falls to Allies 388, 402–3
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin: and Allied invasion of Italy 377, 378;
and Allied invasion of Normandy 377, 462, 472, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 486, 594–5;
background and career 59, 123;
and German invasion of France 59, 63, 123;
and Italian forces 288–9;
North African advances and victories 123, 127–8, 129, 131, 132–5, 284, 285, 310–12, 525, 588, 591;
North African defeat and retreat 283, 284, 290–91, 293–5, 297–301, 307, 312–14, 351, 593, 600;
reputation 123, 281;
sick leave 287, 293, 486;
suicide 299, 501
RONA (Russian National Liberation Army) 164
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: and attack on Pearl Harbor 186–7, 192–3; Casablanca Conference (1943) 309–10, 369, 375, 439–40, 606;
death 547;
declares war on Japan 193, 194;
and development of atomic weapons 574–5;
elections (1940) 87;
(1942) 303;
and Germany First policy 130, 214, 302–3, 564, 589;
internment of Japanese-Americans 200;
Lend-Lease scheme 87, 130;
and North African campaigns 303, 307;
opposition to early invasion of France 318;
and Overlord (Allied Normandy landings) 461, 466;
and Pax Americana 604;
Placentia Bay Conference (August 1941) 129–31, 364;
pre-war warnings to Japan 187;
Quebec Conference (1943) 264, 375;
relations with Churchill 87, 89, 130;
relations with Marshall 594;
relations with Stalin 545–6;
support for USSR 434;
Teheran Conference (1943) 382–3, 403, 545;
and unconditional-surrender policy 309, 483;
vetoes proposed use of mustard gas 568;
war economy 197–8, 214–15;
Washington Conferences (1941–2) 134, 199, 214;
Yalta Conference (1945) 454, 538, 545–6
Rorke’s Drift 271
Roseman, Mark 239, 240
Rosenberg, Alfred 165, 562, 582
Rosenman, Samuel 557
Rositz 436
Roskill, Captain Stephen 371
Roslavl 171
Ross, James A. 397
Rostock 434
Rostov-on-Don 175, 176, 184, 299, 315, 316, 319, 334, 338, 540
Rothkirch und Trach, General Count Edwin von 496
Rothmund, Heinrich 113
Rotmistrov, General Pavel 421–2
Rotterdam 53, 55, 58, 430
Rouen 439
Roundup, Operation 302
Royal Air Force see RAF
Royal Artillery 579
Royal Australian Navy 565
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) 454
Royal East Kent Regiment (Buffs) 579
Royal Navy: aircraft carriers 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 126, 362; and Allied Normandy landings 468–9;
Altmark incident 38;
Crete campaign 126–7;
Dunkirk evacuation 65, 66;
grant of American destroyers 87, 130;
Home Fleet 92, 99, 468–9;
Italian campaign 394, 396;
loss of naval bases in Ireland 115;
losses 37, 40, 43, 44, 65, 126, 203, 362, 373, 396;
North African campaigns 121, 285, 588;
Norway campaign 38–9, 40–41, 41–2;
Pacific campaign 203, 571;
relations with Army 42–3;
scuttling of Graf Spee 37, 358;
sinking of French fleet at Oran 77, 92, 306; see also Admiralty (British); Arctic convoys; Atlantic, battle of the
Royal Nepalese Army 271
Royal Norfolk Regiment 64
Royal Oak, HMS 36, 357
Royal Warwickshire Regiment 64, 282
Royal West Kent Regiment 271, 272
Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry 296
RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) 90, 242
rubber 198, 213, 352
Ruge, Otto 41, 43
Ruhr 22, 432, 498, 502, 503, 504, 514; bombing of 430, 432, 440, 441–2
Rumbula 226
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von: and Allied invasion of Normandy 462–3, 472, 473, 476, 477, 479, 486, 594–5; and Ardennes Offensive 503, 504, 507, 508, 510;
created field marshal 75;
and Hitler’s views on Britain 90;
invasion of France 60, 61, 62, 63, 586, 587;
invasion of Poland 18, 21, 410;
invasion of USSR 142, 143, 153, 159, 173, 175;
invasion of Vichy France 306;
relations with Hitler 175, 299, 479, 513–14, 540, 582, 595;
war crimes 227, 584;
Western Front 500–501, 540, 595, 596
Rupprecht, Prince of Bavaria 75
Russia see USSR
Russian Civil War (1917–23) 154, 163, 332
Russo-Japanese neutrality pact (1941) 268, 382
Russo-Polish War (1920–21) 25, 26, 154
Ruweisat Ridge 281, 282, 290
Ryder, Major-General Charles W. 306
Rye 65
Ryuku Islands 569
SA (Sturmabteilung; Brownshirts) 1, 28
Saarbrücken 53
Saarland 23, 499, 507
Sackar, Josef 230–31, 233, 234
Safirsztajn, Regina 232
St Paul’s School, London 451
St Vith 505, 596
Saint-Lô 486
Saint-Nazaire 72, 358, 587
Saint-Omer 60
Saint-Quentin 57
Saipan 260, 573
Saladin 146
Salerno landings (1943) 378–81, 395, 400, 403, 461
Salla 31
Salò, Republic of 405
Salzburg 147
Samara river 175
San Francisco 190
San Pietro Infine 385–8
San river 17
Sangro river 385
Sarajevo 124, 541
Saratoga, USS 189, 258
Sardinia 309, 346, 375, 376, 386
Sarmiento, Commander Antonio 347
Sartre, Jean-Paul 79
Sato, Lieutenant-General Kotoku 270, 271, 272, 273–4
Saturn, Operation 334
Sauckel, Fritz 138, 548
Saving Private Ryan (film) 474
Savo Island, battle of (1942) 258
Scalabre (French lieutenant) 72
Scapa Flow 36, 39, 357, 361
Schacht, Hjalmar 583
Schaefer, Lieutenant-General Hans 494–5
Scharnhorst (cruiser) 40, 41, 43, 44, 353, 354, 358, 359, 592; sinking of 351, 364, 369
Scheldt, River 498, 499, 500, 503, 540
Schellenberg, Walter 90
Schepke, Lieutenant Joachim 357
Schiller, Friedrich 608
Schleswig Holstein (training ship) 21
Schlieffen, Count Alfred von 19, 48, 136–7, 167, 543
Schmid, Colonel ‘Beppo’ 98, 108, 587
Schmidt, General Arthur 342, 343
Schmidt, Hans Thilo 347, 369
Schmidt, Second Lieutenant Heinz Werner 292
Schmidt, Otto 6
Schmidt, Paul 15
Schmundt, General Rudolf 166, 482
Schörner, Field Marshal Ferdinand 492, 498, 531, 548, 553, 596
Schrecklichkeit policy 27
Schroeder, Christa 482, 590
Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 155
Schuschnigg, Kurt von 10, 605
Schütte, Lieutenant Artur 415, 420
Schutzstaffel see SS
Schutzstaffeln, Die (SS brochure) 28
Schweinfurt 444
science 573–5, 608
Scoones, Lieutenant-General Geoffrey 269
Scotland 145
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; German security police) 28, 239, 242, 243
SEAC (South-East Asia Command) 269
> Seaforth and Cameron Highlanders 296
Sealion, Operation 44, 90–91, 92, 108, 118
Second Air Army (Russian) 423
Second Army (British) 467, 486, 502
Second Army (German) 73, 165, 168, 170, 171, 175
Second Panzer Army 175
Second Tank Army (Russian) 535
secret agents 470
Sedan 51, 56–7, 59, 61, 76
Segré, Emilio 574
Seine, River 137, 468, 473, 487
Selassie, Emperor Haile 121
Sele river 379, 384
Senger und Etterlin, General Fridolin von 375–6, 386, 387, 388–9, 391–3, 405, 412, 591, 597
Serbia 125, 224
Sevastopol 315, 316, 410, 496, 532
Seventeenth Air Army (Russian) 423
Seventeenth Army (German) 521, 593
Seventh Army (French) 53
Seventh Army (German) 72, 471–2, 477, 505, 506
Seventh Army (Russian) 30, 34
Seventh Army (United States) 376
Seventh Fleet (United States) 565
Seventh Guards Army (Russian) 414
Seventh Panzer Army 487
Seyss-Inquart, Artur 583
Sfax 313
SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force) 465–6, 504, 508
Shakespeare, William 608
Shark (German cipher) 367–8, 373
Shaw, George Bernard 91
Shelton, Anne 104
Shere Regiment 271
Sherman (Allied tank) 285, 295, 388, 473
Sherwood Foresters 396, 399, 579
Shigemitsu, Mamoru 577
Shingle, Operation 393–7
ship production: German 3, 353–4, 355, 364; Japanese 251;
United States 215, 251, 256, 373, 469
Shklarek, Moshe 234
Shoho (aircraft carrier) 251
Shokaku (aircraft carrier) 252
Short Stirling (bomber) 438
Short, Lieutenant-General Walter C. 189–90
Shturmovaya (Russian storming groups) 322, 330
Shuri Line 569
Siberia 221, 561, 589
Siberian Sea 149
Sichelschnitt/Sickle Cut, Operation (Manstein Plan) 49, 51–2, 76, 410
Sicherheitsdienst see SD
Sicily 284, 307, 308; Allied invasion (Operation Husky) 128, 309, 313, 351, 369, 375–8, 385, 424, 425, 465, 467, 606
Sidi Barrani 120, 129
Sidi-Rezegh, battle of (1941) 132
Siegfried Line (West Wall) 19, 22, 23, 48, 52, 53, 499, 501, 502–3
Siena 403
Siilasvo, Colonel Hjalmar 31, 32
Sikorski, General Władysław 26, 417
Silesia 454, 495, 542–3, 544, 554
Simon, John, 1st Viscount 145, 557, 558
Simonov, Konstantin, Days and Nights 419
Simpson, Lieutenant-General William 509, 550
Sinclair, Sir Archibald (later 1st Viscount Thurso) 558
Singapore: Changi Jail 275; fall of 134, 201–7, 437
Sino-Japanese War 186, 187, 210–11, 267–9
Sirte, Gulf of 121
SIS (British Secret Intelligence Service; MI6) 155, 309, 348, 349, 417, 492
Sittang 211, 212
Six, Dr Frank 91
Sixteenth Army (German) 541
Sixth Army (Chinese) 212
Sixth Army (German) 55, 317, 319, 320, 324, 329, 330–31, 332, 336–7, 338–45, 520, 539
Sixth Army (Italian) 376
Sixth Army (United States) 565
Sixth Guards Army (Russian) 414
Sixth Panzer Army 505, 545, 548–9
Sixty-fourth Army (Russian) 414
Sixty-second Army (Russian) 321, 322, 329, 332, 333
Skagerrak Strait 38, 41
Skinflint, Operation 297–8
Skorzeny, Colonel Otto 405, 505
Skryabina, Yelena 172
Slavs, Nazi racial policy on 27, 140, 163, 165, 492, 590
Sledge, E. B. ‘Sledgehammer’, With the Old Breed 569–70
Sledgehammer, Operation 302
Slim, General Sir William 211–12, 269–70, 273, 274, 305, 567–8, 603
Slovakia 9, 316, 540
Slovenia 125
Smart, Air Vice-Marshal Harry 131
Smersh (Russian military counter-intelligence) 563
Śmigły-Rydz, Marshal Edward 17, 26
Smith, Leonard 363
Smith, Thomas 516
Smolensk 25, 315, 521, 532; battle of (1941) 153, 158, 159, 165, 170
Smuts, Field Marshal Jan Christian 296, 558
snipers: Finnish 32; Japanese 266;
Russian 325–6, 330
soap, manufactured from human corpses 522
Sobibór extermination camp 224, 233, 234, 244
Sochaux 117
Sodenstern, General Georg von 90
SOE (British Special Operations Executive) 116–17, 124
Sokolov, Lieutenant-General V. P. 340–41
Sokolovsky, General Vasily 421, 550
Sola river 230
Solomon Islands 210, 257, 260
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 539
Somme river 51, 52, 61, 70
Somme, battles of (Great War) 390, 393
Sonderkommandos (extermination camp special units) 229–34, 245
Sorge, Richard 155
Soryu (aircraft carrier) 256
South Africa 107, 121, 221, 289, 290, 291, 385, 454
South Staffordshire Regiment 67, 267
South-East Asia Command (Allied; SEAC) 269
South-west Front (Russian) 334, 339
Southampton 102, 107
Southampton, HMS 40
Southern Resources Area (Japanese) 188, 189, 252, 256, 275
Soviet air force 152, 156, 160–61, 174, 423, 532
Soviet Information Buro (Sovinform) 524
Soviet Navy 173, 549
Soviet Union see USSR
Sovietskiy (village) 335
Sovinform (Soviet Information Buro) 524
Spa 505
Spaatz, General Carl ‘Tooey’ 440, 486
Spain: Civil War 4–5, 112, 347; neutrality 112–13;
possibility of German attack through 307;
servicemen in Axis forces 316
Spartan, HMS 396
Spartans 30
Spears, Major-General (Sir) Louis 71, 72, 74, 76, 488
Special Operations Executive (British; SOE) 116–17, 124
Speer, Albert: aircraft production 446; and bombing of British cities 103;
and bombing of German cities 429, 438–9, 444, 445, 447, 458, 459;
character 548;
construction of Birkenau 236;
and Guderian 543–4;
and Hitler’s ‘Demolitions on Reich Territory’ order 547, 596;
house in Obersalzberg 146;
and July Bomb Plotters 581–2;
and Operation Zitadelle (battle of Kursk) 413;
on possibility of losing war 513;
and proposed rebuilding of Berlin 114;
tank production 413, 422, 442, 447, 548, 594;
trial 548, 582;
U-boat production 371
Speidel, Lieutenant-General Hans 472
Spender, (Sir) Stephen 90
Sperrle, Field Marshal Hugo 75, 94
Spezia 380, 403
Spitfire (fighter aircraft) 95, 96–7, 98, 106, 449, 526
Spitzy, Reinhard 179
Sponeck, Theodor Count von 294
Spruance, Rear-Admiral Raymond 253, 256
SS (Schutzstaffel): Ardeatine massacre (1944) 379; atrocities in occupied East 28–9, 494–5, 496;
Einsatzgruppen (action groups) 163, 222–3, 226–7, 242, 249;
and extermination camps 222–3, 226–7, 228–9, 234, 235, 245;
formation and expansion of 27–8;
massacres of POWs 64, 224;
Night of the Long Knives 1;
‘Race and Blood’ doctrine 28; see
also SD (Sicherheitsdienst); Waffen-SS
stab-in-the-back myth (Dolchstosslegende) 484
Staerke, André de 61
Stagg, James 469–70
Stalin, Josef: and battle for Berlin 550, 552; calls for Second Front 318, 434;
character 182, 183, 546;
and Cold War 604;
declares war on Japan 571;
forced relocation of ethnic Germans 184;
and German advance on Moscow 171, 174, 599–600;
and Hitler 524, 539, 584, 600;
and invasion of Poland 25;
and Kursk 413;
minimizing of losses 556;
and Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939) 10, 25, 29, 539, 603;
‘Not One Step Back’ Orders 161, 183, 326;
and Operation Bagration 532;
Potsdam Conference (1945) 562;
promises of Polish self-determination 538–9;
and punishment of German war crimes 557;
purges 223;
purging of Red Army 33, 143;
relations with Churchill 546;
relations with generals 154, 597, 602;
relations with Roosevelt 454–6;
and Stalingrad 319, 323, 324, 332;
Teheran Conference (1943) 382–3, 403, 545;
unpreparedness for German invasion 154–7;
and war crimes 555;
and Warsaw Uprising (1944) 536, 538;
and Winter War with Finland (1939–40) 29–30, 34;
Yalta Conference (1945) 454, 538, 545–6, 571
Stalin Line 154
Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn/Volgograd) 315, 320, 324, 336–7; battle of (1942–3) 249, 308, 310, 314, 315–18, 319–45, 409, 413, 415, 416, 520, 587, 592, 593, 599, 600, 601, 605;
present-day Volgograd 320, 330, 548
‘Stand or die’ orders: Churchill’s 205; Hitler’s 181, 299, 314, 336, 404, 522, 532, 540, 591, 593, 595
Stark, Admiral Harold 193, 357, 451
Stauffenberg, Colonel Count Claus von 481–2, 483, 484, 584
Stavanger 39, 40
Stavka (Soviet State Committee of Defence) 157, 158, 328, 413–14, 417, 426, 427, 542, 560, 597, 600, 602
Stavka Reserve Force 414
Stavropol 319
steel 354, 438, 598
Steinberg, Paul 236
Steiner, General Felix 553
Steppe Front 414, 424–5
Stevens, Sergeant Roy 475
Stilwell, General Joseph ‘Vinegar Joe’ 212, 265, 266–7, 268, 269
Stimson, Henry L. 193
Stokes, (Sir) Richard 456
Stone, Norman 147, 458, 591
Stopford, General Sir Montagu 272
Strachan, Hew 282
Strachey, Lytton 91
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of 557
Strangeways, Captain David 54
The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War Page 89
