78 Marts and Keitt (2004)
79 Parekh, A., Sanhai, W., Marts, S. and Uhl, K. (2007), ‘Advancing women’s health via FDA Critical Path Initiative’, Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 4:2
80 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
81 Yoon et al. (2014)
82 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/colon.html#tabs-2
83 Devries, Michaela C. (2016), ‘Sex-based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 243–9
84 Schiebinger (2014)
85 Zusterzeel, R. et al. (2014), ‘Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women: US Food and Drug Administration Meta-analysis of Patient-Level Data’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 174:8, 1340–8
86 Woodruff, Teresa K. (2014), ‘Sex, equity, and science’, PNAS, 111:14, 5,063–4
87 Nowak, Bernd et al. (2010), ‘Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation?–results of an obligatory external quality control program’, Europace, 12, 210–15
88 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-worlds-first-true-artificial-heart-now-beats-inside-a-75-year-old-patient-180948280/?no-ist
89 http://www.syncardia.com/medical-professionals/two-sizes-70cc-50cc.html
90 Sardeli, Amanda Veiga and Chacon-Mikahil, Mara Patricia T. (2016), ‘Exercise-Induced Increase as a Risk Factor for Central Arterial Stiffness’, Journal of Archives in Military Medicine; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/18/2858; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728571; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267567
91 Collier, Scott R. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness’, Gender Medicine, 5:2
92 Ibid.
93 Devries (2016)
94 Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in Exercise Metabolism and the Role of 17-Beta Estradiol’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40:4, 648–54
95 Dick, R. W. (2009), ‘Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, Suppl. I, i46–i50, DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
96 https://thinkprogress.org/scientists-avoid-studying-womens-bodies-because-they-get-periods-3fe9d6c39268/)
97 Hunter, Sandra K. (2016), ‘Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 250–5
98 Jutte, Lisa S., Hawkins, Jeremy, Miller, Kevin C., Long, Blaine C. and Knight, Kenneth L. (2012), ‘Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations’, Journal of Athletic Training, 47:2, 170–7
99 Costello, Joseph T., Bieuzen, Francois and Bleakley, Chris M. (2014), ‘Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?’, European Journal of Sport Science, 14:8, 847–51; https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/women-sports-are-often-underrepresented-science
100 Faulkner, S. H., Jackson, S., Fatania, G. and Leicht, C. A. (2017), ‘The effect of passive heating on heat shock protein 70 and interleukin-6: A possible treatment tool for metabolic diseases?’, Temperature, 4, 1–13
101 https://theconversation.com/a-hot-bath-has-benefits-similar-to-exercise-74600; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hot-bath-may-have-similar-benefits-as-exercise_us_58d90aa8e4b03692bea7a930
102 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/gender-matters-heart-disease-risk-in-women; Dallongeville, J. et al. (2010), ‘Gender differences in the implementation of cardiovascular prevention measures after an acute coronary event’, Heart, 96, 1744–9
103 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
104 https://theconversation.com/medicines-gender-revolution-how-women-stopped-being-treated-as-small-men-77171
105 https://orwh.od.nih.gov/clinical/women-and-minorities/
106 https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/NOT-OD-15–102_Guidance.pdf
107 Yoon et al. (2014)
108 Rees, Teresa (2011), ‘The Gendered Construction of Scientific Excellence’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 133–45
109 Howard, Ehrlich, Gamlen and Oram (2017)
110 Holdcroft (2007)
111 Ibid.
112 Marts and Keitt (2004)
113 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
114 Ortona, Delunardo, Baggio and Malorni (2016)
115 http://www.goretro.com/2014/08/mothers-little-helper-vintage-drug-ads.html
116 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
117 Ibid.
118 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
119 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 http://www.ajmc.com/newsroom/women-taking-stains-faced-increased-diabetes-risk
123 http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/gender-matters-heart-disease-risk-in-women
124 Pollitzer (2013)
125 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016
126 Whitley and Lindsey (2009)
127 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/06/07/bad-medicine-the-awful-drug-reactions-americans-report/?utm_term=.1a7067d-40dce
128 Tharpe, N. (2011), ‘Adverse Drug Reactions in Women’s Health Care’, Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 56, 205–13
129 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/06/07/bad-medicine-the-awful-drug-reactions-americans-report/?utm_term=.1a7067d-40dce
130 Marts and Keitt (2004)
131 Carey, Jennifer L. et al. (2017), ‘Drugs and Medical Devices: Adverse Events and the Impact on Women’s Health’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
132 Yoon et al. (2014)
133 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
134 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
135 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2011/187103/
136 Ibid.
137 Anderson (2005)
138 Wang, Lishi et al. (2017), ‘Sex Differences in Hazard Ratio During Drug Treatment of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Major Clinical Trials: A Focused Data Review and Meta-analysis’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
139 Ibarra, Vázquez and Fagiolino (2017)
140 Whitley and Lindsey (2009)
141 Ibid.
142 Ibid.
Chapter 11
1 https://www.georgeinstitute.org/media-releases/disadvantaged-women-at-greater-risk-of-heart-disease-than-men-0
2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7
3 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142
4 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7 2016
5 Ridker, Paul M. et al. (2005), ‘A Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women’, New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1293–304
6 Johannes, A. N. et al. (2011), ‘Aspirin for primary prevention of vascular events in women: individualized prediction of treatment effects’, European Heart Journal, 32:23, 2962–9
7 Kruijsdijk, R. C. M. van et al. (2015), ‘Individualised prediction of alternate-day aspirin treatment effects on the combined risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal bleeding in healthy women’, Heart, 101, 369–76
8 Wu, J. et al. (2016), ‘Impact of initial hospital diagnosis on mortality for acute myocardial infarction: A national cohort study’, European Heart Journal, 7:2
9 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/28/opinion/sunday/womens-atypical-heart-attacks.html?_r=0
10 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142
11 Ibi
d.
12 Yoon et al. (2014)
13 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7
14 https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/a09-cardi-prim-percutaneous.pdf
15 https://www.hqip.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/national-audit-of-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-annual-public-report.pdf
16 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm 2016 march
17 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142 Published online 24 June 2016.
18 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm 2016 march
19 Motiwala, Shweta R., Sarma, Amy, Januzzi, James L. and O’Donoghue, Michelle L. (2014), ‘Biomarkers in ACS and Heart Failure: Should Men and Women Be Interpreted Differently?’, Clinical Chemistry, 60:1
20 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
21 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-andinnovation.pdf
22 Ibid.
23 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
24 Schiebinger, Londa (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9
25 Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8; ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10459-008-9100-z; Holdcroft (2007)
26 Sakalihasan, N., Limet, R. and Defawe, O. D. (2005), ‘Abdominal aortic aneurysm’, Lancet, 365, 1577–89
27 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
28 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/colon.html#tabs-2
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
32 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
33 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010
34 Ibid.
35 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
36 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
37 Ibid.; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
38 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
39 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
40 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010
41 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
42 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
43 Schiebinger (2014)
44 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/hiv.html#tabs-2
45 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
46 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/15597
47 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
48 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/15597
49 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
50 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/oct/21/m-in-the-middle-girls-autism-publish-novel-limpsfield-grange
51 https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/adult-autism-strategy-guidance-update
52 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/oct/21/m-in-the-middle-girls-autism-publish-novel-limpsfield-grange
53 https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/adhd-is-different-for-women/381158/?utm_source=quartzfb
54 Hoffman, Diane E. and Tarzian, Anita J. (2001), ‘The Girl Who Cried Pain: A Bias Against Women in the Treatment of Pain’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29, 13–27
55 http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/05/11/3654568/gender-roles-women-health/
56 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/06/listen-to-women-uk-doctors-issued-with-first-guidance-on-endometriosis
57 https://www.endofound.org/endometriosis
58 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/28/endometriosis-hidden-suffering-millions-women
59 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/06/listen-to-women-uk-doctors-issued-with-first-guidance-on-endometriosis
60 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-says-women-are-the-most-intriguing-mystery-in-reddit-ama-a6687246.html
61 https://www.birdvilleschools.net/cms/lib/TX01000797/Centricity/Domain/1013/AP%20Psychology/Femininity.pdf
62 Showalter, Elaine (1985) The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980, London 1987
63 https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/astounding-increase-inantidepressant-use-by-americans-201110203624
64 http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/pbrcpsych/early/2017/01/06/pb.bp.116.054270.full.pdf
65 https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/10/2/289/article
66 Hoffman and Tarzian (2001)
67 Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B. and Riley, J. L. (2009), ‘Sex, Gender, and Pain: A Review of Recent Clinical and Experimental Findings’, Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 10:5, 447–85
68 https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/files/educational-gi-handouts/IBS%20in%20Women.pdf
69 https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/04/16/150525391/why-women-suffer-more-migraines-than-men
70 https://migraine.com/migraine-statistics/
71 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/will-this-hurt-doctor-much-more-if-you-are-a-woman-907220.html
72 Greenspan, Joel D. et al. (2007), ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report’, Pain, 132, S26–S45
73 Hoffmann and Tarzian (2001)
74 Clayton, Janine Austin (2016), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, The FASEB Journal, 30:2, 519–524
75 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/will-this-hurt-doctor-much-more-if-you-are-a-woman-907220.html
76 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18106275
77 Ibid.
78 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92516/
79 http://www.gendermedicine.com/1st/images/Oral02.pdf
80 Kindig, David A. and Cheng, Erika R. (2013), ‘Even As Mortality Fell In Most US Counties, Female Mortality Nonetheless Rose In 42.8 Percent Of Counties From 1992 To 2006’, Health Affairs, 32:3, 451–8
81 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
82 http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089
83 Ibid.
84 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2081497-women-live-longer-than-men-but-suffer-more-years-of-poor-health/
85 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10433-008-0082-8
86 http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol20/19/20–19.pdf
87 http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/318147/EWHR16_interactive2.pdf?ua=1
88 https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/why-do-we-still-not-know-what-causes-pms
89 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/treatment/
90 https://www.he
alth.harvard.edu/womens-health/treating-premenstrualdysphoric-disorder
91 https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/why-do-we-still-not-know-what-causes-pms
92 http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R03-TW007438-02
93 https://qz.com/611774/period-pain-can-be-as-bad-as-a-heart-attack-sowhy-arent-we-researching-how-to-treat-it/ 2016
94 Ibid.
95 http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R03-TW007438-02
96 Dmitrovic, R., Kunselman, A. R. and Legro, R. S. (2013), ‘Sildenafil citrate in the treatment of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial’, Human Reproduction, 28:11, 2958–65
97 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/27/health/viagra-anniversary-timeline/index.html
98 http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/erectile-dysfunction/
99 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/27/health/viagra-anniversary-timeline/index.html
100 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/period-pain-can-feel-bad-heart-attack-ignored/
101 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/
102 https://www.pri.org/stories/2017–05-05/how-trumps-latest-budget-impacts-women-and-girls-classrooms-cops
103 https://livestream.com/refinerytv/physiology2016/videos/131487028
104 https://www.propublica.org/article/nothing-protects-black-women-from-dying-in-pregnancy-and-childbirth
105 https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/opinions/protect-mother-pregnancy-williams-opinion/index.html
106 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444126
Chapter 12
1 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/review-the-growth-delusion-the-wealth-and-wellbeing-of-nations-by-david-pilling-b322223kc
2 https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/g20-must-push-more-inclusive-gdp
3 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/10/doing-the-chores-valued-at-1tn-a-year-in-the-uk
4 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
5 http://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
6 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
7 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/unpaid-caregivers/474894/
Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men Page 37
