Hart, C., ‘Byrhtferth’s Northumbrian Chronicle’, English Historical Review, 97: 558–82, 1982
Hawkes, J. and Mills, S. (eds), Northumbria’s Golden Age, Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1999
Healy, Rev. J., ‘Insula sanctorum et doctorum: or Ireland’s ancient schools and scholars’, Dublin: Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1912
Herbert, M., Iona, Kells, and Derry: the history and hagiography of the monastic familia of Columba, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988
Higham, N.J., The Northern Counties to AD 1000, Harlow: Longman, 1986
—‘Cavalry in early Bernicia’, Northern History, 27: 236–41, 1991
—The kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100, Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1993
—The English conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century, Manchester University Press, 1994
—An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings, Manchester University Press, 1995
—‘Dynasty and cult: the utility of Christian mission to Northumbrian kings between 642 and 654’. In Hawkes, J. and Mills, S. (eds), 1999: 95–104
—(Re-)Reading Bede: The Ecclesiastical History in context, Abingdon: Routledge, 2006
Hines, J. (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration period to the eighth century: an ethnographic perspective, San Marino: The Boydell Press, 1997
Hodges, R., Dark Age Economics, London: Duckworth, 1982
Holder, A., ‘The Venerable Bede: On the Song of Songs and selected writings’, Classics of Western Spirituality Series, Mahwah: Paulist Press International, 2011
Hollis, S., Anglo-Saxon women and the church, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1992
Hooke, D., ‘The Anglo-Saxons in England in the seventh and eighth centuries: aspects of location in space’. In Hines, J. (ed.), 1997: 65–100
Hooper, N., ‘The Aberlemno stone and cavalry in Anglo-Saxon England’, Northern History, 29: 188–96, 1993
Hope-Taylor, B., Yeavering: An Anglo-British centre of Early Northumbria, London: HMSO, 1977
Hughes, K., The church in early Irish society, London: Methuen, 1966
Hunter, J.R., Roberts, C.A. and Martin, A.L., Studies in crime: an introduction to forensic archaeology, London: Batsford, 1996
Hunter Blair, P.H., ‘Some observations on the Historia Regum attributed to Symeon of Durham’. In Chadwick, N.K. (ed.), 1964: 63–118
—Northumbria in the days of Bede, Felinfach: Llanerch, 1976
—‘The Moore Memoranda on Northumbrian History’. In Fox, C. and Dickens, B., The Early cultures of North-west Europe, 245–57, Cambridge University Press, 1950
Hutton, R., The pagan religions of the Ancient British Isles, Oxford: Blackwell, 1993
Jackson, K.H., Language and history in early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, 1st to 12th c. A.D., Edinburgh University Press, 1953
—‘On the Northern British section in Nennius’. In Chadwick, N.K. (ed.), 1964: 20–62
James, E., The Franks, Oxford: Blackwell, 1988
—‘The origins of barbarian kingdoms’. In Bassett (ed.), 40–52, 1989
Janaway, R.C., ‘The decay of buried human remains and their associated materials’. In Hunter et al. (eds), 1996: 58–85
Jansen, A., ‘The development of St Oswald legends on the Continent’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 230–40
Joliffe, J.E.A., ‘Northumbrian institutions’, English Historical Review, XLI:CLCI: 1–42, 1926
Jones, G.R.J., ‘Broninis’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 37: 125–32, 1990
Kapelle, W.E., The Norman conquest of the North, London: Croom Helm, 1979
Karkov, C.E., ‘Whitby, Jarrow and the commemoration of death in Northumbria’. In Hawkes, J. and Mills, S. (eds), 1999: 126–135
Kemp, R.L., ‘Anglian settlement at Fishergate, York’, Council for British Archaeology: Archaeology of York series, 7/1: 46–54, 1996
Kirby, D.P., ‘Bede and Northumbrian chronology’, English Historical Review, 78: 514–27, 1963
Kirby, D.P., The earliest English kings, London: Routledge, 2000
Koch, J. T., Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2006
Lanigan, J., An ecclesiastical history of Ireland from the first introduction of Christianity among the Irish to the beginning of the 13th century, Dublin: Graisberry, 1822
Lapidge, M., ‘Byrhtferth of Ramsey and the early sections of the Historia Regum attributed to Symeon of Durham’, Anglo-Saxon England, 10: 97–122, 1982
Loyn, H.R., The governance of Anglo-Saxon England 500–1087, London: Edward Arnold, 1984
Lucy, S., ‘Early medieval burial at Yeavering: a retrospective’. In Frodsham, P. and O’Brien, C.F. (eds), 2005: 127–44
Lunn, A., Northumberland, New Naturalist series, London: Collins, 2004
Maitland, F.W., ‘Northumbrian tenures’. In Fisher, H.A.L. (ed.), The collected papers of Frederic William Maitland, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1911
Marsden, J., Northanhymbre Saga, Felinfach: Llanerch, 1992
Mayr-Harting, H., The coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England, London: Batsford, 1972
McCarthy, M., ‘Rheged: an Early Historic Kingdom near the Solway’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 132: 357–81, 2002
—‘The kingdom of Rheged: a landscape perspective’, Northern History, 48.1: 9–22, 2011
McClure, J. and Collins, R. (eds), Bede: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Oxford World Classics, 1994
McCormack, S., ‘Change and continuity in late Antiquity: the ceremony of Adventus’, Historia, 21: 721–52, 1972
Meaney, A.L., ‘Woden in England: a reconsideration of the evidence’, Folklore, 77.2: 105–15, 1966
Mhaonaigh, M., ‘Of Saxons, a Viking and Normans: Colmán, Gerald and the monastery of Mayo’. In Graham-Campbell, J. and Ryan, M. (eds), 2009: 329–66
Miket, R. and Burgess, C. (eds), Between and beyond the walls: Essays on the prehistory and history of North Britain in honour of George Jobey, Edinburgh: John Donald, 1984
Moisl, H.L., ‘The Bernician royal dynasty and the Irish in the seventh century’, Peritia, 2: 103–26, 1983
Moisl H.L., ‘Das Kloster Iona und seine Verbindungen mit dem Kontinent im siebenten und achten Jahrhundert’. In Virgil von Salzburg: Missionar und Gelehrter: Beiträge des Internationales Symposiums, Salzburger Residenz: Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung, 1985
Morris, C.D., ‘Northumbria and the Viking settlement: the evidence for land-holding’, Archaeologia Aeliana, Series 5.5: 81–103, 1977
Morris, J. (ed.), Arthurian Period Sources vol. 8: Nennius’, British History and the Welsh Annals, London: Phillimore, 1980
Morris, R.K., Churches in the landscape, London: Phoenix, 1989
—Journeys from Jarrow, Jarrow Lecture, Jarrow: St Paul’s Church, 2004
Mortimer, J.R., Forty years’ researches in the British and Anglo-Saxon burial mounds of East Yorkshire, London: A. Brown & Sons, 1905
Murray, M.A., ‘The divine king in Northumbria’, Folklore, 53.4: 214–15, 1942
Myres, J.N.L. and Southern, W.H., The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sancton, east Yorkshire, Hull: Hull Museums, 1973
Nelson, J.L., ‘Inauguration rituals’. In Sawyer, P.H. and Wood, I. (eds), 1977: 50–71
Newton, R., The making of the English landscape: the Northumberland landscape, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1972
Nieke, M.R. and Duncan, H.B., ‘Dalriada: the establishment and maintenance of an Early Historic kingdom in northern Britain’. In Driscoll, S.T. and Nieke, M.R. (eds), 1988: 6–21
O’Brien, C., ‘The Early medieval shires of Yeavering, Breamish and Bamburgh’, Archaeologia Aeliana, Series 5. 30: 53–73, 2002
—‘The great enclosure’. In Frodsham, P. and O’Brien, C.F. (eds), 2005: 145–52
—‘Gefrin: organisation, abandonment, aftermath’. In Frodsham, P. and O’Brien, C.F. (eds) 2005: 189–92
—‘The emergence of Northumbria: artefacts, archae
ology and models’. In Collins, R. and Allason-Jones, L. (eds), 2010: 110–19
O’Brien, C. and Adams, M., Some observations on monastic estates in Northumbria, paper delivered to the Royal Archaeological Institute Conference at Durham, September 2012
O’Brien, C. and Miket, R., ‘The Early Medieval settlement of Thirlings, Northumberland’, Durham Archaeological Journal, 7: 57–91, 1991
Ó Carragáin, É., The city of Rome and the world of Bede, Jarrow Lecture, Jarrow: St Paul’s Church, 1994
Ó Cróinín, D., Early medieval Ireland, 400–1200, London: Longman, 1995
Ó Riain-Raedel, D., ‘Edith, Judith, Mathilda: the role of royal ladies in the propagation of the Continental cult’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 210–29
O’Sullivan, D. and Young, R., The English Heritage Book of Lindisfarne Holy Island, London: Batsford, 1995
Oppenheimer, S., The origins of the British: a genetic detective story, London: Robinson, 2007
Petts, D., ‘Coastal landscapes and early Christianity in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria’, Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 13.2: 79–95, 2009
Petts, D. and Turner, S. (eds), Early Medieval Northumbria: Kingdoms and communities AD 450–1100, Turnhout: Brepols, 2012
Plummer, C., Venerabilis Baedae: Historiam Ecclesiasticum Gentis Anglorum, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896
Powlesland, D., ‘Early Anglo-Saxon Settlements, Structures, Form and Layout’. In Hines, J. (ed.), 1997: 101–24
—‘The Anglo-Saxon settlement at West Heslerton, North Yorkshire’. In Hawkes, J. and Mills, S. (eds), 1999: 55–65
Proudfoot, E. and Aliaga-Kelly, C., ‘Aspects of settlement and territorial arrangement in South-east Scotland in the Late prehistoric and Early-Medieval periods’, Medieval Archaeology, 41: 33–50, 1997
Rackham, O., Woodlands, New Naturalist series, London: Collins, 2006
Rahtz, P.A., ‘The building plan of the Anglo-Saxon monastery of Whitby Abbey’. In Wilson, D.M. (ed.), 1976: 459–62
Reeve, J. and Adams, M., ‘The Spitalfields Project: The excavations’, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 84, 1993
Richardson, J., My Dearest Uncle: Leopold I of the Belgians, London: Jonathan Cape, 1961
Richter, M. and Picard, J-M (eds), Ogma: Essays in Celtic Studies, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001
Roberts, B.K., ‘The land of Werhale – landscapes of Bede’, Archaeologia Aeliana, Series 5.37: 127–59, 2008
—‘Northumbrian origins and Post-Roman continuity: an exploration’. In Collins, R. and Allason-Jones, L. (eds), 2010: 120–32
Rollason, D.W., Saints and relics in Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989
Rollason, D.W., ‘St Oswald in pre-Conquest England’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 164–77
Rollason, D. (ed.), The Durham Liber Vitae and its context, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004
Ross, A., ‘The human head in insular pagan Celtic religion’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 92: 10–47, 1958
Sawyer, P.H. and Wood, I. (eds), Early medieval kingship, University of Leeds, 1977
Sawyer, P.H., ‘Kings and merchants’. In Sawyer, P.H. and Wood, I. (eds), 1977: 139–58
Scull, C., ‘Post-Roman Phase I at Yeavering: A reconsideration’, Medieval Archaeology, 35: 51–63, 1991
Sharpe, R. (trans. and ed.), Adomnán of Iona: Life of Saint Columba, London: Penguin, 1995
Sherlock S. J. and Welch, M. G., An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Norton, Cleveland, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 82, 1992
Shippey, T., Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1976
Skene, W.F., The Four Ancient Books of Wales, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1868
Smith, A.W., ‘The luck in the head: a problem in English folklore’, Folklore, 73.1: 13–24, 1962
—‘The luck in the head: some further observations’, Folklore, 74.2: 396–8, 1963
Smith, I.M., ‘Sprouston, Roxburghshire: an early Anglian centre of the eastern Tweed basin’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 121: 261–94, 1991
South, T. J. (ed.), Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A History of Saint Cuthbert and a Record of His Patrimony, Anglo-Saxon Texts 3, Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002
Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), Oswald: Northumbrian king to European saint, Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1995
Stancliffe, C., ‘Oswald: “Most holy and most victorious king of the Northumbrians”’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 33–83
—‘Where was Oswald killed?’ In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995b: 84–96
—‘British and Irish contexts’. In DeGregorio, S. (ed.), 2010: 69–83
Stenton, Sir F.M., The Oxford History of England: Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970
Stevenson, J. (ed.), Liber vitae ecclesiae Dunelmensis, Surtees Society, 1841
Stevenson, J. (trans.), Simeon’s History of the Church of Durham, Felinfach: Llanerch, 1993
Taylor, S., ‘Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names’. In Brown, D. and Clancy, T.O. (eds), Spes Scotorum, Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1999
Thacker, A., ‘Membra disjecta: The division of the body and the diffusion of the cult’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 97–127
Thacker, A. and Sharpe, R. (eds), Local saints and local churches in the early medieval West, Oxford University Press, 2002
Thomas, C., The Early Christian Archaeology of North Britain, Oxford University Press, 1971
—Bede, archaeology and the cult of relics, Jarrow Lecture, Jarrow: St Paul’s Church, 1973
—Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500, London: Batsford, 1981
—‘The early Christian inscriptions of Southern Scotland’, Glasgow Archaeological Journal, 17: 1–10, 1992
Thorpe, B., Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, London: The Commissioners of Public Records, 1840
Todd, J.H. and Reeves, W., The martyrology of Donegal: A calendar of the saints of Ireland, Dublin: Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, 1864
Tolkien, J.R.R., Beowulf; the monster and the critics, British Academy: Sir Israel Gollancz memorial lecture, 1936
Tudor, V., ‘Reginald’s Life of St Oswald’. In Stancliffe, C. and Cambridge, E. (eds), 1995: 178–94
Underwood, R., Anglo-Saxon weapons and warfare, Stroud: Tempus, 1999
Waddington, C., ‘Lanton Quarry: new evidence in northern Northumberland’, Current Archaeology, 239: 12–21, 2010
Wade-Evans, A.W., Nennius’s “History of the Britons”, London: SPCK, 1938
Walker, R.F., The origins of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne: Thorne’s Student Bookshop, 1976
Wallace-Hadrill, J.M., Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English people: a historical commentary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988
Ware, C., ‘The social use of space at Gefrin’. In Frodsham, P. and O’Brien, C.F. (eds), 2005: 153–60
Whitelock, D. (ed.), English historical documents c.500–1042, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1955
Wilmott, T., ‘The late Roman frontier: the structural background’. In Collins, R. and Allason-Jones, L. (eds), 2010: 10–19
Wilson, D.M. (ed.), Archaeology in Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, 1976
—Anglo-Saxon paganism, London: Routledge, 1992
Wilson, P., ‘Early Anglian Catterick and Catraeth’, Medieval Archaeology, 40: 1–61, 1996
Winterbottom, M., Arthurian period sources, volume 7: Gildas: The ruin of Britain and other works, London: Phillimore, 1978
Wood, I., ‘Kings, kingdoms and consent’. In Sawyer, P.H. and Wood, I. (eds), 1977: 6–29
—‘Before and after the Migration to Britain’. In Hines, J. (ed.), 1997: 41–64
—‘An historical context for Hope-Taylor’s Yeavering’. In Frodsham, P. and O’Brien, C.F. (eds), 2005: 185–8
—‘Monasteries and the geography of power in the age of Bede’, Northern History, XLV.1: 11–25, 2008
—‘The foundation of Bede’s Wearmouth-Jarrow’. In DeGregorio, S. (ed.), 2010: 84–96
Wood, M., ‘Bernician transitions: place-names and archaeology’. In Petts, D. and Turner, S. (eds), 2012: 35–70
Woodfield, C.C., ‘Six turrets on Hadrian’s Wall’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th Series 43: 87–200, 1965
Wooding, J., ‘Communication and commerce along the Western sealanes AD 400–800’, BAR International Series 654, 1996
Woolf, A., ‘Cædualla Rex Brittonum and the passing of the Old North’, Northern History, 41.1: 5–24, 2004
—‘Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts’, The Scottish Historical Review, 85: 182–201, 2006
Yorke, B., Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England, London: Seaby, 1990
—Rex Doctissimus: Bede and King Aldfrith of Northumbria, Jarrow Lecture, Jarrow Lecture, Jarrow: St Paul’s Church, 2009
Young, G., Bamburgh Castle: The archaeology of the fortress of Bamburgh, AD 500 to AD 1500, Alnwick: The Bamburgh Research Project, 2003
Acknowledgements
I must firstly thank the Trustees of the Royal Literary Fund for their generous award of a three-year fellowship at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in the Department of English, without which I could not have completed this project.
My interest in Oswald and my thoughts on his extraordinary significance in English and European history have been stimulated by the students of the North East Centre for Lifelong Learning. Many have indulged my enthusiasms long enough to know how I value their ideas and thoughts. In particular I want to mention the members of the Bernician Studies Group, who will not let me get away with my wilder flights of fancy: I am indebted.
My friend and colleague Colm O’Brien has been a constant source of critical interest, of immense knowledge and equal passion for seventh-century Northumbria, and I owe him a great debt of gratitude, not least for reading proofs of the text and spotting significant errors.
Other friends and colleagues whom I would like to thank include Dr Hermann Moisl for his knowledge of the Irish material and his kindness in indulging what must have seemed some rather stupid questions; and Professor Diana Whaley for kindly putting my (almost non-existent) Old English right. The translations of the Anglo-Saxon maxims that head each chapter are derived from those of Tom Shippey, with a few amendments.
The King in the North Page 45
