Hence resistance struggles — like, for example, those of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas — that do not aim at establishing a separate nation, but challenge the abuse of power by and within the nation-state, tend to fall outside the ideological framework of nationalism and internationalism and fail to get effective support from the “ international community. ” They remain the “ internal ” affair of the respective nation-states, which the international community respects as the state respects an individual man ’ s privacy within his family. That is, it is considered not as an international issue but as a national issue of dissent within a state — so to speak, a family quarrel. (Hence the discussion among Indigenous Peoples increasingly turns around the key question: independent nation-state or justice within existing states?) In the same way, it remains the right — that is, the internal affair of any Western state — whether to see itself as a so-called “ immigration state, ” to regulate immigration as it sees fit, and to deny political rights to immigrants within its borders. International law and the ideology of internationalism guarantee the state ’ s internal sovereignty, its power over “ its ” inhabitants.
The International Zoo of Nations
The idea of an international community of nations is akin to that of a zoo, with species separated into their respective territories — be they cages or reservations. It is a measure that has its appeal at a point where so many species (and communities) are indeed threatened by extinction, so that a cage in a zoo appears like the last protection from final aggression. Yet the zoo has been established and is being maintained precisely by those responsible for the extinction of species in the first place. The naive visitor to the zoo may be under the misapprehension that cages are protecting animals from each other, that without fences and walls they would eat each other up — that is, that the threat to the animals ’ survival is coming from other animals. Similarly, apologetes of the nationalist and internationalist idea in the modern era will argue that national borders and the international order protect neighboring communities from each other. So, for instance, it was in the case of Croatia, where the German government argued for the quick recognition of Croatia ’ s independence as a means of stopping the war campaign by their Serbian neighbors, and for the quick recognition of Bosnia ’ s independence as a means of preventing such a war.
23. Alain Finkielkraut, The Undoing of Thought, translated from French by Dennis O ’ Keefe (London: The Claridge Press, 1988), 79.
24. Hanspeter Siegfried, "Kulturrevolution von rechts? Zur Ideologie der Neuen Rechten," in Widerspruch 21 (June 1991), 77 – 78; Matthias von Hellfeld, Die Nation erwacht (Cologne: PapyRossa Verlag, 1993), 46 – 47.
25. Paul Gilroy, "There Ain ’ t No Black in the Union Jack": The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987; London: Routledge, 1992), 60 – 61. (Page references to 1992 edition.) See also note 24.
26. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 35, 41.
27. Ibid., 25.
28. George Richard Porter, cited in Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 28.
29. Ibid., 27.
30. Ibid., 37 – 38.
31. Ibid., 38.
32. Alain Finkielkraut, Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and the Crimes Against Humanity, translated from French by Roxanne Lapidus with Sima Godfrey (New York and Oxford: New York University Press, 1992), 47.
33. E.g., Susan Jeffords, "Fantastic Conquests in U.S. Military History, Only Some Rapes Count," Village Voice, 13 July 1993, 22, 24, 29. Leading women activists like former peace activist and now German Euro-MP Eva Quistorp (Greens), the journalist and author Alexandra Stiglmayer, and Amelija Janovic of Mothers For Peace all argued for military intervention on the television debating program Einspruch (SAT.1, 12 January 1993), a demand taken over by many women ’ s groups in Germany. See also Melanie Beyer, "Interventionsstrategien und feministische Politik," in Vergewaltigung, Krieg, Nationalismus, ed. Susanne Kappeler et al., 76 – 77 and note 3.
34. Nihada Kadi ć , cited in Alexandra Stiglmayer, "Die totale Degradierung der Frau zu einer Ware," 9 (my translation).
35. "Women Express Concern Over Tour," by Kareta Feminist Group et al., Off Our Backs (May 1993), special pull-out section "Serbia ’ s War Against Bosnia and Croatia," 10.
36. Ibid.
37. "More on Madre," by Aimee Wielchowski, Women ’ s Action Coalition-Chicago et al., Off Our Backs (May 1993), special pull-out section "Serbia ’ s War Against Bosnia and Croatia," 11.
38. Sibylle Bassler on Mona Lisa (ZDF, 15 November 1992).
39. On the German television program Panorama (ARD, 15 February 1993).
40. Jutta Ditfurth, Feuerin die Herzen, 33 – 34.
41. Janice Raymond, Women As Wombs, esp. chap. 1.
42. Thanks to Carol Adams for her suggestion that vegetarianism has so little support as a political strategy against animal oppression because animals produced for "meat" consumption are not endangered by collective extinction (personal communication, 1993).
Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan
Bibliography of Feminist Approaches to Animal Issues
This bibliography is an attempt at a comprehensive listing of works that deal specifically with women and animals and/or feminism and animal defense theory.
Abbott, Sally. 1990. The Origins of God in the Blood of the Lamb. In Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, ed. Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein, 35 – 40. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Adams, Carol J. 1975. The Oedible Complex: Feminism and Vegetarianism. In The Lesbian Reader, ed. Gina Covina and Laurel Galana, 145 – 52. Oakland, Calif.: Amazon.
— — — . 1976. The Inedible Complex: The Political Implications of Vegetarianism. The Second Wave: A Magazine of the New Feminism 4 (1 ):36 – 42.
— — — . 1987. The Sexual Politics of Meat. Heresies 21:51 – 55.
— — — . 1989a. Antifur . . . Antiwoman? Animals ’ Voice 2 (6):56.
— — — . 1989b. The Arrogant Eye and Animal Experimentation. In With a Fly ’ s Eye, Whale ’ s Wit and Woman ’ s Heart: Relationships between Animals and Women, ed. Theresa Corrigan and Stephanie Hoppe, 204 – 21. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cleis Press.
— — — . 1990a. Cat ’ s/I. Animal ’ s Voiced 3(2):68.
— — — . 1990b. "Deena" — the World ’ s Only Stripping Chimp. Animals ’ Voice 3(1):72.
— — — . 1990c. On the Fallacy of Germaine Greer. Newsletter of the International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals (Fall):6 – 7.
— — — . 1990d. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory . New York: Continuum.
— — — . 1990e. Speech on feminism and animal rights. Presented at the March for the Animals, Washington, D.C., 10 June 1990. Reprinted in Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 5 (3 – 4):3.
— — — . 1991a. Abortion Rights and Animal Rights. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6(1):1, 14 – 15. Expanded version in Between the Species 7 (4):181 – 89.
— — — . 1991b. Anima, Animus, Animal. Ms . (May/June):62 – 63.
— — — . 1991c. Developing Courses that Integrate Animal Rights and Feminism. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy, Special Issue on the Environment: 135 – 43.
— — — . 1991d. Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals. Hypatia 6 (l):125 – 45.
— — — . 1993a. Feeding on Grace: Institutional Violence, Christianity, and Vegetarianism. In Good News for Animals? Contemporary Christian Approaches to Animal Well-Being, ed. Jay McDaniel and Charles Pinches, 142 – 57. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis.
— — — . 1993b. The Feminist Traffic in Animals. In Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, ed. Greta Gaard, 195 – 218. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
— — — . 1994a. Bringing Peace Home: A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on the Abuse of Women, Children, and Pet Animals. Hypatia: A Journal of Femin
ist Philosophy ( Special Issue on Feminism and Peace ) 9 (2):63 – 84.
— — — . 1994b. Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals .New York: Continuum.
— — — . 1994c. PETA and a Pornographic Culture: A Feminist Analysis of "I ’ d Rather Go Naked than Wear Fur." Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 8(3 – 4):1, 8.
— — — . 1994d. Sheltering the Companion Animals of Battered Women. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 8 (1 – 2):1, 8.
— — — . 1995. Comment on Kathryn Paxton George ’ s "Should Feminists be Vegetarians?" Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 21 (1).
Adams, Carol J., with Marjorie Procter-Smith. 1993. Taking Life or Taking on Life: Table Talk and Animals. In Ecofeminism and the Sacred, ed. Carol J. Adams. New York: Continuum.
Albino, Donna. 1988. C.E.A.S.E.: Building Animal Consciousness. An Interview with Jane Lidsky. Woman of Power 9:64 – 66.
Anderson, Lorraine, ed. 1991. Sisters of the Earth . New York: Vintage.
Bartlett, Kim. 1990. Editorial: A Patriarchal World. Animals ’ Agenda 10 (8):2.
Bauman, Batya. 1989. Flesh or No Flesh [letter]. Womanews (September).
— — — . 1990a. Ecofeminist Statement. In Vegan Street: Cruelty-Free and Environmentally Safe Products, 17. Rockville, Md.: Vegan Street.
— — — . 1990b. What Is Loving Animals All About? Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 5 (3 – 4):l, 12.
Benney, Norma. 1983. All of One Flesh: The Rights of Animals. In Reclaim the Earth: Women Speak out for Life on Earth, ed. L é onie Caldecott and Stephanie Leland, 141 – 51. London: Women ’ s Press.
Birke, Lynda. 1984. They ’ re Worse than Animals: Animals in Biological Research. In More than the Parts: Biology and Politics, ed. Lynda Birke and Jonathan Silvertown, 219 – 35. London: Pluto Press.
— — — . 1991a. Science, Feminism, and Animal Natures I: Extending the Boundaries. Women ’ s Studies International Forum 14 (5):443 – 50.
— — — . 1991b. Science, Feminism, and Animal Natures II: Feminist Critiques and the Place of Animals in Science. Women ’ s Studies International Forum 14(5):451 – 58.
— — — . 1994. Feminism, Animals, and Science: The Naming of the Shrew . Buckingham, England; Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Bloodroot Collective. 1980. The Political Palate: A Feminist Vegetarian Cookbook . Bridgeport, Conn.: Sanguinaria.
— — — . 1984. The Second Seasonal Political Palate: A Feminist Vegetarian Cookbook . Bridgeport, Conn.: Sanguinaria.
— — — . 1993. The Perennial Political Palate: The Third Feminist Vegetarian Cookbook . Bridgeport, Conn.: Sanguinaria.
Bring, Ellen. 1988. Moving Towards Coexistence: An Interview with Alice Walker. Animals ’ Agenda 8 (April): 6 – 9.
Cantor, Aviva. 1980. The Club, the Yoke, and the Leash: What We Can Learn from the Way a Culture Treats Animals. Ms . (August):27 – 29.
Clift, Elayne. 1990. Advocate Battles for Safety in Mines and Poultry Plants. New Directions for Women (May/June):3.
Clifton, Merritt. 1990. Killing the Female: The Psychology of the Hunt. Animals ’ Agenda 10 (7):26 – 30, 57.
Collard, Andre é e. 1983. Rape of the Wild. Trivia 2:64 – 86.
— — — . 1987. Freeing of the Animals. Trivia 10:6 – 23.
Collard, Andr é e, with Joyce Contrucci. 1988. Rape of the Wild: Man ’ s Violence against Animals and the Earth . London: Women ’ s Press; Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Comninou, Maria. 1991. Pornography and Hunting. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6 (1 – 2):1, 18.
Corea, Gena. 1985. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs . New York: Harper & Row.
Corea, Genoveffa. 1984. Dominance and Control: How Our Culture Sees Women, Nature, and Animals. Animals ’ Agenda 4 (May/June):37.
Corrigan, Theresa. 1990. A Woman Is a Horse Is a Dog Is a Rat: An Interview with Ingrid Newkirk. In And a Deer ’ s Ear, Eagle ’ s Song, and Bear ’ s Grace: Animals and Women, ed. Theresa Corrigan and Stephanie Hoppe, 162 – 80. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cleis Press.
Curtin, Deane. 1991. Toward an Ecological Ethic of Care. Hypatia 6 (l):60 – 74. Reprinted in Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals, ed. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum, 1996).
Dagilis, Andrew. 1980. Feminism: Our Sister Movement. Agenda, no. 4 (October):9 – 10.
Davis, Karen. 1988a. Farm Animals and the Feminine Connection. Animals ’ Agenda 8 (Jan/Feb):38 – 39.
— — — . 1988b. Farm Animal Feminism [letter]. Animals ’ Agenda 8 (June):4.
Donovan, Josephine. 1990. Animal Rights and Feminist Theory. Signs 15 (2):350 – 75. Reprinted in Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, ed. Greta Gaard (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), and Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals, ed. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum, 1996).
— — — . 1991. Response to Nel Noddings. Signs 16 (2):422 – 25.
Aylon, Helene. 1990. The Projection of Patriarchal Values onto Animals. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 5 (3 – 4): 15.
— — — . 1995. Comment on Kathryn Paxton George ’ s "Should Feminists be Vegetarians?" Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 21 (1).
— — — . 1996. Attention to Suffering: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals. Journal of Social Philosophy (forthcoming). Also in Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals . New York: Continuum.
Donovan, Josephine, and Carol J. Adams, eds. 1996. Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals . New York: Continuum.
Dwyer, Helene L. 1991. Women, Animals, and Sentimentality. Women Wise 14(3):7 – 8.
Elston, Mary Ann. 1987. Women and Anti-vivisection in Victorian England, 1870 – 1900. In Vivisection in Historical Perspective, ed. Nicolaas Rupke. London: Croom Helm.
Est é s, Clarissa Pinkola. 1992. Women Who Run With Wolves: Myths and Stories of the Wild Woman Archetype . New York: Ballantine.
Feminists for Animal Rights. 1991. Statement of Opposition to the Gulf War. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6 (1 – 2): 1.
Forbes, Dana. 1992. Liberating the Killing Fields. Ms . 2 (4):84 – 85.
Frantz, Pollyanne. 1991. Shame on the Furriers, or Will the Real Sexist Stand Up? Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6 (1 – 2):9.
Gaard, Greta, ed. 1993. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature . Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
— — — . 1994. Mothering, Caring, and Animal Liberation. Feminist for Animal Rights Newsletter 8 (3 – 4):5, 12.
Gaard, Greta, and Lori Gruen. 1993. Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health. Society and Nature 4:1 – 35.
Goodyear, Carmen. 1977. Man Kind? Country Women (December):7 – 9.
Griffin, Susan. 1978. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her . New York: Harper & Row.
Grosshut, Sina. 1976. The Politics of Cruelty: Impressions of a Psychology Class on My Soul (Dedicated to the Victims of Vivisection). Majority Report (7 – 21 August):8 – 9.
Gruen, Lori. 1990. Gendered Knowledge? Examining Influences on Scientific and Ethological Inquiries. In Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, Vol. 1, ed. Marc Bekoff and Dale Jamieson, 56 – 73. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
— — — . 1991. Review of Judith Plant, ed., Healing the Wounds , and Andr é e Collard, Rape of the Wild. Hypatia 6 (1): 198 – 206.
— . 1992a. Exclusion and Difference: Reflections on Women, Nature, and Animals. American Philosophical Association. Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy (Spring):78 – 82.
— — — . 1992b. Review of Janet Biehl, Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics. Environment Values 1, 1:90 – 92. Longer version in Hypatia 7 (3):216 – 20.
— — — . 1993a. Dismantling Oppression: An Analysis of the Connection between Women and
Animals. In Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, ed. Greta Gaard. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
— — — . 1993b. Another Bridge to Cross [review of Carol Adams ’ The Sexual Politics of Meat ]. Between the Species 9 (2):98 – 101.
Gruen, Lori, and Greta Gaard. 1995. Comment on Kathryn Paxton George ’ s "Should Feminists be Vegetarians?" Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 21 (1).
Halpin, Zuleyma Tang. 1989. Scientific Objectivity and the Concept of the Other. Women ’ s Studies International Forum 12 (3):285 – 94.
Haraway, Donna. 1989. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science . London: Routledge.
— — — . 1992. Otherworldly Conversations: Terran Topics, Local Terms [review of Barbara Noske ’ s book Humans and Other Animals ]. Science as Culture 3 (1), no. 14.
Hoffman, Merle. 1990. Editorial [on the connection between women ’ s liberation and animal liberation]. On the Issues 16 (Fall):2 – 3, 40 – 41.
Holford, Tricia. 1992. Snake Oppression. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6 (3 – 4):7.
Hoppe, Stephanie, and Theresa Corrigan. 1990. Paper into Flesh into. . . . In And a Deer ’ s Ear, Eagle ’ s Song, and Bear ’ s Grace: Animals and Women, ed. Theresa Corrigan and Stephanie Hoppe, 190 – 217. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cleis Press.
Johnson, Mary A. 1986. Animals in Folklore: A Cross-Cultural Study of Their Relation to the Status of Women. Michigan Academician 18 (Spring): 175 – 83.
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