Mother, biological, as social mother, 136
Mother-infant bond, 107, 112–113, 135, 169, 179, 194
Motion, 133
Mourning, 69, 139
Muelos belief, 96
Mundkur, Balaji, 115, 116
Murder, 43, 105 161, 179, 196
committed more by males, 179
prohibition of, 138, 176, 178, 182, 197
Murdock, George Peter, 62–63, 65, 69–71
on antireductionism, 120
article on universals by, 73, 140
on distinguishing culture from biology in behavior, 64
founder of Human Relations Area Files, 51
list of universals by, viii, 41, 69–70, 82, 153
recants earlier views, 63n, 149
Muscle, words for, 44–45
Music, 50, 59, 69, 174, 186, 194, 200
as art, a creation, 140, 186
children’s, 140
melody in, 140, 182
redundancy and repetition in, 140, 182
related to dance and ritual, 140, 186
rhythm in, 140, 186
vocals and words in, 140
Myth(s), 59, 69, 139, 166, 196
anthropological, 9, 14, 19, 23, 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, 64, 149
explanation of, 99
linguistic, 14, 29, 30
Names, 133, 167
personal, 69, 174
topographic and place, 174
Narrative, 132, 184
Natural environment of Homo sapiens, 50, 86, 100, 115, 116
(See also Palaeolithic)
Natural experiments, 101, 129
Natural selection, 83n, 100
unit of, 103
Nature/culture, 56, 86, 91–92, 130, 134, 146, 147, 149, 181, 192
in adolescent stress, 15
difficulty of distinguishing, 64, 144
traced to flesh/spirit, 86n
Nature/nurture:
controversy, 16, 77
in Western thought, 86n
Nature of human organism as explanation, 98–99, 117
Nazism, 73
Near universals (see Universals)
Need(s):
to explain the world, 99, 182
expressive, 191
Malinowskian, 67, 94
for positive response from significant others, 190
universal, 67, 94, 198
Needham, Rodney, 114
Negative (negation, not), 194
(See also Logic)
Negative imprinting (see Imprinting)
Negative universals, 50, 164, 186, 189
Nepotism, 105, 108, 137, 165, 172
Neuro-cultural theory, 25
New universals, 50
New World–Old World parallels, 68–69, 72
1984, 155n
No-man’s land, 57, 64, 143
Nonconditional universals (see Universals)
Noncontradiction, 194
(See also Logic)
Normal/abnormal mental states, 135
(See also Mental illness)
Noun, 132, 167
Novel environments, 100–101
Nuclear family, 47
complex, 10, 32
(See also Family)
Numbers, 46, 69, 133, 157, 178
Obligate adaptation, 103
Obligation (see Rights and obligations)
Obscenity, 169
Oedipus and the Trobriands, 32–38
Oedipus complex, 9–10, 32–38, 50, 135
ontogeny of, 112
Old World–New World parallels, 68–69, 72
Oligarchy, 138, 184
Omenry, 69, 139, 153n
On Human Nature, x, 82
One (numeral), 133
One-trial learning, 85, 147
Onomatopoeia, 132
Ontogeny, 112–113, 116, 117
Opposite (logic), 170
Optimism about practical applications of social science, 62
Order, need to impose, 167, 170
Ordering and aesthetics, 116
Ordering continua, 134
Orgasm, 102, 115
Orians, Gordan H., 115
Orientation, spatiotemporal, 174
Origins, ignored by anthropologists, 55, 66, 143, 144
Ornamentation (see Adornment)
Ortner, Sherry, 91–92
Outline of Cultural Materials, 71
Pain, 134, 135
Palaeolithic, 96, 100–101, 107, 116
Parental care and investment, 82, 108–110, 176, 182, 197
Parent-child ties, 197
(See also Mother-infant bond)
Partial explanations, 113–117
Particularism, anthropological, 1
Part-whole (logic), 134, 170, 194, 201
Past:
describing, 4n, 181
present and future, 133
Patterns of Culture, ix, 1, 65–66, 69
(See also Benedict, Ruth)
“People’ as ethnocentric autonym, 79
Percussion, 114
Person, concept of, 134, 171
Person (grammatical), 164, 199
Personality terms and structure, 193, 199
Personification, 159, 161, 180
Phenotype, 100, 101
Phobias, 85
Phonemes, 41, 131, 173
Phylogenetic adaptation(s), 107, 115
Phylogenetic constraints, 104
Physical anthropologists, 41, 149
Piaget, Jean, 166
Plan, make plans, 135
Platonic forms, 54n, 190
Play, 116, 167, 168, 140
children’s, 140, 196
as training in skills, 140
Playfighting, 140, 148n, 199
Pleasure, partial explanations of, 115–116
Poetry, 132, 140, 186
beats and lines in, 163, 197
characterized by repetition, 132, 197
line length of, 116, 132, 150, 197
Politeness, 162
Polyandry, 75
Polysemy, 133, 198
Pool, universal, 46
Pöppel, Ernst, 116
Possessions, loose/intimate, alienable/inalienable, 132
(See also Property)
Possessive (grammar), 132
Pounders, 135
Practice to improve skill, 137
(See also Play, as training in skills)
Pragmatic choices, 158
Precedent, 161, 188
Prediction, 138, 197
Preparedness, 85, 104, 115, 147
Prestige, differences of, 137
Presumed evolutionary theory, 110–111
Prevention as incest avoidance mechanism, 124
Pride, 178, 189
Primary factors, 114
Primate studies influence anthropologists, 72, 81n
Primitive Culture, 54–55
Principle of least effort, 98
Privacy, 157, 166, 182
of inner life, 135
Problem solving, 182
Process universals, 43, 47, 81, 141, 156, 182
Product universals, 182
Production and reproduction, 93
Prohibition as incest avoidance mechanism, 124
Projection, 193
(See also Psychological defense mechanisms)
Promise, 139, 186
Pronouns, 133, 164, 174, 194
Proper names, 69, 133
Property, 48, 59, 69, 132, 158, 174, 176, 182, 196
alienable/inalienable, 132
intimate/loose, 132, 139–140, 176
Proximate causes, explanations, and mechanisms, 104, 117, 129
Psyche (see Human mind)
Psychic unity of humanity, 54, 55, 58, 73, 87, 146, 147, 152
a concept to stimulate, not to eliminate research, 156
Psychological anthropology, 82, 110
Psychological defense mechanisms, 180, 193, 196, 198
Psychological reductionism (see Kroeber, A. L.; Reductionism)
Psychology, 147n
anthropological attitudes toward, 38
comparative, according to Hallowell, 73–75
in explanation of universals, 149–153
and incest taboo, 119
recent stimulating developments in, 87
sidetracked by behaviorism, 143
and social facts, 60
(See also Evolutionary; Inner states; Universals)
Public/private, 175
Punishment, 69
of acts that threaten collectivity, 138
Pupil of the eye, 44–45
Questions, word order of, 164
Race and culture, 54, 55, 57, 60
Racial differences, evolution of, 101n, 145
Racism, 143, 152–153
as opposite of superorganicism, 70
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 66
Rank:
as a focus of interest, 152, 196
penchant to, 184
social, 2, 76, 92, 159, 161, 167, 176, 182
Rape, 17, 161, 188
prohibition or disapproval of, 138, 182, 188
Rationality, 193, 194
Rationalization, 193
Reasoning, 165
Reciprocal altruism, 82–83, 107–108
Reciprocity, 83, 98, 107–109, 138, 139, 150, 170, 173, 178, 181
and morality, 139
negative, 138, 165, 173
Red, white, and black, 12, 14, 161, 197
Redfield, Robert, 47
Redress, 138, 178
Reductionism, 70–71, 76, 120, 143, 145, 148
(See also Antireductionism; Kroeber, A. L.)
Refutations, 14–23, 27–31, 64n
Reification of culture, 70–71
Relationship, logical, 170
Relationships of procreation, 133
Relativism, ix, 33, 38, 45, 83–84, 192
critics of, 155
cultural, 6, 9, 27, 30, 55, 62, 71–73, 76, 77n
and antiracist morality, 55
and arbitrariness, 77n
Herskovits on, 71
and tolerance, 73
extreme cultural (and linguistic), 12, 14, 27, 31, 38, 62, 76, 81n, 82
limits of, 151
at present, 155–156
as justification for research, 31
language exemplifies, 77
linguistic, 11, 14, 31, 77
Religion, 59, 69, 110–111, 139
difficulty of explaining, 71, 113–114
and the Muelos belief, 96
partial explanations of, 113–115
as universal of classification, 48, 64
Repression, 32, 34–36
Reproduction, 93, 106, 133
imagery of, 115
interest in, 97
Reproductive beliefs, 33, 35, 36, 166
Reproductive cells, sex differences in 108–109
Reproductive potential, 109
Reproductive success, 83n, 100
Residence rules, 69
Responsibility, 135, 139, 165, 175
Restitution (see Redress)
Revenge, 165
Rhetoric, 132, 140
Right-hand preference (see Right-handedness)
Right-handedness, 89–91, 94, 136
(See also Handedness)
Right/wrong, 139, 165, 193, 197
Rights and obligations, 138, 172, 182, 188
Rhythm, 140, 186
Rhythmicity of time, 133
Ritual, 59, 69, 114, 116, 139, 174, 176, 194
associated with art, dance, music, 140, 167, 186
deep-noted instruments in, 114
percussion in, 114
sound as a medium of communication in, 197
Rohner, Ronald P., 82
Roles (see Statuses)
Rosch, Eleanor, 14
Rules, 98, 165, 167, 181, 194, 196
of membership, 138
Rules of the Sociological Method, The, 60
Sacks, Oliver, 61n, 85, 150
Sadness, 26, 134, 178
Same (logical category), 170
Sanctions (punishment), 69, 138, 188
by exclusion or removal, 138
Sapir, Edward, 10, 27, 155n
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 10, 27, 155n
Scheff, Thomas J., 2, 128
Schizophrenia, 169
“Science of Culture, The,” 62–63
Scientific Theory of Culture, A, 66–68
Secularism, 153n
Selection, unit of, 103
Self:
in control/under control, 135, 175
as distinct from other(s), 165, 174, 175
self-deception, 196
as subject and object, 134
Semantic categories, 133
Semantic components, 75, 76, 133
of kin terms, 46, 48n, 80
of sex, 80, 133
(See also Ethnosemantics)
Semantic primes, 199
Semantic universals, 11, 12, 79–80, 131–133
Senility, 196
Senses, unification of, 139
Sensitive period, 104, 113, 123, 128, 181
Sex:
differences, 42, 75, 101–104, 106–110, 133, 134, 144, 145, 172, 189, 196
in age at marriage, 109
attributed to nature, 137
cultural conceptions of, 137, 184
in homicide rates, 137, 165
in providing childcare, 109, 136, 176, 184, 189
in reproductive cells, 108–109
study of, 108–110, 150
(See also Male)
organization, 137, 164, 176, 181, 194
semantic component of, 80, 133
terminology (see Classification)
Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 9–10
Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, 20–23
Sexual attractiveness, 109n, 135, 140, 195
and skin color, 43–44
Sexual dimorphism, 108–110
Sexual division of labor, 48, 157, 165
Sexual jealousy, 18, 20, 60, 107, 109, 135, 172
Sexual modesty, 139, 166, 167
Sexual selection, 82–83, 103, 108–110
Sexuality, 15–18, 33, 41–42, 106, 108–110, 115, 118
cultural expressions of, 166
as focus of interest, 137, 180
regulation of, 69–70, 137, 157, 165, 166, 182, 196, 198
Shame, 178, 189
Shape, categories of, 170
Shattered Mind, The, 150
Shelter, 58, 69, 136
Shepher, Joseph, 88, 122–123, 127, 128
Shock, 189
Sickness and death related, 139, 176
Signs, 165
Similarities, human, anthropological reliance on, 154
Singing, 162, 186, 194
Skepticism, anthropological (see Anthropologists)
Skill and aesthetics, 116
Skinner, B. F., 77
Smile, 24, 83, 85, 168
in greeting, 134, 179
Snake(s):
in art and religion, 115, 116
ease of acquiring fear of, 115
emotional reaction to, 135, 190
Snow, Eskimo words for, 27
Social control, 59, 67, 157
Social Darwinism, 62
Social facts explain social facts, 60
Social personhood and identity [see Statuses (and roles)]
Social structure, 69, 137, 176
Social universals, 39–40, 42, 50, 66, 142
Sociality, 59, 116, 136, 145, 165, 167, 176, 197
Socialization, 136, 137, 157, 182
by parents and other close kin, 136, 165
Societies:
change with time, 157
as focus of study, 143
Society:
adjusts to environment, 157
as locus of universals, 39–40, 42, 50
Malinowski on, 67
as product of human action, 99
rejected as causal by Murdock
, 63n
role of universals in, 150–151
science of, 66
universal model for analysis of, 71
Society/culture/individual, artificial boundaries between, 40, 43
Sociobiology, viii, 83n, 144
Sociobiology, 82
Solidarity, 182
kin based, 108, 199
Someone (semantic prime), 199
Song, 162, 186, 194
Sophistry, 161
Sorrow (see Sadness)
Sound:
as medium of ritual communication, 197
and sense, 77, 98, 131
Space, 133, 157, 170, 178, 188
Spatial metaphors of time, 28, 29
Spatiotemporal orientation, 174
Spear, 135, 157
Special occasions to look one’s best, 188
Speech, 58
insulting with, 131
segmentation of, 163
special, 132
symbolic nature of, 131
Speed, 133
Sperber, Dan, 5, 80, 94, 110, 114, 147
Spiro, Melford, 9, 10, 33–38, 49–50, 112, 120, 127–128, 155
Sport, 69
Staal, Frits, 54n
Statistical universal(s), 43n, 44–45, 93, 97, 149–150, 187
incest taboo as, 128
Status, high, admiring signs of, 44
Status markers, 169
Statuses (and roles), 39, 48, 69, 135, 137, 139, 157, 165, 169, 174, 185, 196
ascribed/achieved, 137, 176
based on other than kinship, age, and sex, 137
corporate, 138
individual distinguished from, 135
personality distinguished from, 176
Steadman, Lyle B., 3
Steiner, George, 110, 114
Stops/nonstops, 131
Stranger recognition mechanisms, 107n
Strangers, fear of, 107n, 135
Stress (linguistic), 194
String, 59, 135, 198
Subject/verb/object, 194
Sublimation, 193
Substance consumption to partake of its properties, 182
Substantive universals, 42–43, 49, 81, 141, 164, 170
Succession, 137, 169
Sucking reflex, 101
Supernatural, 69, 139, 159, 161, 176, 196
“Superorganic, The,” 56, 57
Superorganicism, 56, 57, 70, 71, 76
Surface universals, 43, 47, 141
Surprise, 26, 134, 167
Susceptibilities, 110–111
Sweets, 139
Symbolism, 75, 94, 134, 165, 167, 180
to cope with envy, 169
of hands, 89–91, 94, 186
snake as, 116
Symbols (see Symbolism)
Symons, Donald, 75, 83, 85, 101, 102, 106, 109
Synonyms, 133
Syntax (see Grammar)
Taboo(s), 137, 170, 196
anthropological, 6, 64, 72, 144
food, 69, 139
incest (see Incest)
speech, 139, 169
Tabula rasa, 60, 85, 144, 146, 148, 154, 155
Taxonomy, 86, 133, 170
Temperaments, human, 65–66, 159
Tendencies, 43, 44, 47, 97, 164
classification of, 133
dismissed as innate by Durkheim, 60
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