129 https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/deducting-business-expenses
130 http://fortune.com/2016/07/23/expense-policies-hurt-women/
131 https://www.gingerbread.org.uk/policy-campaigns/publications-index/statistics/
132 https://singlemotherguide.com/single-mother-statistics/
133 Fawcett Society (2017), Does Local Government Work for Women?
Chapter 4
1 Goldin, Claudia and Rouse, Cecilia (2000), ‘Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians’, American Economic Review, 90:4, 715–41
2 http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/in-orchestras-a-sea-change-in-gender-proportions/article_25cd8c54-5ca4-529f-bb98-8c5b08c64434.html
3 https://nyphil.org/about-us/meet/musicians-of-the-orchestra
4 Kunovich, Sheri and Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. (2007), ‘Systems of Distribution and a Sense of Equity: A Multilevel Analysis of Meritocratic Attitudes in Post-industrial Societies’, European Sociological Review, 23:5, 649–63; Castilla., Emilio J. and Benard, Stephen (2010), ‘The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 55:4, 543–676
5 Reynolds, Jeremy and Xian, He (2014), ‘Perceptions of meritocracy in the land of opportunity’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 36, 121–37
6 Castilla and Benard (2010)
7 http://fortune.com/2014/08/26/performance-review-gender-bias/
8 Castilla and Benard (2010)
9 http://stateofstartups.firstround.com/2016/#highlights-diversity-prediction
10 Uhlmann, Eric Luis and Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007), ‘“I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104:2, 207–23; Castilla and Benard (2010)
11 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
12 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
13 https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem
14 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/why-is-silicon-valley-so-awful-to-women/517788/
15 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-women-tech-20150222-story.html#page=1
16 Reynolds and Xian (2014)
17 Handley, Ian M., Brown, Elizabeth R., Moss-Racusin, Corinne A. and Smith, Jessi L. (2015), ‘Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112:43, 13201–13206
18 https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/Gender_statistics_April_2014.pdf; Wenneras, C. and Wold, A. (1997), ‘Nepotism and sexism in peer-review’, Nature, 387:341; Milkman, Katherine L., Akinola, Modupe and Chugh, Dolly (2015), ‘What Happens Before? A Field Experiment Exploring How Pay and Representation Differentially Shape Bias on the Pathway Into Organizations’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100:6, 1678–712; Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Glynn, Carroll J. and Huge, Michael (2013), ‘The Matilda Effect in Science Communication’, Science Communication, 35:5, 603–25; Kaatz, Anna, Gutierrez, Belinda and Carnes, Molly (2014), ‘Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender’, Trends Pharmacol Sci., 35:8, 371–3; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC
19 Women and Science Unit (2011); https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-youre-a-woman-academia-stephen-walt/
20 Roberts, Sean G. and Verhoef, Tessa (2016), ‘Double-blind reviewing at EvoLang 11 reveals gender bias’, Journal of Language Evolution, 1:2, 163–67
21 Budden, Amber E., Tregenza, Tom, Aarssen, Lonnie W., Koricheva, Julia, Leimu, Roosa and Lortie, Christopher J. (2008), ‘Double-blind review favours increased representation of female authors’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23:1, 4–6
22 Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013); Maliniak, Daniel, Powers, Ryan and Walter, Barbara F. (2013), ‘The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations’, International Organization; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, Lange, Samantha and Brus, Holly (2013), ‘Gendered Citation Patterns in International Relations’, Journal of International Studies Perspectives, 14:4, 485–92
23 King, Molly M., Bergstrom, Carl T., Correll, Shelley J., Jacquet, Jennifer, and West, Jevin D. (2017), ‘Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-citation across Fields and over Time’ Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3: 1–22
24 Bagilhole, Barbara and Goode, Jackie (2001), ‘The Contradiction of the Myth of Individual Merit, and the Reality of a Patriarchal Support System in Academic Careers: A Feminist Investigation’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8:2, 161–80
25 Krawczyk, Michał (2017), Are all researchers male? Gender misattributions in citations, Scientometrics, 110:3, 1397–1402
26 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/upshot/even-famous-female-economists-get-no-respect.html
27 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/upshot/when-teamwork-doesnt-work-for-women.html?mcubz=1
28 Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013)
29 https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-yourea-woman-academia-stephen-walt/
30 https://www.chronicle.com/article/Thanks-for-Listening/233825
31 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/female-profs-more-work-1.4473910
32 Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Hesli, Vicki L., ‘Women Don’t Ask? Women Don’t Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession, PS: Political Science & Politics, 46:2, 355–369; Guarino, Cassandra M. and Borden, Victor M. H. (2017), ‘Faculty Service Loads and Gender: Are Women Taking Care of the Academic Family?’, Research in Higher Education, 58:6 672–694
33 https://hbr.org/2018/03/for-women-and-minorities-to-get-ahead-managers-must-assign-work-fairly; Laperrière, Ève, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renée (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101
34 Guarino and Borden (2017); Baker, Maureen (2012), Academic Careers and the Gender Gap, Canada; Gibney, Elizabeth (2017), ‘Teaching load could put female scientists at career disadvantage’, Nature, https://www.nature.com/news/teaching-load-could-put-female-scientists-at-career-disadvantage-1.21839; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC
35 Amy Bug (2010), ‘Swimming against the unseen tide’, Phys. World, 23:08; Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016), ‘Student evaluations of teaching (mostly) do not measure teaching effectiveness’ ScienceOpen Research
36 Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016)
37 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-andf-student-evaluations/
38 MacNell, Lillian, Driscoll, Adam and Hunt, Andrea N. (2015), ‘What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching’, Innovative Higher Education, 40:4, 291–303
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2015/feb/13/female-academics-huge-sexist-bias-students
40 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-and-student-evaluations/
41 Storage, Daniel, Home, Zachary, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2016), ‘The Frequency of “Brilliant” and “Genius” in Teaching Evaluations Predicts the Representation of Women and African Americans across Fields’, PLoS ONE 11:3; Leslie, Sarah-Jane, Cimpian, Andrei, Meyer, Meredith and Freeland, Edward (2015), ‘Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines’, Science, 347:6219, 262–5; Meyer, Meredith, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2015), ‘Women are underrepresented in fields where success is believed to require brilliance’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6:235
42 Banchefsky, Sarah, Westfall, Jacob, Park, Bernad
ette and Judd, Charles M. (2016), ‘But You Don’t Look Like A Scientist!: Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance are Deemed Less Likely to be Scientists’, Sex Roles, 75:3–4, 95–109
43 Bian, Lin, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Cimpian, Andrei (2017), ‘Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests’, Science, 355: 6323, 389–391
44 https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html
45 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/31/women-science-industry-structure-sexist-courses-careers
46 Grunspan, Daniel Z., Eddy, Sarah L., Brownell, Sara E., Wiggins, Benjamin L., Crowe, Alison J., Goodreau, Steven M. (2016), ‘Males Under-Estimate Academic Performance of Their Female Peers in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms’, PLoS ONE, 11:2
47 Schmader, Toni, Whitehead, Jessica and Wysocki, Vicki H. (2007), ‘A Linguistic Comparison of Letters of Recommendation for Male and Female Chemistry and Biochemistry Job Applicants’, Sex Roles, 57:7–8, 509–14; Madera, Juan M., Hebl, Michelle R. and Martin, Randi C. (2009), ‘Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94:6, 1591–9; Dutt, Kuheli, Pfaff, Danielle L., Bernstein, Ariel F., Dillard, Joseph S. and Block, Caryn J. (2016), ‘Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience’, Nature Geoscience, 9, 805–8
48 Madera et al. (2009)
49 https://www.nature.com/news/women-postdocs-less-likely-than-men-toget-a-glowing-reference-1.20715
50 Trix, Frances and Psenka, Carolyn (2003), ‘Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty’, Discourse & Society, 14:2, 191–220
51 Ibid.
52 Madera at al. (2009)
53 Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6
54 http://gap.hks.harvard.edu/effects-gender-stereotypic-and-counter-stereotypic-textbook-images-science-performance
55 https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/gendergap/www/papers/anatomy-WSQ99.html
56 Light, Jennifer S. (1999), ‘When Computers Were Women’, Technology and Culture, 40:3, 455–483
57 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010), The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise, Cambridge MA
58 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
59 http://thecomputerboys.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/cosmopolitan-april-1967–1-large.jpg
60 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
61 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010)
62 Ibid.
63 https://www.hfobserver.com/exclusive-content/q4-top-recruiting-department-hires-and-an-acquisition/
64 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives
65 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/your-job-their-data-the-most-important-untold-story-about-the-future/281733/
66 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471–6402.2008.00454.x; Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock and Lei Lai (2007), ‘Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 84–103.
67 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
68 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/advan.00085.2017
69 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
70 https://medium.com/@triketora/where-are-the-numbers-cb997a57252
71 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/workplace-gender-quotas-incompetence-efficiency-business-organisations-london-school-economics-lse-a7797061.html
72 http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/184/hopkins.html
73 http://www.cwf.ch/uploads/press/ABusinessCaseForWomen.pdf
74 https://madebymany.com/stories/can-a-few-well-chosen-words-improve-inclusivity
75 Gaucher, D., Friesen, J. and Kay, A. C. (2011), ‘Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101:1, 109–28
76 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/meritocracy/418074/
77 Castilla, Emilio J. (2015), ‘Accounting for the Gap: A Firm Study Manipulating Organizational Accountability and Transparency in Pay Decisions’, Organization Science, 26:2, 311–33
Chapter 5
1 Kingma, Boris and Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter van (2015), ‘Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand,’ Nature Climate Change, 5, 1054–6
2 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/chilly-at-work-a-decades-old-formula-may-be-to-blame.html?_r=0
3 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/historical-picture.pdf
4 Ibid.
5 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4822a1.htm
6 https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
7 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.W0oUw9gzrOT
8 Ibid
9 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
10 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.WsyCV9MbPOS
11 Messing, K. (in press), ‘Fighting invisibility in the workplace: the struggle to protect health and support equality in the workplace’ In Greaves, Lorraine (ed.) A History of Women’s Health in Canada, Second Story Press.
12 Côté, Julie (2012), ‘A critical review on physical factors and functional characteristics that may explain a sex/gender difference in work-related neck/shoulder disorders’, Ergonomics, 55:2, 173–82
13 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/cancer/cancer.pdf?pdf=cancer
14 Rochon Ford, Anne (2014), “Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature National Network on Environments and Women’s Health’, RPSFM (Réseau pancanadien sur la santé des femmes et le milieu)
15 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
16 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy; Rochon Ford (2014)
17 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’; Brophy, James T., Keith, Margaret M. et al. (2012), ‘Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case-control study’, Environmental Health, 11:87
18 Rochon Ford (2014)
19 http://www.passblue.com/2017/07/05/females-exposed-to-nuclear-radiation-are-far-likelier-than-males-to-suffer-harm/
20 Phillips, Ann M. (2014), ‘Wonderings on Pollution and Women’s Health’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver
21 Scott, Dayna Nadine and Lewis, Sarah (2014), ‘Sex and Gender in Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver
22 Rochon Ford (2014)
23 Scott and Lewis (2014)
24 Rochon Ford (2014)
25 Scott and Lewis (2014)
26 Ibid.
27 Rochon Ford (2014)
28 Scott and Lewis (2014)
29 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
30 Rochon Ford (2014)
31 Brophy et al. (2012)
&nb
sp; 32 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
33 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/may/05/osha-health-women-breast-cancer-chemicals-work-safety
34 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/apr/30/fda-cosmetics-health-nih-epa-environmental-working-group
35 Rochon Ford (2014); Brophy et al. (2012); Scott and Lewis (2014)
36 Scott and Lewis (2014)
37 Brophy et al. (2012)
38 Scott and Lewis (2014)
39 http://www.hazards.org/compensation/meantest.htm
40 ‘Designing Tools and Agricultural Equipment for Women’, poster produced by Aaron M. Yoder, Ann M. Adams and Elizabeth A. Brensinger, for 2014 Women in Agriculture Educators National Conference
41 http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11–8-13–2.pdf
42 Myles, Kimberly and Binseel, Mary S. (2007), ‘The Tactile Modality: A Review of Tactile Sensitivity and Human Tactile Interfaces’, Army Research Laboratory
43 http://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Air-Force-Demographics/
44 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389575/20141218_WGCC_Findings_Paper_Final.pdf
45 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/24/female-raf-recruits-compensation-marching-injuries
46 Laperrière, Ève, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renée (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101
47 Friedl, Karl E. (2012), ‘Military Quantitative Physiology: Problems and Concepts in Military Operational Medicine’, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America; Knapik, Joseph and Reynolds, Katy (2012), ‘Load Carriage in Military Operations A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects’, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, US Army Medical Department Center & School
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