India: British response to Indian Uprising of 1857, 3; decline narratives, 35, 58; Deoband (city), 1, 9, 37; Indian independence, 2; Indian Penal Code of 1860, 47; Indian Uprising of 1857, 31; judicial administration of, 34; Mazahir al-‘Ulum Deoband, 39; mujaddid (renewer) in, 18; revival of Islam in, 35–36; Saharanpur, 37. See also British empire in India; Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband
Indian Education Commission of 1882, 51–52
Indian Ocean, Muslim migrations in, 164–66
Indian Penal Code of 1860, 47
Indian Uprising of 1857, 3, 25, 31, 34, 36
Iqbal, Muhammad, 15, 192, 224n60
Iqtidar, Humeira, 214, 228n16
Iran, 29, 183–84
al-Isfahani, Abu Nu‘aym, 13
Ishaq, Muhammad, 36, 84, 240n65
ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), 207, 208
islah (reform), 4, 17, 18–19, 107, 126, 128, 152, 154,
islah-i nafs (self-reform), 18, 138, 158
islah-i qalb (reform of the heart), 18, 143
Islah al-rusum (The reformation of customs) (Thanvi), 76, 107
Islamic activism: overview of, 29, 179–80; Al-Qalam (periodical), 181; Call of Islam, 183, 187, 189–90; Cassiem and, 182–83; Desai and, 196–202; Jamiatul Ulama Transvaal, 184; The Majlis (periodical) and, 196–202; Muslim News (periodical), 184; Muslim Youth Movement (MYM), 181–82; Qibla, 182–83, 200; UDF, 183. See also anti-apartheid politics; Tablighi Jama‘at
Islamic law: administration of, 45–48; British reformulation of, 46–47; Deobandi madrasas and, 8; Hanafi Fiqh al-akbar, 42; Imdad Allah on, 72; legal precedent (stare decisis), 47; legal proofs (dala’il), 75; legal scholars (fuqaha’), 13; legal-theological issues (masa’il), 23, 27, 47–48, 70, 99, 111–12, 115, 123, 130, 139, 157–58; M.T. ‘Usmani on, 145; Pickthall on, 53; sources of, 111; Sufi initiations and, 146; Sufism through, 34; Thanvi on Sufism and, 122–23. See also ijtihad (independent reasoning), qazis, Shari‘a
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 207, 208
Islamic tradition(s): affect and, 21; debating of, 20–24; Deobandi claims to revive, 32; discursivity of, 21; as nexus of knowledge production and sensibility, 214; transmission of, 21–22; valorization of, 32–33
Islam kya hai (What is Islam?) (Nu‘mani), 136
Isma‘il, Muhammad: accessibility of Islam, 213; Barelvi rebuke of, 102; critique of bid‘a and shirk, 60–61, 63–64; debates and, 7–8; on divine sovereignty, 62–64; early life, 58; Gangohi and, 64; influence of, 24; Izah al-haqq fi ahkam al-mayyit wa al-darih (Elucidating the truth about the rules concerning the dead and tombs) (M. Isma‘il), 60, 64; normative order and, 58; populist hermeneutics of, 26, 114; on Qur’anic accessibility, 110, 213; Shah ‘Abd al-‘Aziz and, 238n44; Shah ‘Abd al-Ghani and, 67; Taqwiyyat al-iman (Strengthening the faith), 59–64, 174; ‘urs and, 85; writings of, 58–65, 67
Izah al-haqq fi ahkam al-mayyit wa al-darih (Elucidating the truth about the rules concerning the dead and tombs) (M. Isma‘il), 60, 64
jadid (modern), 34
Jahanara, 81
Jama‘at ad-Da‘wa, 228n16
Jama‘at-i Islami, 15, 228n16, 265n16
Jami, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 133–34, 176, 255n22, 266n27
Jami‘a Abi Bakr, 266n27
Jami‘a ‘Alimiyya Islamiyya, 204, 266n27
Jami‘a al-‘Ulum al-Islamiyya, 266n27
Jami‘a Ashrafiyya, 240n65
Jami‘a Islamiyya Dabhel, 167
Jami‘at ‘Ulama-yi Hind, 10
Jami‘at ‘Ulama-yi Islam, 10, 196
Jamiatul Ulama Natal, 168, 260n48
Jamiatul Ulama Transvaal, 166–68, 172, 184, 188, 260n44
Jaunpuri, Karamat Ali, 224n60
Jaunpuri, Mulla Mahmud, 37
jihad, 58, 90, 190, 195, 199–202, 205, 229n25
Jilani, ‘Abd al-Qadir, 125, 163, 165
Jones, William, 45
judges. See qazis
Judicial Plan of 1772, 43
jum‘a (the day of congregational prayer), 208
Junayd Baghdadi, 13
Ka‘aba, 37, 62, 74, 85, 87, 244n152
al-Kalabadhi, Abu Bakr Muhammad, 133–35
Kamran, Tahir, 273n25
Kandhlavi, Muhammad Idris, 88–89
Kandhlavi, Muhammad Ilyas. See Ilyas, Muhammad
Kandhlavi, Muhammad Zakariyya, 158, 170; E. Adam and, 267n37; autobiography of, 146; Faza’il-i a‘mal (Virtuous deeds), 176, 260n43; Haqqani and, 174; Maut ki yad (Remembrance of death), 83, 176; M.H. Gangohi and, 153; Motala and, 219n2; on Qur’an, 62; on sainthood, 134–35; endorsement of Shari‘at ya jahalat (Shari‘a or ignorance) (M.P. Haqqani), 174; in South Africa, 161, 175–76, 182, 216, 267n37; Tablighi Jama‘at and, 25; translations of, 167; on ‘ulama authority, 158
Kant, Immanuel, 98, 117, 118, 119
Kaptein, N.J.G., 239n59
Karaan, Yusuf, 172
karamat (miracles), 35, 81, 89, 130, 136, 163, 209
Kazis Act of 1880, 47
Khairabadi, Fazl al-Haqq, 64, 238n44
Khan, Ahmad Raza, 8, 99–100, 142, 175, 185, 191, 244n152, 267n41
Khan, Dargah Quli, 81
Khan, Fareeha, 112
Khan, Masihullah: Desai and, 25, 196–97, 214, 270n97; Ilyas and, 197; Miftah al-‘Ulum and, 180, 197, 270n97; M. Ilyas and, 197; in South Africa, 161, 197; on Sufism, 129; Tablighi Jama‘at and, 197; Thanvi and, 25, 29, 129, 180, 196–97, 214, 252n30
Khan, Sarfraz, 229n33
Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 34, 35, 37, 51, 224n60, 228n17, 228n24, 236nn15–16
khanqah (Sufi lodge): ecstasy (wajd) and, 96; Ghousia Manzil, 263nn94–95; of Imdad Allah in Thana Bhawan (Khanqah Imdadiyya), 70, 73, 107; madrasa and, 214; in medieval Islamic society, 38; Mulla Nizam al-Din on, 255n22; reform (islah) and, 27, 205, 211; Soofie Saheb and, 164; spiritual training and, 118, 127, 140, 146–47; Tablighi Jama‘at and, 152–54, 160; Thanvi and, 94, 127
Khanqah Imdadiyya, 70, 73
khawass (elites), 48, 59, 76, 78, 83, 92–93, 101–2, 104, 111, 131
Khilafat Movement, 190–91, 203
Khushtar, Ibrahim, 174–75
Kifayat Allah, Muhammad, 109, 136, 234n97, 237n24, 249n83
knowledge. See ‘ilm
kufr (unbelief), 42–43, 72, 86, 95, 100, 109, 123, 126, 128, 134, 150, 176, 185, 187, 198, 199, 202, 209, 244n152
Kugle, Scott Alan, 132, 233n83
Laqueur, Thomas, 80
Lawrence, Bruce B., vii
lay Muslims. See ‘awamm
Le Bon, Gustave, 94, 246n11
Leitner, G.W., 52
Le Roux, Charl, 260n44
Lilla, Mark, 215
logic, 37, 41, 42, 52
Ludhianvi, Muhammad Yusuf, 148
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 20–21, 225n75
Madani, Husain Ahmad, 25, 49–50, 141, 153, 191, 196, 203
Madras Regulation VII of 1817, 48
Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 175–76, 256n49, 261n57
Madrasa Faiz-i ‘Amm, 73, 240n65
Madrasa In‘aamiyya, 256n49, 261n57
Madrasa Rahimiyya, 145, 231n63, 255n22
madrasas: Calcutta Madrasa, 43, 50; as charitable endowments (awqaf), 38; under Delhi sultans, 40; Deobandi identity and, 32; early history of, 38; government funding and, 51; Nizam and, 255n22; oral mode of learning in, 38; overview of role, 26; as pious institutions, 8; as private (nongovernmental) space, 40; reimagining of, 34; religious/secular binary and, 53–54; spatiality of, 216; students’ movement through space, 8, 216; Tablighi Jama‘at and, 10–11; teaching Shaf‘i law, 217; text memorization, 38. See also Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband; Dar al-‘Ulum Haqqaniyya; Dar al-‘Ulum Karachi; specific madrasas
Madrasa Sawlehaat, 204, 256n49
Madrasa Ta‘lim al-Din, 256n49, 261n57
Mahmud, Izhar al-Hasan, 11, 220n6
Mahomedan Female School, 51
The Majlis (periodical), 180–81, 190, 196–204
Majlisul Ulama of South Africa, 10, 176–77, 180, 196–99
makta
bs (Muslim primary schools), 51, 52, 53
Malik, Jamal, 41
Mamluk ‘Ali, 36, 38
manqulat (transmitted/revealed knowledge), 33, 41–42
Mantena, Karuna, 31
ma‘qulat (rational knowledge), 33, 40–41, 52
Marghinani, Burhan al-Din Abu’l Hasan, 45–46
market inspector (muhtasib), 44–45
Masjid, Ahmed Raza, 177
maslak concept, 10, 22–23, 24, 28
Masnavi (Rumi), 72, 74, 131
Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 235n6, 236n7
mathematics, 42, 52
Matura, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 258n15
Maturidi theology, 7, 148
Maududi, Sayyid Abul A‘la: on authority, 63; influence of, 15; on Islamic system of law, 18; Muslim Youth Movement and, 200–201; works of, 182
Maulana Okarvi Academy, 175
Maut ki yad (Remembrance of death) (Kandhlavi), 83, 176
mawlid. See mawlud
mawlud (celebration of the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday): anti-apartheid politics and, 187–90; as a bid‘a, 67; counterpolemics over, 28; debate and critique of, 65–80, 205; Deobandi-Barelvi rivalry and, 11; as devotional piety, 26; devotional practices and, 29; Gangohi and, 66, 69–73; Imdad Allah on, 69–72; legal proofs (dala’il) against, 75; qiyam during, 66; Saharanpuri and, 66–67, 264n108; Thanvi on, 73–74; typical festivities of, 65; al-Wahhab and, 66
Mazahir al-‘Ulum Saharanpur, 39, 51, 67, 149, 152, 153
medieval, 17, 33, 38, 63
Meer, Fatima, 173, 184
Metcalf, Barbara Daly, 6, 10, 39, 55, 216
Metcalf, Thomas, 43
Mia, Muhammad bin Musa bin Isma‘il, 167–68, 172
Miftah al-‘Ulum, 174, 180, 197, 270n97
milad. See mawlud
Mill, James, 50
“Minute on Indian Education” (Macaulay), 44
miracles. See karamat
Mirathi, Muhammad ‘Ashiq Ilahi, 222n36, 237n22, 244n148, 253n76
Mir zahid (al-Taftazani), 37
Mishkat al-masabih, 41
modernity, 17, 32–34, 40, 53, 97, 215
Moin, A. Afzar, 210
Molina, J. Michelle, 153
Moosa, Ebrahim, 41, 53, 173, 189, 204, 213, 231n57
moral self-formation: overview, 116–19; suhbat (companionship, in Sufism) and, 58, 123–28; ethical sainthood and, 131–37; obligatory nature of, 128–31; Sufi ethics of life, 119–23
Morley, William H., 47
mosques: assaults at, 263n90; attacks on, 207; Claremont Main Road Mosque, 188, 268n58; congregational mosque funding, 39–40; on Dar al-‘Ulum Deoband campus, 147; debates in, 211; Deobandi-Barelvi polemics in, 161, 178, 184; Habibia Mosque, 170; Hanafis/Shafi‘is and, 170; knowledge transmission and, 22, 38, 110; madrasas and, 37; Muir Street Mosque, 168; non-Deobandi viewpoints and, 187; pamphlet distribution in, 197; Quawatul Islam Mosque, 166; Religious Endowments Act (Act XX) of 1863, 48; Saabrie Mosque, 186; secular education and, 51, 53; Sinai Peninsula militant attack, 207; Soofie Saheb Mosque, 168, 188; in South Africa, 162–66, 167, 168, 170, 185–88, 268n58; Tablighi-Barelvi clashes in, 185–86; Tablighi Jama‘at and, 149–50
Motala, Yusuf, 219n2
Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb, 40–41, 45; Babur, Emperor, 81; Bahadur Shah Zafar, Emperor, 3; communication during, 97; Dars-i Nizamiyya (Nizami curriculum), 40–41; decline of, 34, 43; Islamic learning under, 26; Jahanara, 81; Naqshbandi Sufi texts and, 134; patronage networks, 40, 49; Shah Jahan, Emperor, 81; theological hierarchy during, 101
Muhammad: birthday of, 3, 11, 26, 65–80, 207; ‘ilm-i ghayb (knowledge of the unseen), 7, 59, 64, 72, 77; imkan-i nazir (possibility of God creating another Prophet equal to Muhammad), 7, 62, 64, 161, 241n76; as model of human behavior, 5; Pledge of the Tree, 74; Taqi al-Din al-Hilali dream of, 15; Thanvi reference to, 19. See also mawlud
al-Muhasibi, Harith, 13
muhtasib (market inspector), 44–45
Mu‘in al-Din Chishti shrine, 81, 82–84, 94, 165, 211
mujaddid (renewer), 18–19
Mukkadam, Ahmed, 263n95
munkarat (evils), 74, 90, 157
Musaddas (Hali), 35
Muslim Judicial Council, 172, 175, 179, 185, 189, 262n71
Muslim League, 195, 203
Muslim News (periodical), 172, 179, 180–81, 184, 200
Muslim public(s): common (‘amm)/elite (khass) hierarchies of, 101–5; crowd dynamics and, 93–97; debate over mawlud and ‘urs, 205; polemics and, 97–101; print and, 105–11; reform (islah) and, 17; knowledge (‘ilm) and, 105–15; ‘ulama and, 16–20
Muslim Youth Movement (MYM), 181–82, 186, 188–89, 200
mustahabb (praiseworthy), 68, 72, 74, 78
Nadvi, ‘Abd al-Bari, 19
Nadvi, Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali, 149
Nadwa al-‘Ulama, 204
Naeem, Fuad, 17
Nafahat al-uns (Breaths of intimacy) (Jami), 133–34
nafs (lower self), 120–21, 130, 133, 134, 189, 199, 201, 209, 272n20. See also asceticism (zuhd)
Nanautvi, Muhammad Qasim: critiques by, 37; early life, 36; Imdad Allah and, 69–70, 71; individual donor model, 39; innovation of, 37; on knowledge, 41; studies, 37; studies of, 38; vision of, 36
Naqshbandi order, 4, 42, 45, 134, 148, 150, 208, 263n94
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, 18
Nizam al-Din, Mulla, 40–41, 145, 255nn22–23
Nizam al-Din Awliya’, 81, 149, 231n61
Nizami Chishtis, 231n61
Nizami curriculum. See Dars-i Nizamiyya
Nizam of Hyderabad, 49, 230n45
Noor, Farish A., 216
normative order: overview, 55–56; bid‘a and shirk as threats to, 56–64; death anniversary celebrations (‘urs) and, 80–91; mawlud and, 65–80; M. Isma‘il and, 58; time and, 215; visiting saints’ graves (ziyarat), 80–91
Nu‘mani, Muhammad Manzur, 60, 136
Okarvi, Kaukab Noorani, 175
O’Malley, P.F., 32
omnipotence of God, 37, 59, 62, 63, 100
Orientalist position (in British debate about Muslim education), 43–45. See also Anglicist position
Osman, Fatih, 186
Osmania University, 19
Pakistan: ‘Ali Hujwiri and Farid al-Din Ganj-i Shakkar shrines, 211; Dar al-‘Ulum Haqqaniyya in Akora Khattak, 208; Dar al-‘Ulum Karachi in, 210; ISIS attacks on/hatred of Sufism in, 207; Jama‘at-i Islami, 15; Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (Sindh), 208; M.R.‘Usmani and, 210; Pakistani Taliban, 208; M. Shafi‘, 20; Shah Noorani (Balochistan), 208; shrine attacks in, 9; Taliban emergence from Deobandi seminaries in NW, 2
Palombo, Matthew, 203
Panipati, Qazi Sanaullah, 128
Patel, Yunus, 204, 256n49
patron (sarparast), 24, 41, 49
patronage networks, 34, 39, 40, 44
Pemberton, Kelly, 137
Pernau, Margrit, 40
Persian language, 20, 43, 44, 51, 58, 253n76, 261n66
philosophy, 37, 41, 42, 52
Pickthall, Marmaduke, 53
pilgrimage: to Mecca (Hajj and ‘umrah), 37, 58, 65, 70, 73, 74, 85, 94, 128, 157, 211, 273n20; to Sufi saints’ shrines. See ziyarat
Pio, Edwina, 273n25
Piscatori, James, 223n52
pledge, from Sufi disciple to Sufi master. See bai‘at
Pledge of the Tree, 74
polemics: Barelvi movement and, 27, 148, 161, 165, 173–78, 264n102, 267n47, 272n8; bid‘at (illicit innovations) and, 161, 173, 176; brief survey of, 28; counterpolemics, 14, 28, 99, 176; globalization and, 173–78; in mosques, 161, 178, 184; Muslim public(s) and, 97–101; in South Africa, 173–78; in support of mawlud, 66; Urdu language and, 176
politics: affect and, 3, 212; apartheid and, 180–84; contested nature of, 204; of Deobandi scholars, 49; A.S. Desai and, 196–203, 212; islah (reform) and, 18; “religious” violence and, 210; Sufism and, 187–89, 195, 199
populist hermeneutics, 26, 59, 61, 64
praiseworthy. See mustahabb
p
rint: Deobandi reform and, 105, 108; fatwas and, 47–48; hermeneutic risks of, 93, 110; and Muslim publics, 107–8
prostration (sajda), 8, 83, 85–86, 89, 90, 143, 177, 237n24, 244nn148–150, 244n152
La psychologie des foules (The psychology of crowds) (Le Bon), 94
Qadiri order, 4, 103, 128, 148, 150, 163, 185, 208, 263n94
Qalandars, 207, 272n3
al-Qari, ‘Ali, 42
Qasim al-‘Ulum: Hanafi law at, 170; Shafi‘i law at, 169–70
Qasimi, Jamal al-Din, 15–16
qazis (judges), 26, 35, 45, 47, 48
Qibla, 182–84, 200
qiyam (standing in reverence of the Prophet), 66–69, 72, 78, 176–77, 197
qiyas (analogy, in Islamic law), 57, 75, 111
Qur’an; commentaries on, 7; Deobandi texts and, 213; ethics and, 121; exegesis (tafsir), 41; fatwas (legal opinions) and, 48; Judicial Plan of 1772 and, 43; M. Isma‘il on authority of, 61–62; M.Z. Kandhlavi on, 62; normative order and, 56; Qur’anic ethics, 13; Qur’anic hermeneutics, 33; recitation of, 74; references, 19, 61, 63, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 81, 85, 88, 90, 111, 119, 126, 133–35, 157, 192, 200, 213; self-referentiality of, 238n30; values of, 17; wali (ally/friend/protector) concept in, 27, 133–35
Qureshi, Ishtiaq, 229n25
al-Qushayri, Abul Qasim, 13–14, 120
Qutb, Sayyid, 15, 182
Rahman, Fazlur, 33, 227nn11–12
Rampuri, ‘Abd al-Sami‘, 67–68, 99
raza’il (vices), 20
Reetz, Dietrich, 219n2
reform. See islah
Rehman Baba, 208
Reinhart, A. Kevin, 111–12
religion: British governance and, 31, 43, 48–54; Victorian discourse on, 31–32, 34; violence and, 210
Religious Endowments Act (Act XX) of 1863, 48–49
religious knowledge/secular knowledge distinction, 26
renewal. See tajdid
Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas, 255n22
Rizvi, Sajjad H., 118
Rizvi, Sayyid Mahbub, 261n70
Robb, Megan Eaton, 195–96
Robinson, Francis, 55, 110, 145, 205, 235n1
Rocher, Rosane, 43
Rosenthal, Franz, 107
Le Roux, Charl du Plessis, 260n44
Rozehnal, Robert Thomas, 209, 210–11
Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din, 12, 69, 72, 74, 81, 131
rusum (customs): constraints of, 27, 117; critiques and reformation of, 18, 76, 107; crowd dynamics and, 35, 94–95; Isma‘il on, 61; maintenance of, 237n24; Sufism as, 147
Saabrie Mosque, 186
Sabir, ‘Ala al-Din ‘Ali, 82, 178, 231n61
Revival From Below Page 45
