74. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 271–72.
75. See chapter 6.
76. See Laharpe to Alexander, April 17, 1801, in La Harpe, Correspondance, 1: 236.
77. Laharpe to Alexander, April 13, 1801, ibid., 229.
78. Laharpe to Alexander, October 16, 1801, ibid., 319.
79. Laharpe to Alexander, October 16, 1801, ibid., 317–18.
80. Simon Vorontsov to his brother Alexander, June 14, 1801, in Vorontsov, Arhiv, 10: 100.
Notes to Chapter 6
1. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 269.
2. Quoted in Heller, Histoire de la Russie, 631.
3. Sakharov, Aleksandr I, passim, and Ragsdale, Russian Tragedy, 76.
4. Mironenko, Samoderzhavie i reformy, 67.
5. Safonov, Problema reform, 78.
6. In Polnoe Sobranie, vol. 27, doc. 20406.
7. See the previous chapter.
8. Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, 79.
9. Ibid., 80.
10. This would be particularly complicated to manage. On this new organization see Polnoe Sobranie, vol. 27, doc. 20406.
11. Raeff, Comprendre l’Ancien Régime, 125.
12. This privilege was granted by Peter the Great.
13. Ledonne, Absolutism, 107.
14. Raeff, Comprendre l’Ancien Régime, 125.
15. Czartoryski to the members of the secret committee, February 22, 1802, quoted by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Stroganov, 104.
16. Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, 82.
17. Quoted by Shilder, Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 345–46.
18. Alexander to Laharpe, October 26 (O.S.), 1802, in La Harpe, Correspondance, 1: 676.
19. Kochubey to Vorontsov, January 20 (O.S.), 1803, in Vorontsov, Arhiv, 18: 283.
20. Novosiltsev to Vorontsov, January 20 (O.S.), 1803, ibid., 18: 453.
21. As attested by his letters to Kochubey.
22. Cf. Alexander’s letter to Laharpe, July 7 (O.S.), 1803.
23. Quoted in Hartley, Alexander I, 33.
24. Ibid.
25. Raeff, Comprendre l’Ancien Régime, 127.
26. Hartley, Alexander I, 50.
27. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Jews of the empire numbered about 30,000 to 35,000.
28. By this ban the state pretended to protect Russian peasants from being “exploited” by Jewish owners.
29. Mironenko, Samoderzhavie i reformy, 65–66.
30. Hartley, Alexander I, 46.
31. Quoted in Sakharov, Aleksandr I, 145.
32. Quoted by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Stroganov, 63.
33. This approach was very important, and it was close to the one eventually adopted in 1861.
34. Only the male serfs were counted, but their liberation meant the liberation of their wives and children.
35. Mayor, Economic History, 1: 312.
36. Quoted in Romanov, Tsar Alexandre Ier, 168.
37. For the reforms adopted in the Baltic provinces, see Minaudier, Histoire de l’Estonie, 146–47.
38. The report was presented on March 16, 1801, to Paul by the Imperial Commission for School Affairs. It was requested by Laharpe because he wanted to use it as a basis for his own report on education dated March 16, 1802.
39. Alexander to Laharpe, January 1802 (the day is not mentioned) in La Harpe, Correspondance, 1: 478.
40. Alexander to Laharpe, July 19, 1803, ibid., 2: 46.
41. And presented to the National Assembly on the same day.
42. It was submitted to Alexander along with a detailed letter on educational questions by Laharpe on March 16, 1802. See La Harpe, Correspondance, 1: 495–505.
43. See Walker, “Enlightenment and Religion.”
44. Where there was already a well-known Jesuit secondary school.
45. Hartley, Alexander I, 53–54.
46. Schakovskoy, Saint-Pétersbourg et Paris, 141.
47. Schmidt, “Restoration of Moscow.”
48. Maybe due to Alexander’s interest in Freemasonry.
49. He was probably the illegitimate son of Count Stroganov.
50. Ratchinski, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier, 56.
51. Edling, Mémoires, 60.
52. Quoted in Sbornik, 70: 180–81.
53. Edling, Mémoires, 60.
54. Archives of the Russian Federation, GARF, f 728, opis’ 1, delo 1204.
55. Ibid., f 728, opis’ 1, delo 120.
56. Edling, Mémoires, 198–99.
57. The illegitimate children all bore the name of Naryshkin.
58. GARF, f 728, opis’ 1, 120.
59. Ibid., f 728, opis’ 1, delo 961.
60. Edling, Mémoires, 57.
61. That is Maria Naryshkina.
62. Elizabeth to her mother, June 10 (O.S.), 1804, quoted by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Imperatrica Elizaveta Alekseevna, 2: 133–34.
63. Ibid., 147–48.
64. It is impossible to be more precise. Elizabeth’s diary, recently discovered, brings some answers, but most of the documents related to this affair disappeared on 1826, probably destroyed on the order of Tsar Nicholas I. Nicholas showed the letters to his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, who alluded to them in her diary and condemned this affair because it was morally unacceptable to her.
Notes to Chapter 7
1. Quoted by Sokolov in Austerlitz, 85.
2. The text was published in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 1: 28–34.
3. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 55.
4. “On the political system of the Russian Empire,” memorandum written by Panin between March and July 1801 and given to Alexander I on July 28, 1801. Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 1: 62–67.
5. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 284.
6. Quoted in Sbornik, 70: 178.
7. Alexander’s instructions to Count Morkov, July 9, 1801, in Martens, Sobranie traktatov i konvencij, vol. 13.
8. Quoted by Sokolov in Austerlitz, 85.
9. Sbornik, 70: 705.
10. Kochubey to Vorontsov, November 27 (O.S.), 1801, quoted in Vorontsov, Arhiv, 14: 171–72.
11. Kochubey to Vorontsov, May 7 (O.S.), 1802, quoted in Vorontsov, Arhiv, 18: 271.
12. I.e., Queen Louise and her sister.
13. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 296.
14. Ibid., 227.
15. On the question of the boundaries between the two structures, see Ocherki ministerstva inostrannyh, 1: 241–43.
16. See Jenkins, Arakcheev, 100.
17. Imeritia corresponds to the Kutaisi region; it is now located in Central Georgia.
18. Alexander to Laharpe, July 7 (23), 1803, quoted in La Harpe, Correspondance, 2: 44–45.
19. Quoted in Grunwald, Alexandre Ier, 99.
20. J. de Maistre, Mémoires politiques, quoted by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Tsar Alexandre Ier, 40.
21. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 60.
22. Quoted by McConnell, “Hundred Days.”
23. Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 62,
24. Report from Alexander Vorontsov, November 12 (24), 1803, quoted by Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 62.
25. Report from Adam Czartoryski, February 17 (O.S.), 1804, quoted by Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 62.
26. Czartoryski to Simon Vorontsov, March 9 (O.S.), 1804, quoted by Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 63.
27. Letter written on April 18 (30), 1804, in J. de Maistre, Mémoires politiques, 110–11.
28. On this meeting and on the discussions that took place, see A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 378–80. The verbatim of this session is reproduced in extenso in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 1: 686–92.
29. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 380.
30. Czartoryski’s declaration, April 5 (17), 1805, quoted by Sokolov in Austerlitz, 135.
31. Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 1: 698.
32. Quoted in Tatischeff, Alexandre Ier et Napoléon, 79.
33. Quoted in Martens,
Sobranie traktatov i konvensij, 13: 289–90.
34. On Piatoli and on his role in relation to Czartoryski, see Cartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 392–95 and Waliszewski, La Russie, 143–44.
35. The two documents are reproduced in A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 62–66.
36. On this key point, see Grimsted’s analysis in Foreign Ministers, 115.
37. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 62–66.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Alexander’s instructions are reproduced in extenso in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 2: 138–51 and in A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 27–45.
41. I.e., Russia and England.
42. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 29.
43. Ibid., 28.
44. Ibid., 30.
45. Ibid., 29.
46. Ibid., 31.
47. Ibid., 32.
48. Ibid.
49. The expression is used by Alexander I, see A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 34.
50. Ibid., 2: 35.
51. Ibid., 2: 36.
52. Quoted by F. Vermale in Joseph de Maistre, published in 1927, in Mémoires et documents de la Société Savoisienne d’Histoire et d’Archéologie.
53. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 37
54. A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 1: 376.
55. Quoted in Martens, Sobranie traktatov i konventsij, 11: 88.
56. Quoted in ibid., 11: 94–95.
57. Quoted in ibid., 11: 104–5.
58. Quoted in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 2: 246.
59. Quoted in Martens, Sobranie traktatov i konventsij, 11: 100.
Notes to Chapter 8
1. Quoted by Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Imperatrica Elizaveta Alekseevna, 2: 167–68.
2. S. Zhikharev, Zapiski Sovremmenika (Moskva: 2004), 137–38, quoted in Sokolov, Austerlitz, 152.
3. From 1803.
4. The word “treaty” is used in the text itself and it is reproduced in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 2: 613–14.
5. See Andolenko, L’armée russe, 161.
6. Today Dürnstein.
7. Quoted in Troyat, Alexandre Ier, 120.
8. Quoted in Shilder, Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 284.
9. Alexander to Napoleon, November 15 (27), 1805, quoted in ibid.
10. Napoleon to the elector of Württemberg, Austerlitz, December 5, 1805, in Correspondance de Napoléon, published on the Web site www.histoire.-empire.org.
11. Napoleon to Talleyrand, November 30, 1805, in Correspondance de Napoléon, ibid.
12. Napoleon to the elector of Württemberg, Austerlitz, December 5, 1805, in Correspondance de Napoléon, ibid.
13. Quoted by Mikhailovich-Danilevski, in Première guerre, 172–73.
14. On Austerliz, see the meticulous account of the battle in Sokolov, Austerlitz, 343–417.
15. Langeron’s memoirs, quoted by Shilder in Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 283.
16. Ibid.
17. See Sokolov, Austerlitz, 370.
18. Quoted by Mikhailovich-Danilevski, in Première guerre, 181–82.
19. However, in his study of the Austerlitz battle, O. Sokolov denied that these men drowned en masse. He sees this description as exaggerated and asserts that only a few men died (frozen and not drowned) in the Satchan pond.
20. General Marbot’s memoirs, quoted by Mascilli Migliorini in Napoléon, 269.
21. On these losses, see Sokolov, Austerlitz, 420–21.
22. This expression is Talleyrand’s. On his role and his vision of the Presburg peace, see Waresquiel, “Talleyrand.”
23. Novosiltsev to Stroganov, January 6 (O.S.), 1806, quoted by Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Stroganov, 3: 106.
24. Czartoryski to Alexander, April 1806 (no more precise date), quoted in A. Czartoryski, Mémoires, 2: 121–23.
25. The text is reproduced in ibid., 2: 66.
26. Ibid.
27. Maria Feodorovna to Alexander, April 18, 1806, in Russkij Arhiv, 1911, n.1.
28. Quoted in Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 96.
29. See Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, 3: doc n.54, quoted in ibid.
30. The text is reproduced in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 3: 226–28.
31. See Ratchinski, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier, 84–85.
32. Which was quite paradoxical!
33. This pseudonym was based on the Russian word bogatyr: in popular legend, the brave knights fighting for the Russian motherland.
34. Quoted in Jacoby, Napoléon en Russie, 35.
35. Then Mitau.
36. See Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 125.
37. Then Pollangen.
38. On the psychological impact of the Eylau battle on Napoleon, see Englund, Napoléon, 356–57.
39. See Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 109–13.
40. See ibid., 145.
41. Ibid., 144.
42. Quoted by Tatischeff in Alexandre Ier et Napoléon, 148–49.
43. This anonymous poem was composed in Paris, just after the Tilsit meetings. Quoted by Shilder in Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 294.
44. Chateaubriand, Mémoires, 6: 2.
45. Souvenirs du général baron Paulin (Paris: 1895). Quoted by Shilder in Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 293.
46. See Shilder in Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 293.
47. As expressed by Alexander in his first meeting with Napoleon, quoted in ibid., 296.
48. As shown by his instructions to conclude peace, in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 3: 754–57.
49. Declarations to Las Cases, made between Sunday, the 10th, and Tuesday, the 12th of March, 1816.
50. Edling, Mémoires, 83–86.
51. Quoted by Olivier in Alexandre Ier, 139.
52. Quoted by Englund in Napoléon, 359.
53. Alexander to his sister Catherine, written in Weimar, May 26 (O.S.), 1807, quoted in Alexander, Perepiska, 17.
54. Alexander to his sister Catherine, Tilsit, June 17 (29), 1807, quoted in ibid., 15.
55. Kurakin to Maria Feodorovna, Tilsi, June 22 (O.S.), 1807, quoted in Tatischeff in Alexandre Ier et Napoléon, 136–37.
56. The text is fully reproduced in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 3: 631–37.
57. Some Greeks will not accept the French domination and will choose to serve Russia instead. This would be the case of J. Capo d’Istria who, born in Corfu, will then enter the Russian diplomatic service. As we will see below, he will play a key role during the Vienna Congress in 1814–1815.
58. Article 5 in the text.
59. Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 3: 632.
60. Frederick Wilhelm to Ambassador Finkenstein, June 30, 1807, quoted by Shilder in Imperator Aleksandr I, 2: 298.
61. Quoted in Méneval, Mémoires, 2: 105.
62. Quoted by Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 181.
Notes to Chapter 9
1. Extract from Alexander’s ukase, August 9 (21), 1807, quoted by Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 197.
2. Count Stedingk to the Swedish king, October 10, 1807, in Mémoires posthume, 2: 355.
3. J. de Maistre, Correspondance diplomatique, 65.
4. Elizabeth to her mother, August 29 (O.S), 1807, quoted by Nicholas Mikhailovich in Romanov, Imperatrica Elizaveta Alekseevna, 2: 256–57.
5. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, 1: 94.
6. His official appointment began on February 12, 1808.
7. See Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 198.
8. Elizabeth to Count Rumyantsev, October 7 (O.S.), 1807, quoted in Jacoby, Napoléon en Russie, 33.
9. Memoirs of the duke of Rovigo, quoted in Jacoby, Napoléon en Russie, 33.
10. Ibid.
11. Arkhanguelski, Alexandre Ier, 163.
12. Ratchinski, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier, 268.
13. He took part in the arrest of the duke but not in his death.
14. An allusion to the character of Ninette in the eponymous comic opera written by Charles-Simon Favart in 1757.
15. Quoted by H. Troyat in Alexandre Ier, le sphinx du nord,
160
16. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, 1: 96.
17. Quoted by Romanov in Relations diplomatiques, 1: introduction, xx.
18. Quoted by Paléologue, Alexandre Ier, 68.
19. Tolstoy was uncomfortable with his post in Paris and asked the tsar to relieve him and recall him to St. Petersburg. See Romanov Relations diplomatiques, 1: introduction, xxi.
20. See Sirotkin, Napoleon i Aleksandr I, 206–8.
21. Caulaincourt’s report to Napoleon, June 12 (O.S.), 1808, quoted in Romanov, Relations diplomatiques, 201.
22. Maria Feodorovna to Alexander, August 13 (O.S.), 1808, in RGADA, fd 1, opis’ 3(1).
23. Alexander to Maria Feodorovna, August 13 (O.S.), 1808, quoted by Olivier in Alexandre Ier, 183.
24. Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre Ier, 1: 141–42.
25. This expression is Napoleon’s.
26. Napoleon’s instructions to Talleyrand, quoted by Waresquiel in Prince immobile, 692.
27. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, 1: 273.
28. Described by Caulaincourt in his memoirs, ibid., 273.
29. The economic and financial consequences of the alliance will be analyzed in chapter 10.
30. The text is fully reproduced in Vneshnjaja Politika Rossii, I, 4: 259–361.
31. Ibid., 4: 360.
32. Quoted by Waresquiel in Prince immobile, 390.
33. Quoted by Paléologue in Alexandre Ier, 83.
34. Waresquiel in Prince immobile, 391.
35. Ibid.
36. Talleyrand’s memoirs, quoted by Waresquiel in Prince immobile, 392.
37. Ibid.
38. As we will see below.
39. Quoted by Paléologue in Alexandre Ier, 89–90.
40. She died on July 8, 1810, at the age of 34.
41. Quoted by Paléologue in ibid., 92. A copy of Louise’s diary is located in the Russian National Archives (GARF).
42. Alexander to his sister Catherine, September 6 (O.S.), 1809, quoted in Alexander, Perepiska, 25.
43. See Laharpe’s letter to Alexander on March 31, 1808, in La Harpe, Correspondance, 307.
44. Quoted by Vandal in Napoléon et Alexandre Ier, 2: 95–96.
45. Caulaincourt to Napoleon, August 19, 1809, entitled “It is said,” quoted in ibid., 2: 112.
46. Ibid., 2: 284.
47. See the next chapter.
48. The duke was the father of Alexander’s brother-in-law.
Alexander I- the Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon Page 53
