Mitt Romney, in his autobiography, Turnaround, cited the story of his great-grandfather’s dramatic journey but left out most of the details, with no mention of Miles’s multiple wives or his perilous assignment to create a sanctuary for polygamy across the border. Instead, he wrote vaguely, “Eventually Miles was called upon to settle in northern Mexico.”
After travel by train and wagon, about ninety miles south of the U.S. border, Miles reached a stunning overlook in the Mexican mountains. A valley extended for miles on the banks of the Piedras Verdes River, with mesquite and cactus carpeting the flatlands and stands of scrub oak shading the riverbanks. The valley floor was five thousand feet above sea level, providing a climate cool enough to support peach and apple trees. Beyond brown hills, the towering, pine-covered peaks of the Sierra Madre curtained the valley, catching the winter snows that would provide ample water for irrigation. As the sun crested the hilltops, desert grasses turned a golden hue, listing in the wind like lariats made of straw. This would be the colony of Juárez: Colonia Juárez.
Miles was ill prepared to start this new life. Desperately poor and responsible for an enormous family, he lived out of a wagon and then a crude hut. On December 27, 1885, shortly after helping establish the colony, Miles despaired of his plight. He feared that U.S. marshals might come to Mexico to arrest him. He was uncertain about the fate of his wives Hannah and Catharine. “I sometimes think that I am only an injury now to both my family and my friends,” he wrote to a family member. “I have borrowed my friends’ money, and my family receives no support from me, and the prospect ahead seems as black as midnight darkness.” Hannah, meanwhile, was still trying to escape from Arizona. With eight children in tow and in fear of Indian attacks, she led a dangerous mission through the Arizona mountains, passing through snowstorms in Nutrioso, Arizona, where the Romneys had built several homes, and driving the wagon trains through the northern mountains of New Mexico.
Months later, Hannah finally arrived in Mexico. She found Miles living in a makeshift wooden house with a dirt roof. “When it rained we had mud and water coming down,” Hannah wrote. “ . . . We had two boxes put together for a table and some round logs sawed for chairs and a dirt floor. That was a very crude home, different from what I had been used to, but I was thankful for it as my dear children and I would be with their father and we could live in peace, with no marshals to molest us or separate us again.” Then, more than a year after Romney arrived in Mexico, Catharine joined them. A festive reunion followed, with Miles, his three wives, and their children: “21 of us all together had a splendid dinner,” Catharine wrote to her parents. “I think I have one of the best and kindest of husbands.”
The town, meanwhile, began to take shape, due in significant part to Gaskell, the future grandfather of Mitt Romney and the third of those portraits on the wall. Descended from a family that included many tall, strikingly handsome men, Gaskell was only five feet, five inches tall. But he had the rugged look of a settler, with his piercing eyes and a face leathered by years in the Arizona and Mexican sun. Gaskell, at fifteen years old, helped build the canal that would irrigate the fields, and later played a key role in building a family farm known as Cliff Ranch in the mountains overlooking Colonia Juárez.
By 1890, the settlement was thriving. The Romneys built many of the town’s handsome brick homes, along with train stations for a railroad that would provide settlers with more opportunities to sell their produce. Then the Romneys’ world came crashing down again. Back in Utah, some of the same Mormon leaders who had urged Miles to create a refuge for polygamy at great personal hazard now turned against the practice. On September 24, 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff, under pressure from the U.S. government, issued what was called the Manifesto: “I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriages forbidden by the law of the land.” The careful wording of the manifesto might have given some solace to the Romneys. They may have believed that Woodruff was referring to the law in the United States, not Mexico. They continued their polygamous practice even more isolated than before. In 1897, seven years after the Manifesto, fifty-three-year-old Miles married a wealthy widow named Emily Henrietta Eyring Snow. “There was a great closeness between the sons and daughters of the four wives,” a family biography says. “All told there were thirty children.”
More and more, responsibilities shifted to the industrious and headstrong Gaskell. He had become his father’s “mainstay,” as a family biography put it, but one day in his teens he announced to his father that he was leaving to go to school in Salt Lake. “Yes, and go to hell like your brother,” Miles said, referring to another son who had gone on a church mission to France and returned with “fancy habits.” But Gaskell went ahead. In 1895, after completing his education in Salt Lake City, Gaskell returned to Mexico and married Anna Amelia Pratt, who would become Mitt Romney’s grandmother. Anna was descended from one of the most important families in the Mormon faith. Her grandfather, Parley Pratt, had twelve wives and had been chosen by the faith’s founder, Joseph Smith, as one of the early apostles.
By the turn of the twentieth century, the Romneys’ years of hardship were followed by years of plenty in Mexico. The family “accumulated a great deal of means” in those “lovely times,” Hannah wrote. The Romneys owned many cattle and chickens, farmed vast lands, and built sturdy houses in a town near the original settlement. The children went to a newly built redbrick school and joined a baseball team that sometimes traveled 150 miles northeast to play in El Paso, Texas.
One day in early March 1904, sixty-year-old Miles looked out at his farm and commented how beautiful it looked. That night, as he read a newspaper, he called to Hannah and requested the gathering of all of his wives, and their children and grandchildren. Hannah held his hand for a moment and then he “breathed his last,” she recalled years later. Miles’s life had spanned the saga of the church from his birth in Nauvoo to the exodus over the Mormon trail to Utah, across the border to Mexico to maintain polygamy, and then into the more modern era, when the church sought broader societal acceptance.
Now the burden of family leadership shifted even more to Gaskell. As much as he had admired his father, Gaskell represented the church’s new outlook, and he and his wife were married only to each other. With the foundation laid by Miles, Gaskell accumulated land and businesses and became “very prosperous,” running a cattle farm and a door factory. His wealth enabled him to build a two-story redbrick home that was considered one of the nicest in his community. It was in that home in 1907 that Gaskell’s wife, Anna, gave birth to George Wilcken Romney. George would go on to display many of the distinctive family traits; he was industrious, smart, and indefatigably hardworking, but also a blustery, imposing, and outspoken figure like Miles. George would tower over his short father, and his long frame would be passed along to his son, Mitt Romney. For five years, George Romney lived an idyllic life in Mexico. The wealth of his family, and the stability and sturdiness of their home, were in stark contrast to the wanderings and poverty experienced by Miles. But prosperity would again prove fleeting.
Gaskell was aware of constant talk of revolution among the local Mexican population. Factions within the country were battling one another, and the Mormon colony tried to remain neutral. At one point, little George heard gunfire as he sat on the porch of their home. In July 1912, the Romneys learned that hundreds of revolutionaries were nearby. The rebels ignored the Mormons’ insistence that they were neutral. They demanded that the Romneys turn over their guns and horses. Gaskell’s half brother Junius declared that he “would die before ordering our people to give up their arms.” Vastly outnumbered by the rebels, the Romneys, including five-year-old George, packed their belongings and joined other Mormons at a nearby railroad station, waiting hours before boarding a packed train to El Paso, Texas. Over three days, 2,300 of 4,000 Mormons evacuated.
Twenty-seven years after Miles fled from U.S. government agents and to
ok refuge in Mexico, the Romney family was back in the United States. In the course of a few days, Gaskell’s family had gone from owning a large Mexican ranch to being nearly penniless. George would later say that his family was among “the first displaced persons of the twentieth century.” George would forever be bitter about his unceremonious exile. “I was kicked out of Mexico when I was five years old because the Mexicans were envious of the fact that my people . . . became prosperous,” George said years later. He also noted that “the Mexicans thought if they could just take it away from the Mormon settlers, it would be paradise. It just didn’t work that way, of course.”
Fortunately for the Romneys, the U.S. government, which had once chased Miles to Mexico due to his polygamy, now welcomed the Romneys and other Mormons to the United States. Congress established a $100,000 relief fund that enabled the Romneys and other Mormon exiles to receive food and lodging. Initially, the Romneys’ stay on U.S. soil was to be temporary. The El Paso Herald reported on October 25, 1912, that Gaskell Romney and his family, including little George, had gone to Los Angeles “until it is safe for his family to return to the colonies” in Mexico. But Gaskell’s family would never return to live there and made only a sentimental trip years later. Had they returned for good, Mitt Romney might never have been in a position to run for president.
The Romneys moved from house to house, from California to Idaho to Utah, as they rebuilt their lives. Gaskell once again became prosperous, constructing some of the finest homes in Salt Lake City and becoming bishop of the church’s wealthiest ward, where he might have overseen five hundred members. But during the Great Depression, he “lost all he had and more,” according to a family biography. The Romneys left their three-story home and moved into a rented bungalow. “Even though Father was driven out of Mexico penniless . . . he didn’t make me feel poor,” George wrote about Gaskell. “He never took out bankruptcy, which he could have done several times.”
Gaskell regained his financial footing with help from an unlikely source: Mexico. He had never given up trying to obtain financial compensation from the Mexican government for losing his family property. Twenty-six years after the Romneys were forced from Mexico, the case of Gaskell Romney v. United States of Mexico was finalized in Salt Lake City in 1938. Gaskell requested $26,753 in damages. He was awarded $9,163, court records show—a sizable amount in the post-Depression years. The records say that Gaskell was to give half of the award to his son George, helping to set the family on firmer financial footing in the United States.
The Romneys had come an extraordinary distance from the day in 1841 when Miles Archibald Romney, convinced of the truth of Mormonism, had set sail for America. His son Miles Park had devoted his life to his faith and family and religious salvation and ended his days in Mexico, but in a roundabout way he had enabled succeeding generations of his family to have their chance at the American dream. He could hardly have imagined that a grandson would be governor of Michigan and run for the presidency, or that a great-grandson would be governor of Massachusetts and also seek the presidency. But the generational line passed along much: not just the angular physical characteristics, not just the fidelity to Mormon faith, but also a worldview grounded in the family’s ancestral story of flight and persecution and rebuilding. The family would cycle through utter poverty and unimaginable wealth, but the Romneys would say over the years that what they held in common was clear, that they were builders all, from the carpenters to the politicians, each son trying to accomplish what the father had left undone.
Today, about forty Romneys remain in Colonia Juárez, many of them living in the brick houses built by their Romney ancestors and attending school in the Academia Juárez, funded by the Mormon Church. They are descendants of some family members who, after fleeing to Texas during the revolution, did return to Mexico. Schoolchildren bound through the hallways and across a soccer field in the shadow of the same mountains that Miles P. Romney first eyed many years ago. A Mormon temple, perched on a hilltop, is brilliantly lit at night and topped by the gold-leafed figure of the angel Moroni.
Amid all this lives a man named Mike Romney, whose life has striking parallels with Mitt Romney’s. Mike and Mitt Romney are both great-grandsons of Miles P. and Hannah Romney. Their grandfathers were brothers. Mitt is one year older than Mike. It seems only a twist of fate that Mike Romney lives today in Mexico and has worked as a widely respected school administrator while Mitt Romney lives in the United States and twice has sought the presidency. Mike reveres his family’s history, and he takes special pride in having recovered and restored the well-worn organ that Hannah had insisted be taken on the family’s journeys across the American Southwest and Mexico.
Mike has followed Mitt Romney’s career and thinks he would make a great president, but as of mid-2011 he had never met or spoken to his cousin and can only hope that Mitt takes pride in the family’s remarkable history—and especially its distant patriarch. “Miles Park was a pioneer in every sense of the word. He helped form part of the United States; he helped form part of Mexico. He was faithful to his church, he was faithful to his God, he was honest in his dealings. He was a good man, and I don’t know what more I could ask.”
The fourth and fifth portraits that were mounted on the wall in Belmont were, of course, of George and his treasured son Mitt. Mitt Romney rarely discusses the details of his family ancestry, but when he has discussed his faith at length, he has left no doubt of the importance of his family legacy, even as he has stressed that he would never let church leaders influence him if he became president. He has rejected suggestions by some that he distance himself from his religion.
It is a faith that has deepened year by year. By the time Mitt left the insular world of Bloomfield Hills, leaving Ann behind and heading to college, he was still discovering how being a Mormon put him outside the mainstream of American life. Unlike many Mormons, he did not instinctively head to Brigham Young University in Utah or another institution affiliated with the faith. He felt he had much to explore and discover, so he enrolled at Stanford University in California, near the counterculture haven of San Francisco. As Mitt left for this new journey, much of what his faith and upbringing had taught him would be tested anew.
[ Three ]
Outside the Fray
I was not planning on signing up for the military. It was not my desire to go off and serve in Vietnam.
—MITT ROMNEY ON HIS COLLEGE YEARS
In the fall of 1965, Mitt Romney moved into the third floor of a Mission Revival–style freshmen dormitory on the sprawling campus of Stanford University. All seemed serene on the grounds known fondly as The Farm. Soaring palm trees lined the pathways, and an orderly group of sandstone buildings topped with red-tile roofs clustered around the 285-foot-tall Hoover Tower, named for the former president—a Stanford alumnus—and topped with a forty-eight-bell carillon. The university had begun heavily recruiting the children of the eastern establishment to join the California-heavy student body, and Mitt, in his sporty blazer and narrow tie, seemed to fit right in. He had grown taller, his face was more angular and handsome, and he walked with the stride of a student who expected great things for himself.
The initial calm would prove deceptive. The freshmen had begun their year as if closed in a bubble, but that wouldn’t last long. “The campus was quite isolated from the real world,” said Wayne Brazil, who lived in Romney’s dormitory. Day by day, Brazil said, “the air started leaking out of that bubble.” On the dorm’s first floor, one of the resident advisers, David Harris, started talking angrily about the United States’ escalation of the war in Vietnam and began organizing protests. Students went to Harris’s room or attended his speeches and got an earful about what was wrong with U.S. policy. The discontent began to smolder.
Mitt’s third-floor room in the Rinconada dormitory seemed a haven from all that, at least at first. He placed a picture of his father on his desk, hung up his camel-hair overcoat, and shelved his books. His roommate completed
the all-American picture. Mark Marquess had grown up in a lower-middle-class family in nearby Stockton and was the first in his family to go to college. He had made his way to Stanford as one of the greatest athletes of his day, the quarterback of the football team (until future Heisman Trophy winner Jim Plunkett showed up), and first baseman and outfielder on the baseball team. Marquess, a straitlaced Catholic, soon learned that Romney followed a religion called Mormonism, of which Marquess knew nothing, and that Mitt had a girl named Ann. Mitt and Mark, the son of a governor and the quarterback, each in his own way fit the big man on campus script.
Mitt was no athlete, but he made it his mission to be part of Marquess’s world. As Marquess recalled it, Mitt was always running one organization or another. His most serious commitment appears to have been his role on the “Axe-Com,” or the Axe Committee, charged with protecting a cherished campus tradition. In the week before the football game between Stanford and University of California–Berkeley, the material for a bonfire was gathered in a dry lake bed on campus. It was a massive setup, with telephone poles stacked like logs, ready to be lit just before the big game. But Cal students also had a tradition: they would try to sneak in and set the bonfire ablaze days before kickoff. They would also try to steal the ceremonial axe—a broad red blade mounted on a plaque that went to the winner of the game; hence the name of Romney’s committee. While Marquess sent the team through its paces, Mitt took on the job of protecting the bonfire site and the axe, patrolling the grounds day and night.
When Mitt heard about a rally planned at Berkeley, he figured the axe heist might be discussed and decided to go undercover. Ditching his coat and tie, he dressed up like an antiwar protester in the hope of going unnoticed in the Berkeley crowd. In faded Levi’s jeans, a heavy wool work jacket, and well-worn moccasins, Mitt infiltrated the rival campus. One classmate recalled that Romney had borrowed David Harris’s clothing, although Harris has no recollection of lending an outfit. The two seemed worlds apart. Harris was protesting a war and saw himself on a mission to prevent the United States from disaster, and Romney was protecting an axe in a campus tradition. But to Romney at the time, it was a serious job.
The Real Romney Page 6
