10 Plutarch, Marius 13 – 14, Polybius 6. 37; on Cato as censor see Plutarch, Cato the Elder 17.
11 Suetonius, Caesar 22 and 49. 1 – 4.
12 For Caesar’s public oath see Dio 43. 20. 4; Catullus 54, cf. Suetonius, Caesar 73.
13 For Cato see Plutarch, Cato the Elder 24; Plutarch, Crassus 5; for the Germans see Caesar, BG 6. 21. For a survey of Roman attitudes see P. Grimal, Love in Ancient Rome (trans. A. Train) (1986).
14 Suetonius, Caesar 3.
15 Catullus 10; Cicero, Verr. 1. 40.
16 Cicero, Brutus 317.
17 See Suetonius, Caesar 4. 1, 55, Velleius Paterculus 2. 93. 3, and Gelzer (1968), pp. 22 – 3; on provincial administration in general see A. Lintott’s Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (1993); for Caesar’s high-pitched delivery see Suetonius, Caesar 55. 2.
18 Plutarch, Caesar 4.
19 Cicero, Brutus 316.
20 For the pirate problem see Appian, Mithridatic Wars 91 – 93, Plutarch, Pompey 24 – 5; on Caesar’s captivity see Suetonius, Caesar 4. 2, Plutarch, Caesar 2.
21 Plutarch, Caesar 2 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 445, slightly amended).
22 For the pirates’ throats being cut see Suetonius, Caesar 74.
23 Suetonius, Caesar 4. 2.
24 L. Ross Taylor, ‘Caesar’s Early Career’, Classical Philology 36 (1941), pp. 113 – 132, esp. p.117 – 118.
25 For the journey back to Rome see Velleius Paterculus 2. 93. 2; for the trial see E. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (1974), p. 528; for Cicero’s comment see Suetonius, Caesar 49. 3.
26 Taylor (1941), pp. 120 – 122; for the Slave War see Plutarch, Crassus 8 – 11, Appian, BC 1. 116 – 121.
27 For Crassus and Sulla see Plutarch, Crassus 6.
28 Suetonius, Caesar 5.
V Candidate
1 Plutarch, Caesar 5.
2 For the birth of Julia see M. Gelzer, Caesar (1968), p. 21, C. Meier, Caesar (1996), p. 105, and P. Grimal, Love in Ancient Rome (1986), p. 222.
3 Grimal (1986), pp. 112 – 115.
4 For the story of Praecia and Lucullus see Plutarch, Lucullus 6. 2 – 4; on Cethegus’ influence see Cicero, Brutus 178; for the story of Pompey, Geminius and Flora see Plutarch, Pompey 2.
5 For Cytheris see Cicero, ad Fam. 9. 26; Cicero ad Att. 10. 10; Servius, on E10; de vir. Ill. 82. 2. Cicero’s distaste became public in the Philippics 2. 58, 69, 77.
6 Suetonius, Caesar 47, 50. 1 – 52.
7 Suetonius, Caesar 50. 2, Plutarch, Caesar 46, 62, Brutus 5, Cicero, ad Att. 15. 11; see also R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1939), pp. 23 – 24, 116; on Lucullus’ divorce of Servilia’s sister Servilia see Plutarch, Lucullus 38.
8 Grimal (1986), pp. 226 – 237, S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage (1991), esp. pp. 105 – 106, 232 – 238, 253 – 261, 264, 270 – 275, and 299 – 319.
9 Sallust, Bell Cat. 25.
10 Plutarch, Pompey 55 (translation by R. Waterfield in Plutarch: Roman Lives (1999), p. 273).
11 For a survey of Sertorius’ career see A. Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome (2003), pp. 137 – 151.
12 For Sulla’s legislation see A. Keaveney, Sulla: The Last Republican (1982), pp.169 – 189.
13 For the ‘young executioner’ see Valerius Maximus 6. 2. 8; for the killing of Brutus’ father see Plutarch, Brutus 4; for Pompey’s early career see R. Seager, Pompey the Great (2002), pp. 20 – 39.
14 On the impact of military failure on a man’s career see N. Rosenstein, Imperatores Victi (1993), passim.
15 For Pompey and the censors see Plutarch, Pompey 22; for Crassus’ feasting see Plutarch, Crassus 2. 2, 12. 3; Comp. Nic. Crassus 1. 4; A. Ward, Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (1977), pp. 101 – 2.
16 Suetonius, Caesar 5, Gellius, NA 13. 3. 5; on suggestions that he played a wider role in the events of 70 BC see the discussion in Ward (1977), pp. 105 – 111.
17 For discussions of elections see L. Ross Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1949), esp. pp. 50 – 75, and Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar (1966), esp. pp. 78 – 106, A. Lintott, ‘Electoral Bribery in the Roman Republic’, JRS 80 (1990), pp. 1 – 16, F. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (1998), H. Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (2001), esp. pp. 63 – 89, A. Yakobson, ‘Petitio et Largitio: Popular Participation in the Centuriate Assembly of the Late Republic’, JRS 82 (1992), pp. 32 – 52; inscriptions on tombs, see ILS 8205 – 8207.
18 See Taylor (1966), pp. 78 – 83, A. Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (1999), pp. 43 – 49.
19 On the quaestorship see Lintott (1999), pp. 133 – 137; for the suggestion that winners of the corona civica were enrolled in the Senate see L. Ross Taylor, ‘The Rise of Caesar’, Greece and Rome 4 (1957), pp. 10 – 18, esp. 12 – 13.
20 Polybius, 6. 54. 1 – 2.
21 Suetonius, Caesar 6. 1, Plutarch, Caesar 5; for Cicero’s public and private attitude to Marius see the discussion in T. Mitchell, Cicero: The Ascending Years (1979), pp. 45 – 51.
22 Spanish War 42, Suetonius, Caesar 7. 1 – 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 4, and comments in Gelzer (1968), p. 32; for his reaction to bust of Alexander and his disturbing dream see Plutarch, Caesar 11, Suetonius, Caesar 7. 1 – 2, and Dio 37. 52. 2; for Cicero’s arrival back from his own quaestorship see pro Planco 64 – 66.
23 Suetonius, Caesar 8.
24 Suetonius, Caesar 6. 2, Plutarch, Caesar 5; for discussion of marriage ceremony see S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage (1991), pp. 161 – 180.
25 Dio 36. 20. 1 – 36, Plutarch, Pompey 25 – 26; for a detailed discussion of the introduction of the Lex Gabinia see P. Greenhalgh, Pompey: The Roman Alexander (1980), pp. 72 – 90.
26 On Caesar’s support for the Lex Gabinia see Plutarch, Pompey 25, and also T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic, 1 (1928), pp. 170 – 173; for the campaign against the pirates see Appian, Mithridatic Wars 91 – 93, Plutarch, Pompey 26 – 28.
27 For Lucullus’ career see A. Keaveney, Lucullus:A Life (1992), esp. 75 – 128 for his campaigns in the east; on his replacement see Plutarch, Pompey 30 – 31, Lucullus 36.
28 Dio 36. 43. 2 – 3 for Caesar’s support; pro Lege Manilia, Cicero’s speech in favour of the Lex Manilia has survived.
29 Plutarch, Caesar 5 – 6, Suetonius, Caesar 10 – 11, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 4; on the aedileship see Lintott (1999), pp. 129 – 133; on Caesar’s career see Gelzer (1968), pp. 37 – 39, L. Ross Taylor, ‘Caesar’s Early Career’, Classical Philology 36 (1941), pp. 113 – 132, esp. 125 – 131, and (1957), pp. 14 – 15.
30 Suetonius, Caesar 10. 1.
31 Dio 37. 8. 1 – 2, Pliny, NH 33. 53.
32 Plutarch, Caesar 5.
33 Plutarch, Caesar 6, Suetonius, Caesar 11, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 3 – 4, and see also R. Evans, Gaius Marius: A Political Biography (1994), p. 4, who suggests that the monuments are unlikely to have been the originals but copies.
VI Conspiracy
1 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 12. 1 – 2.
2 Dio 36. 44. 3 – 5, Cicero, pro Sulla 14 – 17, Sallust, Bell. Cat. 18.
3 See Suetonius, Caesar 9, Sallust, Bell. Cat. 17 – 19. For discussions of the ‘First Catilinarian conspiracy’ see E. Salmon, ‘Catiline, Crassus, and Caesar’, American Journal of Philology 56 (1935), pp. 302 – 316, esp. 302 – 306; E. Hardy, The Catilinarian Conspiracy in its Context: A Re-study of the Evidence (1924), pp. 12 – 20; T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic, 1 (1928), pp. 234 – 235; D. Stockton, Cicero (1971), pp. 77 – 78; and M. Gelzer, Caesar (1968), pp. 38 – 39.
4 On the struggle between Crassus and Pompey see A. Ward, Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (1977), pp. 128 – 168; Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 221 – 283, esp. 242 – 249. For imperial views of Pompey’s return see Velleius Paterculus 2. 40. 2 – 3, Plutarch, Pompey 43, Dio 37. 20. 5 – 6
5 See Plutarch, Crassus 2 – 3, and Ward (1977), pp. 46 – 57; for the Licinia incident see Plutarch, Crassus 1, with
sceptical comments in Ward (1977), 74 – 75.
6 Cicero, Brutus 233.
7 Plutarch, Crassus 3, Cicero, de Officiis 1. 25, Sallust, Bell. Cat. 48.5 – 7. For ‘Straw on his horns’ and possible pun see Ward (1977), pp. 78.
8 Plutarch, Crassus 13, Suetonius, Caesar 11, Dio 37. 9. 3 – 4; Ward (1977), pp. 128 – 135, Gelzer (1968), pp. 39 – 41.
9 Plutarch, Cato the Younger 16 – 18, Suetonius, Caesar 11, Dio 37. 10. 1 – 3.
10 Suetonius, Caesar 74. On Catiline see Asconius 84C; on Ofella see Plutarch, Sulla 33.
11 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 5, 14 – 17, Plutarch, Cicero 10, Ward (1977), p. 136, 145, Rice Holmes (1928), p. 241, Stockton (1971), p. 79 – 81, 97, 100.
12 For Cato the Elder see Plutarch, Cato the Elder, and A. Astin, Cato the Censor (1978). On Cato see Plutarch, Cato the Younger, esp. 1, 5 – 7, 9, 24 – 25.
13 See Stockton (1971), esp. 71 – 81, E. Rawson, Cicero (1975), T. Mitchell, Cicero: The Ascending Years (1979), esp. p. 93 ff. The inscription that mentions a Lucius Sergius, normally identified as Catiline, on Pompeius Strabo’s staff is ILS 8888/ILLRP 515.
14 For an excellent survey of these years see T. Wiseman, ‘The Senate and the Populares, 69 – 60 BC’, in CAH2 IX (1994), pp. 327 – 367; on the Rullan land bill see Gelzer (1968), pp. 42 – 45, Stockton (1971), pp. 84 – 91, Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 242 – 249, Ward (1977), pp. 152 – 162.
15 For Piso see Sallust, Bell. Cat. 49. 2, Cicero, pro Flacco 98; for Juba see Suetonius, Caesar 71.
16 For Honours to Pompey see Dio 37. 21. 4. For a discussion of Labienus’ origins see R. Syme, ‘The Allegiance of Labienus’, JRS 28 (1938), pp. 424 – 440.
17 For The perduellio see trial Dio 37. 26. 1 – 28. 4, Suetonius, Caesar 12, Cicero, Pro Rabirio perduellionis, with W. Tyrrell, A Legal and Historical Commentary to Cicero’s Oratio Pro Rabirio Perduellionis (1978); the anonymous, de viribus illustribus contains the claim that Rabirius paraded Saturninus’ head.
18 See L. Ross Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar (1966), p. 16.
19 For the election to Pontifex Maximus see Suetonius, Caesar 13, Plutarch, Caesar 7, Dio 37. 37. 1 – 3, Velleius Paterculus 2. 43. 3.
20 For a useful discussion of the Regia and its history see T. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (1995), pp. 239 – 241.
21 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 23 – 24, Cicero, pro Murena 51 – 58, Dio 37. 29. 1 – 30. 1, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 21. 2 – 6.
22 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 22. 1 – 4, 26. 1 – 31. 3.
23 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 31. 4 – 48. 2, Rice Holmes (1928), pp. 259 – 272, Stockton (1971), pp. 84 – 109.
VII Scandal
1 Cicero, In Catilinam 3. 1 – 2 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 101).
2 Quote on canvassing with Catiline, Cicero, ad Att. 1. 2.
3 Cicero, In Catilinam 2. 22 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 91).
4 Plutarch, Caesar 4. 4 (Loeb translation by B. Perrin (1919), p. 451).
5 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 48. 5.
6 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 48. 9; Plutarch, Crassus 13.
7 Cicero, pro Murena, and Plutarch, Cato the Younger 21. 3 – 6.
8 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 49. 1 – 4, Plutarch, Crassus 13, and Cicero 20. See also D. Stockton, Cicero (1971), pp. 18 – 19.
9 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 44 – 47, Plutarch, Cicero 19, Dio 37. 34. 1 – 4, Appian, BC 2. 4 – 5.
10 On the debate in general see Sallust, Bell. Cat. 50. 3 – 53. 1; For Catiline’s last appearance in the Senate see Cicero, Cat. 1. 16.
11 For Appius Claudius Caecus see Cicero, de Sen.16, Brutus 61.
12 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 51. 1 – 3.
13 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 51. 33.
14 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 51. 20.
15 For Caesar’s speech see Sallust, Bell. Cat. 51.
16 For discussion of Caesar’s view see Gelzer (1968), pp. 50 – 52, and C. Meier, Caesar (1996), pp. 170 – 172.
17 See Plutarch, Cicero 20 – 21, Caesar 7 – 8, Suetonius, Caesar 14, and Appian, BC 2. 5.
18 Cicero, Cat. 4. 3 (Loeb translation by C. MacDonald (1977), p. 137).
19 On Caesar see Cicero, Cat. 4. 9 – 10, for Crassus, 4. 10, for scenes of horror, 4. 12.
20 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 52. 12.
21 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 52. 17 – 18, 24 – 25.
22 Plutarch, Brutus 5 and Cato the Younger 24. 1 – 2; For Cicero’s reaction to Brutus’ version of the debate see Cicero, ad Att. 12. 21. 1.
23 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 55. 1 – 6, Plutarch, Cicero 22 and Caesar 8, Dio 37. 36. 1 – 4, Ampelius, lib. mem. 31; Sallust placed the threat to Caesar earlier see Bell. Cat. 49. 4.
24 Cicero, ad Fam. 5. 2. 7 – 8.
25 Suetonius, Caesar 15, Dio 37. 44. 1 – 3.
26 Dio 37. 43. 1 – 4, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 26. 1 – 29. 2.
27 Suetonius, Caesar 16.
28 On Catiline’s death see Sallust, Bell. Cat. 60. 7, 61. 4; on the informers see Suetonius, Caesar 17.
29 Plutarch, Caesar 9 – 10.
30 Cicero, ad Att. 1. 12. 3, 1. 13. 3, Suetonius, Caesar 74. 2, Plutarch, Caesar 10. For divorce in general see S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage (1991), pp. 435 – 482 and ‘Divorce Roman Style: How Easy and Frequent Was It?’ in B. Rawson (ed.), Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome (1991), pp. 131 – 146.
31 See Cicero, ad Att. 1. 13. 3, and Catulus in Cicero, ad Att. 1. 16, Dio 37. 50. 3 – 4.
32 Plutarch, Caesar 11, Suetonius, Caesar 18, Cicero, Pro Balbo 28.
33 See Suetonius, Caesar 18, Appian, Bell. Hisp. 102, Plutarch, Caesar 12, Dio 37. 52. 1 – 53. 4. For a discussion of the situation in Spain and Caesar’s operations see S. Dyson, The Creation of the Roman Frontier (1985), pp. 235 – 236.
34 Spanish War 42. 2 – 3, Cicero, pro Balbo 19, 23, 28, 63 and 43; for the hint at human sacrifice see Strabo, Geog. 3. 5. 3 and Rice Holmes The Roman Republic, 1 (1928), pp. 302 – 8.
35 Plutarch, Caesar 11.
VIII Consul
1 Sallust, Bell. Cat. 54. 4.
2 Cicero, ad Att. 2. 5.
3 Pliny, NH 7. 97, Plutarch, Pompey 45, Dio 37. 21. 1 – 4, Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 116 – 117.
4 For the eastern wars see P. Greenhalgh, Pompey: The Roman Alexander (1980), and A. Goldsworthy, In the Name of Rome (2003), ch. 7, esp. pp. 164 – 179.
5 Plutarch, Pompey 42 – 46, Cato the Younger 30, Velleius Paterculus 2. 40. 3; R. Seager, Pompey the Great (2002), pp. 75 – 76; on Crassus see Plutarch, Pompey 43, and A. Ward, Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic (1977), pp. 193 – 199.
6 Cicero, ad Att. 1. 13; see also ad Att. 1. 14 on Crassus.
7 Cicero, ad Att. 1. 13, 12; Seager (2002), pp. 77 – 79.
8 Cicero, ad Att. 1. 12, Plutarch, Pompey 42, Cato the Younger 30. 1 – 5, Suetonius, Caesar 50. 1; for Cicero’s efforts to placate Metellus Celer in 62 BC see Cicero, ad Fam. 5. 1, 2.
9 Dio 37. 49. 1 – 4, Plutarch, Pompey 44, Cato the Younger 30. 5, Cicero, ad Att. 1. 18, 19.
10 Cicero, ad Att. 2. 1.
11 Horace, Odes 2. 1. 1; for a perceptive overview of these years see P. Wiseman, ‘The Senate and the Populares, 69 – 60 BC’, in CAH2 IX (1994), pp. 327 – 367, esp. pp. 358 – 367.
12 Cicero, ad Att. 2. 1, and 1. 17 for December 61 talk of alliance between Caesar and Lucceius. See M. Gelzer, Caesar (1968), p. 60, fn. 1, plausibly interpreting Suetonius’ words literally to indicate that Caesar divorced Pompeia by letter.
13 Appian, BC 2. 8, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 31. 2 – 3, Dio 37. 54. 1 – 2.
14 Suetonius, Caesar 19. 2; for the suggestion that this was a means of keeping the consuls in reserve see Seager (2002), p. 84; on personal hatreds and enemies see D. Epstein, Personal Enmity in Roman Politics 218 – 43 BC (1978).
15 See L. Ross Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar (1966), esp. pp. 84 – 106.
16 See Taylor (1966), pp. 54 – 55, H. Mouritsen, Plebs and Party Politics
in the Late Roman Republic (2001), pp. 27 – 32; on the population of Rome at this time see N. Purcell, ‘The City of Rome and the plebs urbana in the Late Republic’, in CAH2 IX (1994), pp. 644 – 688.
17 Suetonius, Caesar 19. 1; Cicero, ad Att. 1. 1; on the importance of the Italian vote see L. Ross Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1949), pp. 57 – 59.
18 Cicero, ad Att. 2. 3.
19 Suetonius, Caesar 19.
20 Suetonius, Caesar 19. 2, Dio 37. 56 – 58, Appian, BC 2. 9; see also Seager (2002), pp. 82 – 85, Ward (1977), pp. 210 – 216, Gelzer (1968), pp. 67 – 69, C. Meier, Caesar (1996), pp. 182 – 189.
21 Plutarch, Caesar 13, Pompey 47; on oaths see Livy, Pers. 103, Appian, BC 2. 9, and Pliny, Epistulae 10. 96; for a case of two enemies each canvassing for the same candidate see Cicero, ad Att. 2. 1.
22 Suetonius, Caesar 20. 1, cf. Plutarch, Cato the Younger 23. 3.
23 Dio 38. 1. 1 – 7, Suetonius, Caesar 20. 1; on the chronology of this year see L. Ross Taylor, ‘The Dating of Major Legislation and Elections in Caesar’s First Consulship’, Historia 17 (1968), pp. 173 – 193; see also Gelzer (1968), pp. 71 – 74, Meier (1996), pp. 207 – 213, Seager (2002), pp. 86 – 87; on the five ‘inner’ commissioners see Cicero, ad Att. 2. 7.
24 Dio 38. 2. 1 – 3. 3 Suetonius, Caesar 20. 4 gives a slightly different version apparently dating Cato’s arrest to later in the year. Plutarch, Cato the Younger 33. 1 – 2 also places this incident later; on Petreius’ military experience see Sallust, Bell. Cat. 59. 6.
25 Dio 38. 4. 1 – 3.
26 Dio 38. 4. 4 – 5. 5, Plutarch, Pompey 47; for the date of the vote see Taylor (1968), pp. 179 – 181.
27 Dio 38. 6. 1 – 3, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 32. 2; see Taylor (1969), p. 179 on Bibulus’ intentions.
28 Dio 38. 6. 4 – 7. 2, Appian, BC 2. 11, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 32. 2 – 6, Suetonius, Caesar 20. 1.
29 Suetonius, Caesar 20. 2, Dio 38. 8. 2; see also Taylor (1968), pp. 177 – 179.
30 Suetonius, Caesar 20. 3 – 4, 54. 3, Dio 38. 7. 4 – 6, Cicero, In Vatinium 29, 38; see Gelzer (1968), pp. 75 – 6, Seager (2002), p. 88; for some sense of Vatinius’ character see his letters to Cicero, ad Fam. 5. 9, 10 and 10A; on Caesar’s law regulating governors see T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic, 1 (1928), p. 319, and Cicero, pro Sestio 64, 135, In Pisonem 16, 37, In Vatinium 12, 29, ad Att. 5. 10. 2.
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