Robinson, Francis. Islam and Muslim History in South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
———. “Other-Worldly and This-Worldly Islam and the Islamic Revival: A Memorial Lecture for Wilfred Cantwell Smith.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, ser. 3, vol. 14, no. 1 (2004): 47–58.
———. Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces’ Muslims, 1860–1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
———. The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001.
Rocher, Rosane. “The Creation of Anglo-Hindu Law.” In Hinduism and Law: An Introduction, edited by Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis, and Jayanth K. Krishnan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Rosenthal, Franz. Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam. Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill, 2007.
Roux, Charl du Plessis le. “Die Hanafitiese Ulama: Hulle Rol in Suid-Afrikaanse Konteks.” MA thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, 1978.
Rozehnal, Robert Thomas. Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din. Masnavi. Tehran: Kitabfurushi-i Zavvar, 1990.
Saharanpuri, Khalil Ahmad. Al-Barahin al-qati‘a ‘ala dhalam al-anwar al-sati‘a. Deoband: Kutub Khana-yi Imdadiyya, n.d.
———. ‘Aqa’id-i ‘ulama-yi Deoband aur ‘ulama-yi haramayn ka fatva. Delhi: Khwajah Barqi Press, n.d.
Sa‘id, Ahmad. Maulana Ashraf ‘Ali Sahib Thanvi aur tahrik-i azadi. Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Khalid Nadim Publications, 1972.
Salomon, Noah. For Love of the Prophet: An Ethnography of Sudan’s Islamic State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.
Salvatore, Armando, and Dale F. Eickelman. “Muslim Publics.” In Public Islam and the Common Good, edited by Armando Salvatore and Dale F. Eickelman. Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill, 2006.
Sanyal, Usha. “Ahl-i Sunnat Madrasas: The Madrasa Manzar-i Islam, Bareilly, and Jamiat Ashrafiyya, Mubarakpur.” In Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?, edited by Jamal Malik. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2008.
———. Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.
———. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
———. “Tourists, Pilgrims and Saints: The Shrine of Mu‘in al-Din Chisti of Ajmer.” In Raj Rhapsodies: Tourism, Heritage and the Seduction of History, edited by Carol E. Henderson and Maxine Weisgrau. Hampshire, UK: Ashland, 2007.
Sarkar, Jadunath. Mughal Administration. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar and Sons, 1952.
Sarraj, Abu Nasr al-. Kitab al-luma‘ fi al-tasawwuf. Edited by Reinhold Nicholson. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1914.
Sarrio, Diego R. “Spiritual Anti-Elitism: Ibn Taymiyya’s Doctrine of Sainthood (walaya).” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 22, no. 3 (2011): 275–91.
Sayed, Muhammad Khalid. “South African Madrasahs Move into the Twenty-First Century.” In Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa, edited by Abdulkader Tayob, Inga Niehaus, and Wolfram Weissem. Münster: Waxmann, 2011.
Schimmel, Annemarie. Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
———. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Schmitt, Carl. The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum. Translated by G.L. Ulmen. New York: Telos Press, 2003.
Schussman, Aviva. “The Legitimacy and Nature of Mawlud al-Nabi (Analysis of a Fatwa).” Islamic Law and Society 5, no. 2 (1998): 214–34.
Scott, J. Barton. Spiritual Despots: Modern Hinduism and the Genealogies of Self-Rule. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2016.
Scott, J. Barton, and Brannon D. Ingram, “What Is a Public? Notes from South Asia.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (2015): 357–70.
Seekings, Jeremy. The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa, 1983–1991. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000.
Seesemann, Rüdiger. “Between Sufism and Islamism: The Tijaniyya and Islamist Rule in the Sudan.” In Sufism and Politics, edited by Paul Heck. Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 2007.
———. The Divine Flood: Ibrahim Niasse and the Roots of a Twentieth-Century Sufi Revival. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Sengupta, Parna. Pedagogy for Religion: Missionary Education and the Fashioning of Hindus and Muslims in Bengal. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011.
Shackle, Christopher, and Javed Majeed, trans. Hali’s Musaddas: The Ebb and Flow of Islam. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Shafi‘, Mufti Muhammad. Dil ki dunya. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 2013.
———. Ma‘arif al-Qur’an. 8 vols. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 1969.
———. Sunnat o bid‘at. Lahore: Maktaba-yi Khalil, n.d.
Shahid, Mufti Muhammad. Qutb al-Aqtab Imam al-‘Arifin Shaykh al-Mashaikh Hazrat Aqdas Shaykh al-Hadith al-Hajj al-Hafiz Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Muhajir Madani ka safarnama-yi Afriqah o England: Ramadan al-Mubarak 1401/1981. Karachi: Al-Maktaba al-Islamiyya, 1982.
Shakry, Omnia El. The Arabic Freud: Psychoanalysis and Islam in Modern Egypt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.
Shatibi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Musa al-. Al-I‘tisam. Cairo: Matba‘ al-Manar, 1913.
Shell, Robert C. “Madrasahs and Moravians: Muslim Educational Institutions in the Cape Colony, 1792–1910.” New Contree 51 (2006): 101–13.
———. “Rites and Rebellion: Islamic Conversion at the Cape, 1808 to 1915.” Studies in the History of Cape Town 5 (1984): 1–46.
Sherkoti, Anvarul Hasan. Sirat-i Ya‘qub o Mamluk. Karachi: Maktaba-yi Dar al-‘Ulum Karachi, 1974.
Sherman, Taylor C. Muslim Belonging in Secular India: Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Shuja‘abadi, S‘ad Sanaullah. ‘Ulama-yi Deoband ke akhiri lamahat. Delhi: Farid Book Depot, 2006.
Siddiqi, Zameeruddin. “The Institution of the Qazi under the Mughals.” In Medieval India: A Miscellany, comp. Aligarh Muslim University. London: Asia Publishing House, 1969.
Sikand, Yoginder. Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2005.
———. The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jama‘at (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study. Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2002.
Simpson, Edward, and Kai Kresse. “Cosmopolitanism Contested: Anthropology and History in the Western Indian Ocean.” In Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean, edited by Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Singha, Radhika. A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Sirhindi, Ahmad. Maktubat-i Imam Rabbani. 3 vols. Delhi: Matba‘-yi Murtazavi, 1873.
Sirriyeh, Elizabeth. Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. Curzon Sufi Series. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon, 1999.
Sirry, Mun’im. “Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi and the Salafi Approach to Sufism.” Die Welt des Islams 51 (2011): 75–108.
Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. Scandalous Knowledge: Science, Truth and the Human. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. Modern Islam in India. London: Victor Gollancz, 1946.
Steinfels, Amina. Knowledge before Action: Islamic Learning and Sufi Practice in the Life of Sayyid Jalal al-din Bukhari Makhdum-i Jahaniyan. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2012.
Stephens, Julia. “The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim Fanatic in Mid-Victorian India.” Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 1 (2013): 22–52.
/> Stilt, Kristen. Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Strawson, John. “Translating the Hedaya: Colonial Foundations of Islamic Law.” In Legal Histories of the British Empire: Laws, Engagements, and Legacies, edited by Shaunnagh Dorsett and John McLaren. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Hearing Voices: Vignettes of Early Modernity in South Asia, 1400–1750.” Daedalus 127, no. 3 (1998): 75–104.
Sufi, Ghulam. Al-Minhaj: Being the Evolution of Curriculum in the Muslim Educational Institutions of India. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Dihli, 1977.
Sulami, Muhammad ibn al-Husain al-. Haqa’iq al-tafsir: Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘aziz. 2 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 2001.
Sunni Jamiatul Ulama. Confusion or Conclusion: Answer to “Who Are the People of the Sunnah?” Durban: Sunni Jamiatul Ulama, n.d.
Sunni World. An Attack on Our Sunni Beliefs by the Wahabi/Deobandi/Tablighi Sect and Our Reply. Durban: Sunni World, n.d.
———. Exposing the Tableeghi-Deobandi-Wahabi Sect. Durban: Sunni World, n.d.
Svensson, Jonas. “ITZ BIDAH BRO!!!! GT ME??—YouTube Mawlid and Voices of Praise and Blame.” In Muslims and the New Information and Communication Technologies, edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Göran Larsson. New York: Springer, 2013.
Sviri, Sara. “The Self and Its Transformation in Sufism with Special Reference to Early Literature.” In Self and Self-Transformation in the History of Religions, edited by David Shulman and Guy G. Stromsa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Syed, Jawad, Edwina Pio, Tahir Kamran, and Abbas Zaidi, eds. Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Tambe, Ashwini, and Harald Fischer-Tiné, eds. The Limits of British Colonial Control in South Asia: Spaces of Disorder in the Indian Ocean Region. London and New York: Routledge, 2009.
Tarabulusi, Husayn ibn Muhammad. Jadid ‘ilm-i kalam, ya‘ni sains aur Islam. Delhi: Azad Barqi Press, 1928/29.
Tarde, Gabriel. On Communication and Social Influence. Edited by Terry N. Clark. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Tareen, SherAli. “Competing Political Theologies: Intra-Muslim Polemics of the Limits of Prophetic Intercession.” Political Theology 12, no. 3 (2011): 418–43.
———. “The Limits of Tradition: Competing Logics of Authenticity in South Asian Islam.” PhD Diss. Duke University, 2012.
———. “The Polemic at Shahjahanpur: Religion, Miracles and History.” Islamic Studies 51, no. 1 (2012): 49–67.
———. “Revolutionary Hermeneutics: Translating the Qur’an as a Manifesto for Revolution.” Journal of Religious and Political Practice 3, no. 1–2 (2017): 1–24.
Taussig, Michael T. Defacement: Public Secrecy and the Labor of the Negative. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Taylor, Christopher S. In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziyara and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1999.
Tayob, Abdulkader. Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999.
———. Islamic Resurgence in South Africa: The Muslim Youth Movement. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 1995.
———. “Race, Ideology and Islam in Contemporary South Africa.” In Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by R. Michael Feener. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004.
Tayyib, Qari Muhammad. Azadi-yi Hindustan ka khamosh rahnuma. Deoband: Daftar-i Ihtimam-i Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband, 1957.
———. Islah-i nafs aur Tablighi Jama‘at. Lahore: ‘Umar Publications, n.d.
———. Maslak-i ‘ulama-yi Deoband. Lahore: Aziz Publications, 1975.
———. ‘Ulama-yi Deoband ka dini rukh aur maslaki mizaj. Deoband: Maktaba-yi Millat, n.d.
Thanawi, Ashraf Ali. A Sufi Study of Hadith. Translated by Yusuf Talal Delorenzo. London: Turath Publishing, 2010.
———. See also: Thanvi, Ashraf ‘Ali.
Thanvi, Ashraf ‘Ali. Al-Ifadat al-yawmiyya min al-ifadat al-qawmiyya. 10 vols. Multan, Pakistan: Idara-yi Ta’lifat-i Ashrafiyya, 2003.
———. Al-Intibahat al-mufida ‘an al-ishtibahat al-jadida. Delhi: Jayyid Barqi Press, 1926.
———. Al-Kalam al-hasan. Edited by Mufti Muhammad Hasan. Lahore: Al-Maktaba al-Ashrafiyya, n.d.
———. Al-Masalih al-‘aqliyya lil-ahkam al-naqliyya. 3 vols. Lahore: Kutub Khana-yi Jamili, 1964.
———. Al-Surur bi-zuhur al-nur wa mulaqqab bih irshad al-‘ibad fi ‘eid al-milad. Sadhaura, India: Bilali Steam Press, 1915.
———. Al-Takashshuf ‘an muhimmat al-tasawwuf. 5 vols. Deoband: Matba‘-yi Qasimi, 1909.
———. Anfas-i ‘Isa, ifadat-i Hakim al-Ummat Hazrat Maulana Ashraf ‘Ali Thanvi. Karachi: H. M. Sa‘id Company, 1980.
———. Arvah-i salasa al-ma‘ruf bih hikayat-i awliya’. Karachi: Dar al-Isha‘at, 1976.
———. Ashraf al-jawab. Deoband: Maktaba-yi Thanvi, 1990.
———. Ashraf al-tariqat fi-l shari‘at wa-l haqiqat, al-ma‘ruf bih shari‘at aur tariqat. Edited by Muhammad Hasan. Delhi: New Taj Office, 1964.
———. Bavadir al-navadir. Lahore: Idara al-Islamiyya, 1985.
———. Bid‘a ki haqiqat aur us ke ahkam o masa’il. Edited by Muhammad Iqbal Qureshi. Lahore and Karachi: Idara-yi Islamiyya, 2000.
———. Bihishti zewar: Mudallal o mukammal bihishti zewar ma‘ bihishti gauhar. Karachi: Altaf and Sons, 2001.
———. Fiqh-i Hanafi ke usul o zavabit. Edited by Muhammad Zaid Mazahiri Nadvi. Karachi: Zam Zam Publishers, 2003.
———. Haqq al-sama‘. Karachi: Idara-yi Ashraf al-‘Ulum, 1950.
———. Hayat al-Muslimin. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 2005.
———. Hifz al-iman, ma‘ basat al-banan wa taghayyur al-‘unwan. Deoband: Maktaba-yi Nu‘maniyya, 1962.
———. Imdad al-fatawa. Edited by Muhammad Shafi‘. 6 vols. Karachi: Maktaba-yi Dar al-‘Ulum Karachi, 2010.
———. Islah al-rusum. Delhi: Dini Book Depot, 1963.
———. Islahi nisab: Tashih-i ‘aqa’id o a‘mal, tahzib o tamaddun-i Islami. Lahore: Maktaba-yi Rashidiyya, 1977.
———. Kamalat-i Imdadiyya: Jis men pir-i tariqat Hajji Imdad Allah Muhajir Makki ke kamalat ko bayan kiya gaya hai. Lahore: Maktaba al-Furqan, 1976.
———. Khutbat-i Hakim al-Ummat. 32 vols. Multan, Pakistan: Idara-yi Ta’lifat-i Ashrafiyya, 2006.
———. Majalis-i Hakim al-Ummat. Edited by Muhammad Shafi‘. Karachi: Dar al-Isha‘at, n.d.
———. “The Raison d’Être of Madrasah.” Translated by Muhammad al-Ghazali. Islamic Studies 43, no. 4 (2004): 653–75.
———. Tafsir-i bayan al-Qur’an, mukammal. 3 vols. Karachi: Dar al-Isha‘at, 2015.
———. Tarbiyat al-salik. 2 vols. Karachi: Dar al-Isha‘at, 1982.
———. Tashil-i qasd al-sabil ma‘ panj rasa’il. Karachi: Kutub Khana-yi Mazhari, n.d.
———. Tuhfat al-‘ulama. 2 vols. Multan, Pakistan: Idara-yi Ta’lifat-i Ashrafiyya, 1995.
Thanvi, Jamil Ahmad. Sharh-i faisala-yi haft mas’ala. Lahore: Jami‘a-yi Ziya al-‘Ulum, 1975.
Trevelyan, Charles. On the Education of the People of India. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1838.
Turner, Bryan. Weber and Islam. London: Routledge and Kegan, 1974.
Ukeles, Raquel Margalit. “Innovation or Deviation: Exploring the Boundaries of Islamic Devotional Law.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2006.
Universal Truth Movement. “Universal Truth Movement General Report.” N.p.: Universal Truth Movement, 1964.
‘Usmani, Muhammad Rafi‘. Fiqh aur tasawwuf: Ek ta‘arruf. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 2004.
‘Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. Akabir-i Deoband kya the. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 1994.
———. Foreword to Mufti Muhammad Shafi‘, Dil ki dunya. Kara
chi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 2013.
———. Hakim al-Ummat ke siyasi afkar. Karachi: Idara al-Ma‘arif, 2000.
———. Hamara ta‘limi nizam. Deoband: Maktaba-yi Dar al-‘Ulum, 1998.
———. Islahi khutbat. 16 vols. Karachi: Meman Islamic Publishers, 1993.
‘Usmani, Shabbir Ahmad. Anvar-i ‘Usmani. Karachi: Maktaba al-Islamiyya, n.d.
‘Usmani, Zafar Ahmad. I‘la al-sunan. Dar al-Fikr, 2001.
Vahed, Goolam H. “Contesting ‘Orthodoxy’: The Tablighi-Sunni Conflict among South African Muslims in the 1970s and 1980s.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 23, no. 2 (2003): 313–34.
———. “An ‘Imagined Community’ in Diaspora: Gujaratis in South Africa.” South Asian History and Culture 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 615–29.
———. “Mosques, Mawlanas and Muharram: Indian Islam in Colonial Natal, 1860–1910.” Journal of Religion in Africa 31, no. 3 (2001): 305–35.
———. “A Sufi Saint’s Day in South Africa: The Legend of Badsha Peer.” South African Historical Journal 49 (2003): 96–122.
van der Veer, Peter. Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Voll, John O. “Renewal and Reform in Islamic History: Tajdid and Islah.” In Voices of Resurgent Islam, edited by John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Wali Allah, Shah. Fuyuz al-haramayn. Deoband: Kutub Khana-yi Rahimiyya, n.d.
Ward, Kerry. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Ware, Rudolph T. The Walking Qur’an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. New York: Zone Books, 2004.
Wilson, Ronald K. Anglo-Muhammadan Law: A Digest. London: W. Thacker and Co., 1903.
Winkelmann, Marieke. From Behind the Curtain: A Study of a Girls’ Madrasa in India. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005.
Winter, Tim. Introduction to Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology, edited by Tim Winter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Revival From Below Page 43
