halogenated Cannabidiol Derivatives,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 47 (November 1999): 1641–45.
21 Radu Tanasescu and Cris S. Constantinescu, “Cannabinoids and the Immune System: An Overview,” Immunobiology 215 (August 2010): 588–97.
22 Cristina A. J. Stern, Lucas Gazarini, Ana C. Vanvossen, et al., “Tetrahydrocannabinol Alone and Combined with Cannabidiol Mitigate Fear Memory through Reconsolidation Disruption,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (February 2015): 958–65.
23 William Notcutt, Mario Price, Roy Miller, et al., “Initial Experiences with Medicine Extracts of Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Results from 34 ‘N of 1’ Studies,” Anaesthesia 59 (2004): 440–52.
24 Mary E. Lynch and Fiona Campbell, “Cannabinoids for Treatment of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain; A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 72 (November 2011): 735–44.
25 Siri Helle, Petter Andreas Ringen, Ingrid Melle, et al., “Cannabis Use Is Associated with 3 Years Earlier Onset of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder in a Naturalistic, Multi-Site Sample (N=1,119),” Schizophrenia Research 170 (January 2016): 217–21.
26 Reto Auer, Eric Vittinghoff, Kristine Yaffe, et al., “Association between Lifetime Marijuana Use and Cognitive Function in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study,” JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (March 2016): 352–61.
27 Silvia Rigucci, Tiago Reis Marques, M. Di Forti, et al., “Effect of High-Potency Cannabis on Corpus Callosum Microstructure,” Psychological Medicine 46 (March 2016): 841–54.
28 Ethan B. Russo, “Taming THC: Potential Cannabis Synergy and Phytocannabinoid-Terpenoid Entourage Effects,” British Journal of Pharmacology 163 (August 2011): 1344–64.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Antonio W. Zuardi, Luis C. Pereira, Regina H. Queiroz, et al., “Cannabidiol Presents and Inverted U-Shaped Dose Response Curve in a Simulated Public Speaking Test,” Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 41 (January–February 2019): 9–14.
33 Esther M. Blessing, Maria M. Steenkamp, Jorge Manzanares, and Charles R. Marmar, “Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders,” Neurotherapeutics 12 (September 2015): 825–36.
34 Carrie Cuttler, Alexander Spradlin, and Ryan J. McLaughlin, “A Naturalistic Examination of the Perceived Effects of Cannabis on Negative Affect,” Journal of Affective Disorders 1 (August 2018): 198–205.
35 Karan Mathur, Vahin Vuppalanchi, Kayla Gelow, et al., “Cannabidiol (CBD) Consumption and Perceived Impact on Extrahepatic Symptoms in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 65 (January 2020): 322–28.
36 Hefei Wen and Jason M. Hockenberry, “Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws with Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees,” JAMA Internal Medicine 178 (May 2018): 673–79.
37 Marcus A. Bachhuber, Brendan Saloner, Chinzano O. Cunningham, et al., “Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999–2010,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (October 2014): 1668–73.
38 Ibid.
39 Prakash Nagarkatti, Rupal Pandey, Sadiye Amcaoglu Rieder, et al., “Cannabinoids as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,” Future Medicinal Chemistry 1 (October 2009): 1333–49.
40 David Cheng, Adena S. Spiro, Andrew Jenner, and Brett Garner, “Long-Term Cannabidiol Treatment Prevents the Development of Social Recognition Memory Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease Transgenic Mice,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 42 (July 2014): 1383–96.
41 Carina Hasenoehrl, Martin Storr, and Rudolf Schicho, “Cannabinoids for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where Are We and Where Do We Go?” Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 11 (April 2017): 329–37.
42 Timna Naftali, Lihi Bar-Lev Schleider, Iris Dotan, et al., “Cannabis Induces a Clinical Response in Patients with Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 11 (October 2013): 1276–80.
43 Daniel Couch, Hollie Cook, Catherine Ortori, et al., “Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation Induced Hyperpermeability of
the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Controlled Trial,” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 25 (May 2019): 1006–18.
44 Ester Pagano, Raffaele Capasso, Fabiana Piscitelli, et al. “An Orally Active Cannabis Extract with High Content Cannabidiol Attenuates Chemically Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Hypermotility in the Mouse,” Frontiers in Pharmacology 4 (October 2016).
45 Sean D. McAllister, Liliana Soroceanu, and Pierre-Yves Desprez, “The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids,” Journal of Immune Pharmacology 10 (June 2015): 255–67.
46 Attila Olah, Arnold Markovics, Judit Szabo-Papp, et al., “Differential Effectiveness of Selected Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids on Human Sebocyte Functions Implicates Their Introduction in Dry/Seborrhoeic Skin and Acne Treatment,” Experimental Dermatology 25 (September 2016): 701–7.
47 Michael Har-Noy, Raphael Mechoulam, Shimon Slavin, and Ruth Gallily, “Cannabidiol Lowers Incidence of Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice,” Autoimmunity 39 (March 2006): 143–51.
48 Khalid A. Jadoon, Garry D. Tan, and Saoirse E. O’Sullivan, “A Single Dose of Cannabidiol Reduces Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers in a Randomized Crossover Study,” JCI Insight 15 (June 2017).
49 Christopher P. Stanley, William H. Hind, and Saoirse E. O’Sullivan, “Is the Cardiovascular System a Therapeutic Target for Cannabidiol?” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 75 (February 2013): 313–22.
50 David M. Elliott, Narendra Singh, Mitzi Nagarkatti, and Prakash S. Nagarkatti, “Cannabidiol Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis Induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells,” Frontiers in Immunology 9 (August 2018).
Chapter 8: The Power of Essential Oils
1. Mahmoud M. Suhail, Weijuan Wu, Amy Cao, et al., “Boswellia Sacra Essential Oil Induces Tumor Cell-Specific Apoptosis and Suppresses Tumor Aggressiveness in Cultured Human Breast Cancer Cells,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 (December 2011).
2. Xiao-ling Wang, Feng Kong, Tao Shen, et al., “Sesquiterpenoids from Myrrh Inhibit Androgen Receptor Expression and Function in Human Prostate Cancer Cells,” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 32 (March 2011): 338–44.
3. Hiroki Harada, Hideki Kashiwanadi, Yuichi Kanmura, and Tomoyuki Kuwaki, “Linalool Odor-Induced Anxiolytic Effects in Mice,” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 12 (October 2018).
4. Marlete Brum Cleff, Ana Raquel Meinerz, Melissa Xavier, et al., “In Vitro Activity of Origanum Vulgare Essential Oil against Candida Species,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 41 (January-March 2010): 116–23.
5. Giorgio Capello, M. Spezzaferro, L. Grossi, et al., “Peppermint Oil (Mintoil) in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial,” Digestive and Liver Disease 39 (June 2007): 530–36.
6. Shahla Enshaieh, Abolfazl Jooya, Amier Hossen Siadat, and Fariba Iraji, “The Efficacy of 5% Topical Tea Tree Oil Gel in Mild to Moderate Acne Vulgaris: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study,” Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 73 (January–February 2007): 22–25.
7. Roza Haghgoo and Farid Abbasi, “Evaluation of the Use of a Peppermint Mouth Rinse for Halitosis by Girls Studying in Tehran High Schools,” Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 3 (January–June 2013): 29–31.
8. Eun Hee Cho, Mi-Young Lee, and Myung-Haeng Hur, “The Effects of Aromatherapy on Intensive Care Unit Patients’ Stress and Sleep Quality: A Nonrandomised Controlled Trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (December 2017): 1–10.
9. Siegried Kasper, Markus Gastpar, Walter E. Muller, et al., “Lavender Oil Preparation Silexan Is Effective in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison to Placebo and Paroxetine,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 17 (June 2014): 859–69.
10 Payam Sasannejad, Morteza Saeedi, Ali Shoeibi, et al., “Lavender Essential Oil in the Treatment of Migraine Headache: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial,” European Neurology 67 (May 2012): 288–91.
11 Mahnaz Keshavarz Afshar, Sahra Behboodi Moghadam, Ziba Taghizadeh, et al., “Lavender Fragrance Essential Oil and the Quality of Sleep in Postpartum Women,” Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 17 (April 2015).
12 Monica Hancianu, Oana Cioanca, Marius Mihasan, and Lucian Hritcu, “Neuroprotective Effects of Inhaled Lavender Oil on Scopolamine-Induced Dementia Via Anti-Oxidative Activities in Rats,” Phytomedicine 20 (March 2013): 446–52.
13 Botros R. Mikhaeil, Galal T. Maatooq, Farid A. Badria, Mohamed M. A. Amer, et al., “Chemistry and Immunomodulatory Activity of Frankincense Oil,” Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, Journal of Biosciences 58 (March–April 2003): 230–38.
14 Mahmoud M. Suhail, Weijuan Wu, Amy Cao, et al., “Boswellia Sacra Essential Oil Induces Tumor Cell-Specific Apoptosis and Suppresses Tumor Aggressiveness in Cultured Human Breast Cancer Cells,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 (December 2015).
15 Mark Barton Frank, Qing Yang, Jeanette Osban, et al., “Frankincense Oil Derived from Boswellia carteri Induces Tumor Cell Specific Cytotoxicity,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 (March 2009).
16 Yingli Chen, Chunlan Zhou, Zhendan Ge, et al., “Composition and Potential Anticancer Activities of Essential Oils Obtained from Myrrh and Frankincense,” Oncology Letters 6 (August 2013): 1140–46.
17 Siamak Beheshti and Rezvan Aghaie, “Therapeutic Effect of Frankincense in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (July–August 2016): 488–475.
18 Hermann P. T. Ammon, “Boswellic Acids (Components of Frankincense) as the Active Principle in Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases,” Wiener Mdizinische Wochenschrift 152 (February 2002): 373–78.
19 Marciele Ribas Pilau, Sydney Hartz Alves, Rudi Weiblen, et al., “Antiviral Activity of the Lippia graveiolens (Mexican oregano) Essential Oil and Its Main Compound Carvacrol against Human and Animal Viruses,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42 (October 2011): 1616–24.
20 Mark Force, William Sidney Sparks, and Robert A. Ronzio, “Inhibition of Enteric Parasites by Emulsified Oil of Oregano in Vivo,” Phytotherapy Research 14 (May 2000): 213–14.
21 Eunkyung Kim, Youngshim Choi, Jihee Jang, and Taesum Park, “Carvacrol Protects against Hepatic Steatosis in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Enhancing SIRT1-AMPK Signaling,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (February 2013).
22 Shigeharu Inouye, Katsuhisa Uchida, Yayoi Nishiyama, et al., “Combined Effect of Heat, Essential Oils and Salt on Fungicidal Activity against Trichophyton Mentagrophytes in a Foot Bath,” Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 48 (February 2007): 27–36.
23 Sibel Karakaya, Sedef Nehir El, Nural Karagozlu, and Serpil Sahin, “Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils Obtained from Oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) by Using Different Extraction Methods,” Journal of Medicinal Food 14 (May 2011): 645–52.
24 Christine F. Carson, Katherine A. Hammer, and Thomas V. Riley, “Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicine Properties,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (January 2006): 50–62.
25 Oleg V. Pyankov, Evgeny V. Usachev, Olga Pyankova, and Igor E. Agranovski, “Inactivation of Airborne Influenza Virus by Eucalyptus Oils,” Aerosol Science and Technology 46 (December 2012).
26 Andrew C. Satchell, Anne Saurajen, Craig Bell, and Ross St. C. Barnetson, “Treatment of Interdigital Tinea Pedis with 25% and 50% Tea Tree Oil Solution: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blinded Study,” Australasian Journal of Dermatology 43 (August 2002): 175–80.
27 Harsimran Kaur Malhi, Jenny Tu, Thomas V. Riley, et al., “Tea Tree Oil Gel for Mild to Moderate Acne: A 12-Week Uncontrolled, Open-Label Phase II Pilot Study,” Australasian Journal of Dermatology 58 (August 2017): 205–10.
28 Andrew C. Satchell, Anne Saurajen, Craig Bell, and Ross St. C. Barnetson, “Treatmen
t of Dandruff with 5% Tea Tree Oil Shampoo,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 47 (December 2002): 852–55.
29 Diane L. McKay and Jeffrey B. Blumberg, “A Review of the Bioactivity and Potential Benefits of Peppermint Tea (Mentha Piperita L.),” Phytotherapy Research 20 (August 2006): 619–33.
30 Afshin Borhani Haghighi, S. Motazedian, Farshid Mohammadi, et al., “Cutaneous Application of Menthol 10% Solution as an Abortive Treatment of Migraine without Aura: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossed-Over Study,” International Journal of Clinical Practice 64 (March 2010): 451–56.
31 Jacquelyn A. Reed, Jude Almeida, Ben Wershing, and Bryan Raudenbush, “Effects of Peppermint Scent on Appetite Control and Caloric Intake,” Appetite 51 (September 2008): 393.
32 Parisa Yavari Kia, Farzaneh Safajou, Mahnaz Shahnazi, and Hossein Nazemiyeh, “The Effect of Lemon Inhalation Aromatherapy on Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial,” Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 16 (March 2014).
33 Myung-Ae Kim, Jung-Kyu Sakong, Eun-Jin Kim, et al., “Effect of Aromatherapy Massage for the Relief of Constipation in the Elderly,” Taehan Hanho Hakhoe Chi (February 2005): 56–64.
34 Migiwa Komiya, Takashi Takeuchi, and Etsumori Harada, “Lemon Oil Vapor Causes an Anti-Stress Effect Via Modulating the 5-HT and DA Activities in Mice,” Behavioural Brain Research 172 (September 2006): 240–49.
35 Kamrani Farhad, Nazari Mahboubeh, Sahebalzamani Mohammed, et al., “Effect of Aromatherapy with Lemon Essential Oil on Anxiety after Orthopedic Surgery,” Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing 2 (Summer 2016): 26–31.
36 Hafsia Bouzenna, Sabah Dhibi, Noura Samout, et al., “The Protective Effect of Citrus Limon Essential Oil on Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Induced by Aspirin in Rats,” Biomedical Pharmacotherapy 83 (October 2016): 1327–34.
37 Ane Orchard and Sandy van Vuuren, “Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Disease,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (January 2017): 1–92.
