‘Baba’s memory is astonishing and from the point of view of a reader, in its nuance and recall of detail, this makes the story utterly trustworthy throughout … her love of life shines through at every moment.’
ROBERT MANNE
‘Baba Schwartz is a storyteller whose voice is so natural you swear you are hearing it. When it tells of her joyful discovery of the wonders of the natural world, of human creativity and of human beings as they come, in all sorts, into her life as a child in Hungary, it’s a voice of strong but delicate vitality. Soon she was to suffer and witness the worst crimes known to humankind. Yet the voice that tells of those crimes is recognisably the same one that tells of the wonders of her childhood. She will not renounce her fidelity to those wonders and to the gift of happiness later, in her marriage and with her children. That is the miracle of this book. It would not have been possible were it not for Baba’s mother and sisters, who all suffered with her, but especially her mother. As much as anything, The May Beetles is an elegy to her.’
RAIMOND GAITA
Published by Black Inc.,
an imprint of Schwartz Publishing Pty Ltd
Level 1, 221 Drummond Street
Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
[email protected]
www.blackincbooks.com
Copyright © Baba Schwartz 2016
Baba Schwartz asserts her right to be known as the author of this work.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the publishers.
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry:
Schwartz, Baba, author.
The May beetles: my first twenty years / Baba Schwartz.
9781863958455 (hardback)
9781925435023 (ebook)
Schwartz, Baba—Childhood and youth.
Holocaust survivors—Biography.
Holocaust victims’ families—Biography.
Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Personal narratives, Hungarian.
Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Hungary.
940.5318092
Cover design by Peter Long
Text design and typesetting by Tristan Main
All photographs from the Schwartz family collection
The endpapers feature a cross-stitched cushion cover that was buried with Baba’s family photographs during the Holocaust.
In loving memory of
my father, Gyula,
my mother, Boeske,
and my sisters, Erna and Marta.
Preface
I wrote this memoir in 1991, a quarter of a century past, and put it aside. A couple of years ago, after the death of my beloved husband, Andor, my sons asked me to print out all my writings for them. I write all the time – diary notes, contemplations, poetry, recipes – and the result was a four-inch-thick stack of sheets. I told my sons that somewhere in that wad was a memoir of my first two decades: before, during and just after the Holocaust.
My intimate jottings were too personal for my sons to read, so my publisher son introduced me to Robert Hillman, a wonderful writer, and he agreed to work with me to refine those papers into the book you are reading now. I owe Robert a debt of gratitude: he shared his talent with me and he elevated my prose. He made this book possible.
I also thank the Black Inc. people who put this book together so lovingly. In particular, I single out Julian Welch for his sensitive and accurate editing.
It will be a pleasure for me when the printed book arrives, for I will place it on my bookshelf alongside Andor’s memoir, Living Memory. I hope these two volumes between them will impart to my children – and maybe to those a generation or two after them – that our lives were just like their lives, that our thoughts and feelings were just like theirs. That we weren’t another breed; only the times were different.
Baba Schwartz
March 2016
Contents
Chapter 1: Before the Beginning
Chapter 2: The Beginning
Chapter 3: Shabbat
Chapter 4: Learning
Chapter 5: The May Beetles
Chapter 6: High School
Chapter 7: Sources of Delight
Chapter 8: A Speck of Light
Chapter 9: Mishi’s News
Chapter 10: The Road to Simapuszta
Chapter 11: Train
Chapter 12: Auschwitz
Chapter 13: The Feather Factory
Chapter 14: Selection
Chapter 15: Stutthof
Chapter 16: The Slave Army
Chapter 17: Escape
Chapter 18: A Roof over Our Heads
Chapter 19: The Fleischmanns of Poland
Chapter 20: Marienwerder
Chapter 21: Return
Chapter 22: Home
Chapter 23: Hallel
CHAPTER 1
Before the Beginning
On my birth certificate, issued in Hungary in 1927, I am Margit. In Australia, on letters sent to me by officials, I am Margaret. But more than Margit, and much more than Margaret, I am Baba, my name since childhood. It means ‘baby’, and it was what my older sister, Erna, called me after I was born. It stuck, and Baba has been my name all my life.
I was born in Nyírbátor, a town of twelve thousand inhabitants in the easternmost province of Hungary, bordering the semi-pagan backwoods of Romania to the east and the slightly more civilised land we now call Slovakia to the north. Nyírbátor sits on a plain, surrounded by farms. It was not the glory of God’s creation. It was a rural town with dusty streets; trees lined the main roads – acacias, with delicious scent. It was an ordinary town.
But I was a child and was carried along by the emotion in my heart, and to me Nyírbátor was home. Of course, if you are loved and cared for, and your mother is what my mother was to me, your father like my father, affectionate, endlessly protective, then any town, even Nyírbátor with its dusty streets, is a paradise.
I wish to begin by talking about the first meeting of my mother and father. This was how it happened. What my father first noticed about my mother was the grace of her walk and the pleasing shape of her legs. He was on his way home from shul. It was late in the day, but it was early spring and there was still some light in the sky. A young woman was walking home ahead of him in a small group, tall, slender, and oh! – those legs. If her face matched the delight of her gait and the beauty of her legs, this would be a day to remember.
So he continued to follow the young woman, whose name he did not yet know, and no doubt my mother was aware that she was being followed by this fellow from shul, and perhaps that the grace of her walk and the shapeliness of her legs were being appraised. This man admiring my mother’s legs was Gyula Keimovits, a livestock dealer, principally in cattle, who lived not quite in Nyírbátor and not quite in an outlying village but in between.
The Keimovits family’s ancestral dwelling (to make it sound a little fancier than it was) was once an inn. The front part of the building was open to the public, and the living quarters for the family were at the back. Generations of the Keimovits family had sold victuals and wine in this way, and had done well enough. At some point, cattle dealing became more attractive and the living quarters took up the whole building, and anyone who needed a glass of wine had to go elsewhere.
In 1922 Gyula was twenty-six years old. A handsome man, with fair hair and blue eyes, but not educated beyond his cheder classes. He read Hebrew well, but he was essentially of that class of provincial European Jewish men – quite a sizeable class before the Second World War – whose members were content to know only what it was pract
ical to know: how to live in their religion, how to honour their heritage, how to make a decent living.
Now, my father did not have the liberty to catch up with my graceful mother and propose a first date. As in all Jewish communities, Gyula relied on a shadchan. This matchmaker would not have been young, but she would have been a well-respected woman of some influence in the community; better if she knew how to exercise a certain amount of charm, and had developed some wisdom over the years. Very often, the shadchan knew everything about everybody in the community but sometimes she was simply a woman willing to accept the mitzvah of fashioning a meeting.
I don’t know who in Nyírbátor acted as go-between for my father and my mother, but after a discreet enquiry, my mother’s identity and age were revealed to Gyula. She was Erzsebet Kellner, known as Boeske; she was twenty-two years of age; she was not being courted by any other young man. Gyula learned more, some of it a little daunting. Boeske’s background was more sophisticated than his: she’d been educated in Kassa, across the Hungarian border in Slovakia, a city much bigger and more beautiful than Nyírbátor. In Kassa, Boeske had learned to speak German, the hallmark of a civilised person in those days and a particular accomplishment in a young woman. And there was more: Boeske had served as secretary to the mayor of Nyírbátor from 1916 to 1918. She had met and greeted all sorts of people, many of them not of her faith; she knew how to be charming, she knew how to laugh.
Gyula Keimovits before marriage, circa 1920.
Gyula had never seen Kassa and had no sophisticated friends. But he persisted, and so he should have, for what he didn’t know about Boeske was that she had a serious side. She regarded the life she led, with its joking and its chatter, as a frivolous interlude. When she married, it would be to someone like Gyula: steady, reliable, generous.
It was arranged that Gyula would call on Boeske, drink tea, eat cake, enjoy some conversation, and in the process reveal the sort of man he was. And so he dressed himself in his best attire, knocked on the door of the Kellner family home in the centre of town – a big, impressive house – and asked to speak with Ignac Kellner, Boeske’s father.
Gyula was welcomed into the study, where volumes of literature stood on handsome shelves next to the venerated Hebrew holy books. Ignac took him into the drawing room, where the family was gathered, including Boeske. A little polite talk: the weather, the blossom that had appeared on the town’s acacias. Then the various family members made excuses and departed one by one, leaving Gyula and Boeske alone. Neither was naïve; neither was lacking in self-confidence. As a child, I liked to hear my mother’s version of this meeting.
Boeske asked the young man to remove his hat; she wanted to see the colour of his hair. By that time Gyula’s hair was already receding. They both laughed and the ice was broken. A little more conversation, more smiles – all very polite but with a developing intimacy. They liked each other. Each had a sense of humour, each knew how to laugh, each found the other attractive, and they shared a sense of a flourishing future. If it were up to them, they would marry.
But it wasn’t up to them – not entirely. Gyula must formally ask Ignac Kellner for his daughter’s hand. And so, on another day not long after, Gyula, in his suit and polished shoes and with his freshly brushed homburg hat, again knocked on the door of the Kellner house and asked to speak with the head of the family. Both men again met in the study, uttered Hebrew phrases of greeting and seated themselves comfortably. Tea was served.
It was Ignac Kellner who spoke first – in Hungarian now. ‘And your business, young man?’
‘Sir, I am here to speak about your eldest daughter.’
‘I am waiting.’
‘Sir, your daughter Boeske – I would like to marry her.’
Ignac saw attractive qualities in the young man who was asking for his daughter’s hand, but he didn’t give his final approval right then and there. He had a few reservations. All the enquiries he had made about this prospective son-in-law’s character added up to a rousing endorsement: he was a devoted son to his parents; he was kind; he had a good heart; he was honest; he ran a sound business. But Ignac would have been better pleased, for example, if Gyula had been more fully versed in scripture, more knowledgeable about the lessons of the Torah, better able to quote and argue the questions posed in the Talmud. But not every young man had the opportunity and means to grapple with the nuances of the Talmud’s thousand authors. Ignac promised the young man that he would give the proposal serious thought. He would go north to Kassa and talk to the sages of his family, and of his wife’s family.
It was the custom of Jews to enter into a broad consultation on such matters as this – to bring some sort of tribal wisdom to bear. All manner of opinions might be expressed: Torah might be quoted, or someone with learning might reach into the Talmud and quote the words of a rabbi of ages past – of Ben Zoma from the second century, of Rabbi Hillel, whose thought was so subtle, maybe of Rebbe Nachman of Bratislava, much closer to home.
Ignatiz went to Kassa, and the discussions led to a simple question: ‘Is he a good man, this Gyula the cattle dealer?’
‘He is a good man,’ Ignac replied.
‘And Boeske, does she like him?’
‘Boeske says she likes him.’
‘Then we surely have an answer. He is a good man, Boeske likes him, they will prosper.’
Gyula Keimovits and Boeske Kellner at their engagement, 1922.
Ignac returned to Nyírbátor, called for Boeske and told her that she was free to marry Gyula. He conveyed a message to Gyula, asking him to call at the house. And when he arrived, Ignac said: ‘Gyula, I gladly take you to be my son-in-law.’
‘Mr Kellner, I thank you with all my heart,’ was Gyula’s answer.
‘There is one condition,’ said Ignac. ‘You are not to take my daughter to America. I know you have six siblings there. Promise me you won’t take my daughter away.’
And Gyula, my father, gave his promise.
Gyula and Boeske were wed on the twenty-seventh day of April, 1922. Gyula was twenty-six, Boeske was twenty-two – the ideal variation in age. Boeske was in the full bloom of her beauty; Gyula was still young but had a well-established business. It was a joyous wedding. All those present could see the deep delight of the new husband and wife. Gyula placed the ring on Boeske’s finger and made the wedding declaration: ‘Behold, with this ring you are consecrated to me, according to the law of Moses of Israel.’ The ketubah was signed.
The rabbi offered his seven blessings. As is the custom, the groom broke the glass underfoot; those present cried out: ‘Mazel tov! ’
My mother and father’s married life began in this patch of eastern Hungary, and it was, as foreseen, a flourishing marriage. April was the marriage month; the following January, with no time wasted, the first of Gyula and Boeske’s three children was born.
My sister Erna brought both joy and grief, for she came into the world with a dislocated hip that required a great deal of attention before it was repaired. I came next, almost five years later, a longer span between first child and second than my mother desired. She thought there was something wrong with her, since Erna had come so quickly, and finally resorted to the spa waters of Hévíz, in the far west of Hungary, with its famous thermal lake. It was said that the Hévíz waters could not only cure infirmities, they could also hasten pregnancies. The waters did the trick, and nine months later there I was, healthy and happy and adored by my parents. Fifteen months later, Marta was born. The family would grow no larger.
Ignac Kellner and Carolina Kellner (née Goldstein).
Carolina was Ignac’s second wife. His first wife was her sister Margit
(Boeske’s mother), who died while giving birth to Boeske’s sister, Marta.
The Keimovits family, about 1909. This is probably Gyula’s bar mitzvah family photo. He stands middle front, proudly displaying the chain of his bar mitzvah watch. His parents, Rudolf and Gisella (née Grunfeld), stand at the rear with their eldest s
on, Jeno. In front, from left, are Imre, Henry, Gyula, Mendel and Margit. Missing from the photo are Relli (Rose), the eldest daughter, who had already migrated to the United States, and Joseph, who was about nineteen at this time and was in the military. Gisella bore sixteen children; nine died in childbirth or soon after. Both Rudolf and Gisella died in the 1920s during a typhoid epidemic. All the others except Gyula migrated to America that same decade.
CHAPTER 2
The Beginning
I was born on the fifteenth of December, 1927, at home, with the aid of a midwife – the custom in those times. According to my mother, I was a happy baby, always ready to smile. Visitors to our house in Pócsi Utca never heard a whimper from me. New faces didn’t alarm me, and the gooing sounds that adults make when a new baby is displayed to them must have sounded like music to my tiny ears. My unmarried uncle, Bimi, came all the way from Budapest to see the family when I was three months old, and after a stay of a few days said to my proud mother: ‘Boeske, can this baby cry? I have never heard her cry, not once.’
It is my theory that a woman who is happy throughout her pregnancy brings into the world a happy baby. My mother spent the whole period of my pregnancy in a state of delighted excitement. By this time, the harrowing problems that had followed the birth of Erna had been resolved, and my mother was able to give herself with a full heart to the birth of a second child. (In further support of my theory, I must say that I was immensely happy throughout each of my own three pregnancies, and my three sons were all cheerful, thriving babies.)
Here Erna is at the age of about eleven. In front of her are Baba (on the left), aged about five, and Marta, about four.
My birth was a joy to my mother and to my father, as I say. But within a few days the joy vanished: my mother’s life was in danger. She had fallen victim to what was known then as ‘childbirth fever’; more correctly, it is puerperal fever, an infection caused by the use of unsterilised instruments during delivery, or perhaps by the midwife not having washed her hands well enough. My mother was rushed to a hospital in Debrecen, a city forty kilometres south-west of Nyírbátor, where she hovered between life and death for many days, returning home only after six long weeks.
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