*1965
The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man. In New Views of the Nature of Man, edited by John R. Platt, pp. 93–118. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1971
Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. In Myth, Symbol, and Culture, edited by Clifford Geertz, pp. 1–37. New York: Norton.
*1975
On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding. American Scientist 63:47–53.
[All peoples have a concept of the person.]
1984
Anti Anti-Relativism. American Anthropologist 86:263–278.
Gell, Alfred
1980
The Gods at Play: Vertigo and Possession in Muria Religion. Man 15:219–248.
Gellner, Ernest
*1957
Ideal Language and Kinship Structure. Philosophy of Science 24:235–242.
*1981
General Introduction: Relativism and Universals. In Universals of Human Thought: Some African Evidence, edited by Barbara Lloyd and Peter Gay, pp. 1–20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gewertz, Deborah
1981
A Historical Reconsideration of Female Dominance among the Chambri of Papua New Guinea. American Ethnologist 8:94–106.
Ghiselin, M. T.
*1973
Darwin and Evolutionary Psychology. Science 179:964–968.
Ginzburg, Carlo
*1980
Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes: Clues and Scientific Method. History Workshop 9:5–36.
Gipper, Helmut
1976
Is There a Relativity Principle? In Pinxten, ed., pp. 217–228.
Gleason, H. A.
1961
An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gluckman, Max
*1963
Gossip and Scandal. Current Anthropology 4:307–316.
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, and Heidi Feldman
1977
The Development of Language-Like Communication without a Language Model. Science 197:401–403.
Goldschmidt, Walter
1960
Culture and Human Behavior. In Men and Cultures: Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (1956), edited under the chairmanship of Anthony F. C. Wallace, pp. 98–104. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
*1966
Comparative Functionalism: An Essay in Anthropological Theory. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
[Among the many universals mentioned are superb hand-eye coordination, individual differences, sentiments of filiation, sexual jealousy, sex temperaments, and the desire for children.]
Goleman, Daniel
*1981
The 7,000 Faces of Dr. Ekman. Psychology Today 15 (2):43–49.
Goodenough, Ward H.
1956
Componential Analysis and the Study of Meaning. Language 32:195–216.
*1970
Description and Comparison in Cultural Anthropology. Chicago: Aldine.
[Explores the role of universals in ordering anthropological description and comparison. Marriage, rights and obligations, and other universals are discussed.]
Gough, Kathleen
*1953
Female Initiation Rites on the Malabar Coast. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85:45–80.
*1959
The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89:23–34.
Gould, James L., and Peter Marler
1987
Learning by Instinct. Scientific American 256 (1):74–85.
Gould, Stephen Jay
1981
The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton.
1987
Freudian Slip. Natural History 2:14–21.
Gouldner, Alvin W.
*1960
The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review 25:161–178.
[Reciprocity is a moral universal in both positive and negative (tit-for-tat) forms.]
Greenberg, Joseph H.
*1966
Language Universals: With Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. The Hague: Mouton.
[A seminal and wide-ranging discussion of universals in language—at phonemic, grammatical, and lexical levels.]
*1975
Research on Language Universals. Annual Review of Anthropology 4:75–94.
*1979
Universals of Kinship Terminology: Their Nature and the Problem of Their Explanation. In On Linguistic Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer, edited by Jacques Maquet, pp. 9–32. Malibu, California: Undena.
*1987
The Present Status of Markedness Theory: A Reply to Scheffler. Journal of Anthropological Research 43:367–374.
Greenberg, Joseph H., ed.
*1963
Universals of Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Greenberg, Joseph H., Charles A. Ferguson, and Edith A. Moravcsik, eds.
*1978
Universals of Human Language. 4 vols. (1, Method and Theory; 2, Phonology; 3, Word Structure; 4, Syntax) Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Hale, Kenneth
*1975
Gaps in Grammar and Culture. In Linguistics and Anthropology: In Honor of C. F. Voegelin, edited by M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth L. Hale, and Oswald Werner, pp. 295–315. Lisse: Peter De Ridder Press.
Hallowell, A. Irving
*1943
The Nature and Function of Property as a Social Institution. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology 1:115–138.
*1955
The Self and Its Behavioural Environment. In Culture and Experience, by A. Irving Hallowell, pp. 75–110. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Originally published in 1954.)
[Morality, awareness of self as an object distinct from other objects, linguistic expressions of self-other (pronouns and personal names), spatiotemporal orientation, topographic and place names, motivational orientation, values, ideals, standards.]
*1963
Personality, Culture, and Society in Behavioral Evolution. In Psychology: A Study of a Science, edited by Sigmund Koch, pp. 429–509. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[Self-awareness, self-identification, symbolizing self in time and space, self-objectification and role differentiation, standards of good and bad and true and false (applied to cognitive, appreciative, and moral values), property rights.]
Hamilton, W. D.
1964
The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, Parts I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 12:1–52.
Handwerker, W. Penn, and Paul Crosbie
1982
Sex and Dominance. American Anthropologist 84:97–104.
Harrell, Barbara B.
1981
Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective. American Anthropologist 83:796–823.
Harris, Marvin
1980
Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to Anthropology, 3d ed. New York: Harper & Row.
Harwood, Dane L.
*1976
Universals in Music: A Perspective from Cognitive Psychology. Ethno-musicology 20:521–533.
[Musical universals of content are unlikely, but the musical process—e.g., the perception of pitch and contour—may be universal. The association of music with ritual is a near-universal.]
Hatch, Elvin
1973a
The Growth of Economic, Subsistence, and Ecological Studies in American Anthropology. Journal of Anthropological Research 29:221–243.
1973b
Theories of Man and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
*1983
Cultures and Morality: The Relativity of Values in Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.
[Advocates a cross-culturally valid standard of morality.]
Haugen, Einar
*1
977
Linguistic Relativity: Myths and Methods. In Language and Thought: Anthropological Issues, edited by William C. McCormack and Stephen A. Wurm, pp. 11–28. The Hague: Mouton.
Haviland, William A.
1983
Cultural Anthropology, 4th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Hebb, Donald O.
*1946
On the Nature of Fear. Psychological Review 53:259–276.
Heelas, Paul
*1981
The Model Applied: Anthropology and Indigenous Psychologies. In Heelas and Lock, pp. 39–63.
[A universal model and various psychological universals. These include the experiences of self/nonself, subject/object, in control/under control (causing involuntary action, for example); conscious awareness of memory, emotions, experience of acting on the world, making decisions; self-responsibility; the distinction between public and private; and a psychological language.]
Heelas, Paul, and Andrew Lock, eds.
*1981
Indigenous Psychologies: The Anthropology of the Self. New York: Academic Press.
[Various contributors discuss psychological universals.]
Heider, Eleanor Rosch
*1972
Universals in Color Naming and Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 93:10–20.
Hempel, Carl G.
*1942
The Function of General Laws in History. Journal of Philosophy 39:35–48.
[Argues that historical explanations rest on the tacit use of “universal hypotheses,” i.e., implicational universals. The argument is fully applicable to sociocultural explanations.]
Herskovits, Melville J.
*1940
The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. New York: Knopf.
*1952
[1947] Man and His Works. New York: Knopf.
Hertz, Robert
*1960
Death and the Right Hand. Translated by Rodney and Claudia Needham. Introduction by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. Aberdeen: Cohen and West.
Hewlett, Barry
1988
Sexual Selection and Paternal Investment among Aka Pygmies. In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, edited by Laura Betzig, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, and Paul Turke, pp. 263–276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[Human sex differences in parental investment.]
Hockett, C. F.
*1973
Man’s Place in Nature. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[Presents the most detailed list of universals since Murdock (1945). For each universal it is indicated whether it is shared with nonhuman species and if it was part of the “human historical baseline.” The universals include sociality and social structure, social structure influenced by sex and age, age grading, social structure influenced by accumulated information, leadership, collective decision making, consultation in collective decision making, informal vs. formal consultation, moderator-type leader, band (or derivative organization) distinct from family, nonlocalized social groups, intimate property vs. nonproperty, loose property, inheritance rules, equation of social and physiological maternity, prohibition of mother-son incest, other incest prohibitions that yield exogamous groups, dominant household dyad includes at least one adult, dyadic conflict, modeling transactions with remote (and larger) groupings on those in intimate (small) social groups, personality apart from social role, mutual influence of personality and social role, ascribed vs. achieved status, a pool of “state parameters” (degrees of uncertainty, freedom of choice, urgency, pleasantness, anxiety, and seriosity) that characterize or govern the actors in a dyad, quandary, boredom, sleep, dreaming, ritual, play, games, joking, affection, submissiveness, hostility, worldview, worldview involving entities not directly observed or observable, curiosity about one’s nature, positive death customs, knowledge of relationship between sickness and death, care of ill or injured, creativity, and creative arts (always including literature). A number of “widespread” or “almost universal” traits are also listed. Pp. 276–279.]
Hockett, Charles F.
*1963
The Problem of Universals in Language. In Greenberg, ed., pp. 1–22.
[A general discussion of language universals, with many of them specified.]
Hoebel, E. Adamson
*1954
The Law of Primitive Man: A Study in Comparative Legal Dynamics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
[Homicide and adultery are universally prohibited. Property and kinship groups are always legally recognized.]
1972
Anthropology: The Study of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hoijer, Harry
1954
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. In Language in Culture, edited by Harry Hoijer, pp. 92–105. American Anthropological Association, Memoir No. 79.
Holmes, Lowell D.
1958
Ta’u: Stability and Change in a Samoan Village. Polynesian Society Reprint, No. 7. Wellington, New Zealand.
1987
Quest for the Real Samoa: The Mead/Freeman Controversy and Beyond. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey.
Honigmann, John J.
1959
The World of Man. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Hopkins, Keith
1980
Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt. Comparative Studies in Society and History 22:303–354.
Hymes, D. H.
*1960
Lexicostatistics So Far. Current Anthropology 1:3–44.
[Includes a discussion of the Swadesh list of presumably universal, or nearly universal, “basic” vocabulary words.]
1970
Linguistic Method in Ethnography: Its Development in the United States. In Method and Theory in Linguistics, edited by Paul L. Garvin, pp. 249–325. The Hague: Mouton.
Irons, William
1979
Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Human Social Behavior. In Chagnon and Irons, pp. 4–39.
Izard, Carroll E.
*1971
The Face of Emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Izard, Carroll E., and O. Maurice Haynes
*1988
On the Form and Universality of the Contempt Expression: A Correction for Ekman and Friesen’s Claim of Discovery. Motivation and Emotion 12:1–16.
Jakobson, Roman, C. Gunnar M. Fant, and Morris Halle
*1967
Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and Their Correlates. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Jones, Ernest
*1925
Mother-Right and the Sexual Ignorance of Savages. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 6:109–130.
Kaffman, Mordecai
1977
Sexual Standards and Behavior of the Kibbutz Adolescent. Orthopsychiatry 47:207–216.
Kaplan, Helen Singer
1981
Interview. Omni (August):73–77, 92.
Kearney, Michael
*1984
World View. Novato, California: Chandler & Sharp.
[Presents a universalistic framework for the comparative analysis of worldview.]
Keesing, Roger M.
1989
Exotic Readings of Cultural Texts. Current Anthropology 30:459–479.
Kevles, Daniel J.
1985
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. New York: Knopf.
Kidder, A. V.
*1940
Looking Backward. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 83:527–537.
Kimura, Doreen, and Richard A. Harshman
1984
Sex Differences in Brain Organization for Verbal and Non-Verbal Functions. In Progress in Brain Research, vol. 61, edited by G. J. de Vries et al., pp. 423–441. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kitcher, Philip
1985
Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kluckhohn, Clyde
/> *1953
Universal Categories of Culture. In Anthropology Today: An Encyclopedic Inventory, pp. 507–523. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*1959
Common Humanity and Diverse Cultures. In The Human Meaning of the Social Sciences, edited by Daniel Lerner, pp. 245–284. New York: Meridian.
[Emphasizes the importance of a common human nature for understanding people of other cultures. Universals mentioned: binary distinctions; the feelings of hostility, altruism, pride, shame, sorrow, and need; logic (modes of interpreting relationships between phenomena); prohibitions of murder and untruth (under certain circumstances); restitution; and reciprocity. No society values suffering as an end in itself.]
Koepping, Klaus-Peter
*1983
Adolf Bastian and the Psychic Unity of Mankind: The Foundations of Anthropology in Nineteenth Century Germany. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
[The idea of extension of the human body underlies tool making. Space, time, and number are elementary ideas.]
Konner, Melvin J.
*1982a
The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
[A lengthy essay on the biology of human behavior, pursuant to the development of a science of human nature. Fire, cooking, homicide, smiling in greeting, fear suppression, childhood fears, and greater male violence and homicide.]
*1982b
Biological Aspects of the Mother-Infant Bond. In Development of Attachment and Affiliation Systems, edited by Robert N. Emde and Robert J. Harmon, pp. 137–59. New York: Plenum.
[The evidence suggests that in early infancy, when a child becomes more able to move about autonomously, it simultaneously develops a strong attachment to its mother (or other primary caretaker) and a fear of strangers. The pattern is universal, and at least partly genetically determined.]
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