Pollick, Amy, 59
Pound, Ezra, 245
Povinelli, Daniel, 195
power, 29, 30
power scavenging, 161, 214, 216, 223
prairie dogs, 88
predation, 60–61, 193; aerial, 60; ancestors and, 113–14, 117–19, 155–68; savanna, 116–18, 122, 155–56, 165; serpentine, 60; terrestrial, 60; see also predator alarm calls; specific predators
predator alarm calls, 18–19, 22, 42–44, 51, 60–61, 113, 132, 139, 160; of monkeys, 42–44, 47, 53, 60–61, 116–17, 200–201, 206; as precursors of words, 43–44, 116; see also alarm calls; specific predators
predication, 43, 136–38
prehumans, see ancestors
Premack, David, 202
primate-centrists, 10, 30, 46–47, 55–57
primates, 10, 24, 175; importance of being, 55–57; primate-centric bias in language evolution, 10, 30, 46–47, 55–57, 58; problems with being, 57–59; recruitment and, 159–68; social intelligence of, 26–27
proper names and words, distinction between, 80
protolanguage, 35, 40–41, 50, 57, 58–59, 142–43, 165, 180, 187; combinability of, 41–43, 229–31; Hauser-Chomsky-Fitch model on, 180, 187–89, 245; holistic, 65–70; linguistic vs. protolinguistic modes, 234–38; pidgins, 187–88; readiness for, 85–89; recruitment and, 215–19; slow development of language, 211–31; variation-limited vs. selection-limited theories, 84–89; words, 226–34; see also language evolution
protonouns, 216
protoverbs, 216
punctuated equilibrium, theory of, 93, 153–54
pygmy chimpanzee, see bonobo
R
rain forests, 63, 64, 100, 111, 160
ravens, 139–41; ACSs of, 140; recruitment, 139–41
reason, 5
recruitment, 132–42, 211, 215, 223, 227–28; ancestors and, 138, 159–68, 215–19; ants, 134–39, 141–42; bees, 132–33; for carcass exploitation, 161–68; displacement in, 216–18; language evolution and, 132–42, 164–68, 215–19; niches and, 132–42, 215–19; raven, 139–41; tandem running, 137, 138
recursion, 173–74, 79, 238–45; Chomsky on, 173–74, 182, 238–45
reindeer, 124
religion, 75, 104
reproduction signals, see mating signals
rhinoceroses, 122, 124
Richerson, Peter, 167
Rizzi, Luigi, 244
road signs, 4
Romantics, 74
Rotokas, 230
round dance, 133
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 62, 74
Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, 74
Royal Society of London, 74
Rumbaugh, Duane, 81
S
Saramaccan, 160
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 78, 89–90
savanna, 63, 64, 100, 112, 113, 145; dead megafauna, 121–27, 155–56, 161–68, 218–21; prédation, 116–18, 122, 155–56, 165; scavenging, 119–27, 155–57, 165
scavenging, 61, 100, 109, 119–27, 135, 142, 155–57; ancestors and, 119–27, 143, 145, 154–68, 219–21; catchment, 123–24, 125–26, 151, 155–56, 220; gender roles in, 156–57, 161–64; megafauna carcasses, 121–27, 155–56, 161–68, 218–21, 247; niches, 109, 119–27, 154–68, 219–21; power, 161, 214, 216, 223; territory, 123, 124, 125, 126, 220
Schick, Kathy, 122, 123
Schusterman, Ron, 85
Science, 128, 149, 172, 177; Hauser-Chomsky-Fitch paper on language evolution, 128, 171–91, 245
“scream” vocalization, 60
scrub jays, 199
seabirds, n
sea lions, 25, 85, 87, 88
Second International Conference on
the Evolution of Language (1998, London), 31
selection-limited changes, 84–89
selective pressure, 53, 84–89, 131, 133, 165, 211, 226
selfishness, 28, 32, 55, 166; language and, 28, 32, 166
sentences, 245
Seth, 78–79
sexual display, 13, 19, 29, 111, 162, 211;
language evolution and, 62
sharks, 86
shelters, primitive, 213
shopping, 4
sickle-cell anemia, 248
sign language, 3, 73, 76–77
singing-ape hypothesis, 61–70
situations, 18, 21, 22, 25, 45, 115, 144, 216
size niche, 122
Skinner, B. R, 169
slavery, 90
slips of the tongue, 236
Slobin, Dan, 39–40
smallpox, 29
Smith, John Maynard, 84
snakes, 43, 44
social competitiveness, 13, 56, 57–58, 115, 145, 162, 221–22, 246
social intelligence, 26–27, 56, 90–91, 114
social signals, 16–17, 18, 26, 51; fitness and, 19–20
South America, 33, 113, 160
spears, 213
speciation, 148–56, 214; genetics and, 149–50, 214; optimal foraging strategy
and, 154–56
speech sounds, 230
splitters, 148
Stanford, Craig, 157
State University of New York, Stony
Brook, 2005
language evolution
meeting, 181
Stone Age Institute, Bloomington,
Indiana, 122
stone tools, 113, 120–26, 143, 151–52, 156, 162, 203–204, 213, 220, 224
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael, 172
sunlight, 102
Suriname, 160
survival signals, 16–17, 18–19, 22, 23, 42–44, 45–46, 51, 132; fitness and, 18–19; see also alarm calls; food calls symbols, 4, 48, 49–51, 52–53, 81, 144, 160, 190, 217, 226; syntax vs., 49–51
syntax, 23, 38, 41–43- 46, 66, 76, 173–74, 217, 223, 226, 231; Chomsky on, 169, 173–74; origin of, 66–67; pidgin and, 40–41, 223–26; precursors of, 45–46; symbolism vs., 49–51
Szathmáry, EÖrs, 84, 131
T
tamarin monkeys, see cotton-top tamarin
monkeys tandem running, 137, 138
Taung child, 114
termites, n, 105, 106; mounds, 105
terrestrial omnivore niche, 109
territorial boundary marking, 63
territory scavenging, 123, 124, 125, 126, 220
tigers, 150, 163
Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 17
Tobias, Phillip, 212, 213
tools, 10, 13, 26, 109, 120, 232; Acheulean
hand ax, 143–44, 54, 162, 213, 220, 225; apes’ use of, 26, 120; Aterian points, 203–204, 213; cut marks of, 125–26; stone, 113, 120–26, 143, 151–52, 156, 162, 203–204, 213, 220, 224
tooth marks, 220
Toth, Nicholas, 122, 123
Trotsky, Leon, 246
tundra, 100
U
uniqueness, 10, 20–24, 28, 61, 85, 144, 178; language and, 20–24, 28–30, 165, 167, 173, 178; niches and, 124, 165
utility, 24, 31; language and, 24–28
V
Van Heusen, Jimmy, 29
van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 74
variation-limited changes, 84–89
verbs, 237–38, 241, 242
vervet monkeys, 43, 115–17; alarm calls, 43, 47, 53, 68–69, 116–17, 206
Viki (chimpanzee), 73
vision, 88
vocabulary, 227–29, 231
von Frisch, Karl, 131–32
vultures, 119, 124, 127, 158
W
Waddington, Conrad, 99
waggle dance, 133, 134
warning calls, see alarm calls
Washoe (chimpanzee), 75, 76, 82, 84
weaning, 96
weapons, 26, 122; barbed, 224; see also tools
weasels, 114
Wegener, Alfred, 154; theory of continental
drift, 154
Weizenbaum, Joseph, 170
West Africa, 112
whales, 100, 101
Whiten, Andrew, 26, 31
Wild Boy of Aveyron, 74
wi
ld dogs, 119
Wilkes, John, 29
Williams, George, 10, 92, 105; on adaptation, 10–11, 92
wolves, 16, 26
woodlands, 112, 116, 117
words, 186, 226–31, 245; ACSs as
precursors of, 43–47, 116, 144; emergence of, and concepts, 207–209; from signal to, 218–19; protolanguage, 226–34; templates, 237–38; see also language
worm casts, 101
worms, 11, 100–102
Wrangham, Richard, m
Wray, Alison, 66, 67, 69
X
!xoo, 230
Y
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 59, 73, 81
Z
Zahavi, Amotz, 31
zoos, 83
Zuberbühler, Klaus, 42, 200–201
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