Becoming Hitler
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and women, 307–308
worldview of, 123, 168, 267, 326
working habits of, 279
Hitler, Paula, 202–202, 262, 263
Hitler’s First War (Weber), xvi, xxi
Hoffmann, Heinrich (and son), 39–40, 213, 281
Hoffmann, Hermine, 256, 314
offmannHoffmann, Johannes, 45, 48, 51, 54, 162
Hofmiller, Josef, 8, 9, 11, 12, 19, 28, 47, 90, 134
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Wilhelm von, 158
Holocaust, 60, 109, 120, 170, 245
genesis/emergence of, 275–276, 333, 334
Horlacher, Michael, 86, 89, 91
House of Wittelsbach, xxi, 19, 21
“How the English Win World Wars” (Müller), 89
Hugenberg, Alfred, 331
hunger, 28, 148. See also food shortages
Huch, Ricarda, 81
Iceland, 132, 135
iconography, 281
idealism, 84, 85
immigration, 153
India, 246
individualism, 153
industrialization, 146
inequality, 185
Infantry Leib Regiment, 34
inflation/hyperinflation, 266, 295–296, 302
influenza, 148
intellectuals, 29
interest, 86, 95, 119, 138, 153, 201, 219
internationalism, xvii, 38, 68, 105, 115, 120, 147, 170, 262
International Jew, The (Ford), 251
Irre, Max, 103
Italy, 240–241, 253, 274, 310, 322, 324. See also Mussolini, Benito
Jesus, 286
Jews, 11, 16, 59, 109, 118, 122, 128, 135, 141, 142, 184, 217–218, 225, 276, 291, 297, 303, 317, 323, 324, 329
“final solution,” 180, 240, 279, 332
in Freikorps, 60, 61, 62
vs. genius, 190
Jewish bankers, 221
Jewish materialism, 118, 119
Jewish spirit, 129, 153, 177, 221, 229
in Poland, 333–334
secular Jews, 62
See also anti-Semitism; capitalism: Jewish finance capitalism
Jodl, Alfred, 80
Jones, John “Jack,” xiii
Judas Schuldbuch (M. Lehmann), 243
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 289
Jungdeutscher Orden, 290
Kahr, Gustav von, 163, 164, 165, 217, 296–297, 298–299, 301, 302–303
Kaiser (Lieutenant), 105
Kant, Immanuel, 22, 249
Kapp, Wolfgang, 159, 160–161, 162, 165, 183, 184, 216, 284
Karl (emperor), 233
Karsch, Franz Xaver, 86, 89
Kaulbach, Friedrich August and Mathilde von, 261
Keogh, Michael, 107–108
Kerchnawe, Hugo, 244
Kershaw, Ian, xv
Kirill (Grand Duke), 250, 251
Kleber (Feldwebel), 72
Klemperer, Victor, 9, 29, 59, 77–78
Knilling, Eugen Ritter von, 269, 298
Koerber, Victor von, 283–285, 288, 290–291, 311
arrest of, 291
Kommer, Rudolf. 260
Kraus, Karl, 173
Kressenstein, General Friedrich Kress von, 303
Kriebel, Hermann, 301
Kristallnacht, 176, 291
Krohn, Friedrich, 66, 156, 212
Krüger, Emmy, 7, 11–12, 47, 55–56, 77
Landsberg fortress, 181, 202, 307, 312, 315, 319
Lauböck, Fritz, 275
Lauböck, Theodor, 201–202
League of Nations, 17, 77, 105, 137
Lebensraum, 123, 320, 321–322, 332
Lechfeld, 105, 109
Left-Liberals, 23
Lehmann, Julius Friedrich, 18, 31, 32, 70, 157, 212, 241, 242–245, 299, 308, 315, 322
anti-Semitism of, 243
Lehmann, Melanie, 18, 21, 32, 81, 243, 279–280, 303, 308–309, 315
Lenin, V. I., 309, 320, 323
Lerchenfeld, Count Hugo von, 269
Levi, Hermann, 174
Levi, Rafael, 57–58
Levien, Max, 36, 58
Leybold, Otto, 315
liberalism, xxi, 20, 24, 30
liberal democracy, 335, 336, 337. See also parliamentary democracy
List, Guido von, 246
List Regiment (Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment), xvi, xvii, xxiii, 4–5, 9, 61, 73, 105
Lloyd George, David, 308
Lossow, Otto von, 303
Lotter, Obermaat Konrad, 33, 35
Löwensohn, Robert, 62
Luch Sveta, 225
Lüdecke, Kurt, 313
Ludendorff, General Erich, 19, 216, 225–226, 274–275, 281, 283, 285, 287–288, 297, 300, 311
coup planned by, 301–305, 308, 309, 310
Ludwig III (king), 7, 8, 19, 22, 269
Lüers, Friedrich, 39, 51, 70
Lüttwitz, General Walther von, 160
Mann, Klaus, 69
Mantel, Karl, 303
Märklin (Oberleutnant), 72
Marx, Karl, 169
Masaryk, Tomáš, 20
materialism, 85, 119, 142, 169, 174, 311
Maurice, Emil, 150, 178–180
Mayr, Karl, 66, 67, 79–80, 85, 88, 89–90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 101–103, 108–109, 121, 129, 160, 161, 163–164, 165, 183, 215, 290, 291
death of, 187
and NSDAP, 185–186, 187
opposition to, 184
“as republican of reason,” 186
See also under Hitler, Adolf
Mein Kampf (Hitler), xvi, xix, xxii, xxiii, 3, 14, 25, 35, 53, 81–82, 86–87, 96, 97, 105, 114, 125, 143, 151, 154, 191, 228, 247, 282, 309, 316–320, 322, 326, 327
difference between two volumes of, 324–325
frequency of terms in, 323–324
and lessons Hitler learned, 320
original title of, 315
race mentioned in, 323
reference to gassing of Jews in, 278
Mell, Max, 175
Mensch und Gott (Chamberlain), 175
middle class, 126, 132, 147, 188–189, 227, 256, 261
might vs. right, 136–137
militias, 9, 31, 60, 70, 164, 274, 297. See also Freikorps
Möhl, General Arnold von, 74, 101, 110, 129, 160, 163–164, 165
given emergency powers, 162, 163
monarchies/monarchists, xvi, xix, xx, xxii, 6, 19, 20, 21, 25, 162, 217, 225, 250, 267, 268–269, 291, 320
morale, 104, 106
morality, rules of, 188
Mühsam, Erich, 30, 36
Müller, Captain von, 298, 299, 300, 301
Müller, Karl Alexander von, 86, 87–89, 89–90, 91, 176
Müller-Meiningen, Ernst, 8, 145
Münchener Beobachter, 132, 135. See also Völkischer Beobachter
Münchener Post, 40, 65, 186
Münchener Stadtanzeiger, 113
Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten, 76, 155, 169
Münchner Zeitung, 155
Munich, xiv, xviii, xix–xx, xxi, 25, 33, 46, 93, 116, 169, 213, 327
Americans in, 31, 261
anti-Prussian sentiment in, xix, 55
art scene in, 142
Austrian Consulate in, 10
Bavarian vs. German identity in, 5
beer halls in, 196
as capital of National Socialist Movement, 163
counterrevolutionaries/white forces in, 53, 56, 69, 209, 216–217
decommissioning of soldiers in, 72, 80
elections in military units in, 48–49
emigration from, 51–52
executions in, 54, 69, 134, 298
food supplies in, 28
Jews in, 57, 136, 169
left-wing coup in, 4, 8, 13, 18–19
march from Munich to Berlin, 295
martial law in, 38, 74
migrants in, 126
Munich University, 143, 144
Odeonsplatz, firefight on, 304
People’s Court in, 309
photos of
Hitler in, 281 (see also Hitler, Adolf: photos of)
Police Directorate in, 121
political mass rally in, 6, 8
postrevolutionary Reichswehr in, 185
Protestants in, 126, 242
putsch in 1923, 294 (see also Hitler, Adolf: coup planned by)
radical right in, 156, 196, 207, 208, 209, 226, 228, 296, 297, 333
Schwabing neighborhood in, xxi
as Soviet Republic, 46–47, 52, 53–54, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 102, 117, 121, 133, 134, 150, 159, 209, 284
Sterneckerbräu restaurant in, 111
support for NSDAP in, 327
uncertainty in, 18, 55, 298
upper classes in, 209–210, 214, 253, 256, 260–261, 313, 314
and Versailles Treaty, 76, 77, 81
“white” émigrés/Baltic Germans in, 217, 222, 223, 224, 225
Mussolini, Benito, 241, 253, 265, 275, 295
mysticism, 246, 247
nationalism, xiii, 90, 105, 117, 146, 152–153, 302
Nationalismus (Tagore), 246
National Socialism, xiii, xiv, 40, 62, 154, 157, 316, 324, 326
Freikorps movement as vanguards of, 63
propaganda of, 13, 15, 63, 64, 103 (see also propaganda)
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 122, 133, 150, 156, 163, 164, 165, 166–167, 181–182, 185–186, 194, 220, 229, 230, 268, 327
anti-Semitism of, 167, 168, 265, 278
and Bavarian establishment, 297
chapters outside Munich, 191–192, 227, 253
democracy dead in, 235–236
Hitler leaving and rejoining as leader of, 234–235, 242, 252–253, 286
membership, 227, 253
money problems of, 208–213, 253, 254, 300
outlawed, 303
split in, 236
success of, 228, 330
See also Nazi Party
National Socialist Workers’ Association, 156, 209
Nazi Party, xxi, 94, 112
SS in, 60
term “Nazi,” 326
See also National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Netherlands, 20
Neues Wiener Journal, 290
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 8
New York Times, 252
Niekisch, Ernst, 38
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 188, 249
Noske, Gustav, 51, 54, 65, 75
NSDAP. See National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Nuremberg party rally in 1934, 193
Obersalzberg, 263
occultism, 246, 247, 248
Oestreicher, Paul, 303–304
Olympics of 1936, 193
Operation Barbarossa, 334
Oppenheimer, Gabriele “Yella” von, 174, 175, 176
Ordnungszelle, 164
Ottoman Empire, 102, 132, 214, 277, 322. See also Turkey
Pacelli, Eugenio, 33, 36, 53, 58, 60, 164
Pan-German League, 157, 213, 242, 244, 296, 299
parliamentary democracy, 23, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 159, 164, 235, 247, 269
death of, 46
See also liberalism: liberal democracy
Passau, 139
passports, 164
Patrick, William, 181
Peasants’ League, 59, 163
Peer Gynt (Ibsen/Eckart), 237–238
Pest in Russland! (Rosenberg), 221
Pius XII (Pope), 33, 53
Pöhner, Ernst, 122, 164, 298–299
Poland/Poles, 58, 229, 261, 277, 322, 332, 333–334
populists, 312, 315, 331, 336
POWs, 15–16, 17, 24, 39, 50, 56, 78
German POWs returning home, 105
Irish, 107
Pravda, 293
Pröhl, Ilse, 195, 197, 257
propaganda, xvii, 13, 15, 40, 51, 63, 64, 66, 78, 85, 93, 95, 96, 97, 105, 125, 154, 284. See also Hitler, Adolf: as propagandist
Protestants, 59, 126, 133, 184, 193–194, 220, 227, 242, 254
“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 222, 225, 250
Prussia, xix, xx, 19, 38, 55, 268
anti-Prussian sentiment, xix, 55, 126
racial theory, 244, 245, 248, 320, 322–323
Raeder, Grand Admiral Erich, 239
Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Günther), 244, 245, 320, 322
Rathenau, Walther, 58, 164
Raubal, Geli, 179
Reck, Friedrich, 210
Red Army, 46, 50, 52, 54, 57, 69, 70, 73, 75, 158
desertions in, 55
Reformation, 194
Regina Palasthotel, 79, 121
Reichert, Maria, 166, 314
Reichsbanner, 186–187
reparations, 76, 139, 295
revolutionary councils, 14–15
Riefenstahl, Leni, 193
Riehl, Walter, 202
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 18–19, 27–28, 71
Ring of the Nibelung (Wagner), 329–330
Rödl, Arthur, 61
Röhm, Captain Ernst, 150
Romanov, Grand Prince Kirill, 225
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 260
Roosevelt, Theodore, 192
Rosenberg, Alfred, 133, 217, 219–223, 224, 238, 251, 252, 263–264, 287, 306
Rosenheim, 201–202
Royal Bavarian State Railway, 116, 117, 125–126
Roze, Valdemar, 294
Rubenia fraternity, 217
Rubenstein, Lewis, 329–330
Rupprecht (Crown Prince), xx–xxi, 19, 226, 269, 297
Russians/Russia, 16, 22, 38, 50, 56, 83, 115, 138, 139, 215, 217, 225, 251, 293, 321–322, 332. See also Hitler, Adolf: and alliance with Russia
SA (Sturmabteilung), 150, 179, 236, 240, 252, 275, 326–327
Salomon, Franz Pfeffer von, 241
Saxony, 293–294, 295
Scandinavia, 20, 67
Scharrer, Eduard August, 276
Scheubner, Mathilde von, 216
Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 215–217, 219, 222, 223, 224–225, 226, 250, 251, 252, 270, 283, 309, 320
death of, 304
Schioppa, Lorenzo, 58, 69
Schlager, Lieutenant Josef, 17
Schmidt, Ernst, 12–13, 13–15, 18, 24–25, 45, 46, 53, 56–57, 70, 314
Schreck, Julius, 150
Schröder, Fritz, 30
Schrönghammer-Heimdal, Franz, 147
Schwarzenbach-Wille, Renée, 7, 11, 254
Schweyer, Anna, 211
Schweyer, Franz Xaver, 22, 270–271, 273
Sebottendorff, Rudolf von, 132, 133, 134–135, 207, 214, 215
Second Infantry Regiment, 9, 10, 25, 34, 41–42, 54–55, 75, 139
Investigation and Decommissioning Board, 72–73, 74, 75, 80
Second Demobilization Company, 25, 40, 41, 49, 63
Second World War, 65, 80, 138, 170, 180, 252, 322
Seihs, Josef, 42, 73
Seydlitz, Wilhelm von, 212
Shützenregiment 41, 139
“Sieg Heil,” 259
Slavs, 250, 322, 323, 332
Smith, Captain Truman, 269–270
Snessarev, Nikolai, 250
Social Democracy, xvi, xvii, xx, 13, 19, 20, 118, 154, 327
moderate Social Democrats (SPD), 5, 6, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 45, 51, 64–65, 66–67, 71, 74, 75, 82, 92, 146, 162, 163, 186, 269, 270
radical Independent Social Democrats (USPD), 6–7, 7–8, 22, 23, 30, 36, 42, 64, 78, 164, 270
See also Hitler, Adolf: and Social Democrats
socialism, xiii, xiv, xvii, xxiii, 117, 132, 146
Socialist revolutionaries, 3, 4, 7, 36
See also German Socialist Party
Soldiers’ Councils, 8, 14, 15, 24, 30, 33
Solleder, Fridolin, 61
Somerville (British intelligence officer), 28
“Song of the Nibelungs, The,” 200
Sontheimer, Josef, 30
sovereignty, 127
Soviet Union, 170, 217, 277, 320, 333. See also Russians/Russia
Sozialistische Monatshefte,
92
Spartacists, 29–30, 32, 36, 47, 69, 75, 106, 115, 159, 169
SPD. See Social Democracy: moderate Social Democrats
Speidel, Max von, 22, 64
SS (Schutzstaffel), 60, 178–179, 240–241
Einsatzgruppen in, 170
Staatskunst (term), 189
Staubwasser, Oberst Friedrich, 75, 80
Stauffenberg, Countess Caroline Schenk von, 27
sons of, 28
Steininger, Babette, 246
Sterneckerbräu restaurant, 149–150, 166, 197
Stolzing-Czerny, Josef, 282
Stosstrupp Hitler, 179
Straus, Rahel, 8, 11, 28
Streicher, Julius, 253
strikes, 55, 294
students, 143, 262
Süddeutsche Monatshefte, 89, 90, 92
Sudetenland, xiv
Switzerland, 8, 253–254, 265
Tagore, Rabindranath, 246
Tedescos (family), 175
Teutonic race, 192
Therese (Princess of Bavaria), xxi
Thule Society, 31–32, 54, 111, 131–135, 149, 155, 156, 242, 247, 299, 315
Thuringia, 293, 295
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 188
Timm, Johannes, 37
Tiroler Gröstl, 197–198
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 146, 254
Togler, Ernst, 128
Toller, Ernst, 50, 66, 144
“To the German Worker” (Müller), 89
Traunstein, 14–18, 24, 41, 238, 248
Traunsteiner Wochenblatt, 238
Treaty of Sèvres, 214, 274
Tröbst, Hans, 274–275, 277, 279, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 309, 333
sister-in-law Dorothee, 302
Türken Barracks, 107, 139, 140
Turkey, 214, 274, 275, 310. See also Ottoman Empire
Uffing am Staffelsee, 305
Ullstein, Hermann, 291
United States, 80, 136, 137, 138, 158, 170, 201, 252, 259–260, 282, 324
Library of Congress, 243, 245, 248
Upper Silesia, 196, 261
urban warfare, 70
USPD. See Social Democracy: radical Independent Social Democrats
Vatican, 80
Verdi, Giuseppe, 247
Versailles Treaty, 65, 78, 115, 152, 157, 214, 268
ratification of, 80, 82, 83–84
See also under Hitler, Adolf; Munich
Vienna, 202, 203, 205, 258, 282
Vienna Stock Exchange, xiii, 336
Vinberg, Fyodor, 225, 250
Völkischer Beobachter, 111, 212, 214, 220, 221, 238, 251, 258, 259, 264, 280, 306–307
sale of, 207–209
völkisch movement, 117, 118, 131, 132, 134, 234
Voll (Herr), 212
Vollmar, Georg von, 6
Vonficht, Georg, 16
Wagner, Richard, 144, 173, 189, 193, 213, 248, 253, 329
Wagner, Winifred, 176
WannSee Conference, 128
Weber, Christian, 263
Weber, Friedrich, 299–300, 301, 302, 315