by Ami Pedahzur
12 Black and Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, 394; Kurtz, Tal, and Burgin, Islamic Terror and Israel, 30—33.
13 Bergman, Point of No Return, 182—187; “GSS and Aman: Division of Responsibilities,” Haaretz, November 16, 2000; Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, “Report on the Committee of Enquiry Into the Intelligence System in Light of the War in Iraq” (March 2004), A:43—45, 61—62, 66—68.
14 Interview with Hezi Kalo, former head of the GSS Human Resources Division, May 22, 2006; Yaacov Peri, Striking First (Tel-Aviv: Keshet, 1999), 110; Chen interview; Black and Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, 399; Bergman, Point of No Return, 185.
15 Ronen Bergman, “Blinded Ducks,” Haaretz, May 14, 1999, 35—38; Bergman, Point of No Return, 184—189; Amir Oren, “Military Command Opposes Self-Restrained Policy,” Haaretz, October 8, 2000; Yossi Melman, “Our Brothers, Persians,” Haaretz, November 22, 2006; Chen interview.
16 Kalo interview; Bergman, Point of No Return, 186; Chen interview; interview with Yaacov Amidror, former head of Aman research division, April 12, 2007.
17 Carmi Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms (Tel Aviv: Lemiskal, 2000), 183—186; Chen interview.
18 Ludo Block, “Evaluating the Effectiveness of French Counter-terrorism,” Terrorism Monitor 3, no. 17 (September 8, 2005): 6—8; Dexter Filkins, “The Plot Against America,” New York Times Book Review, August 6, 2006.
CHAPTER FIVE NEW CHALLENGES FROM THE WEST BANK AND GAZA
1 Ron Schleifer, Psychological Warfare in the Intifada: Israeli and Palestinian Media Politics and Military Strategies (New York: Academic Press, 2006), 37—41.
2 Ezra Yanov, “The Houses of the Terrorists Were Demolished,” Maariv, April 15, 1986. Yosef Walter, “These Guys Came Like Angels—They’re Excellent Professionals,” Maariv, April 15, 1984; Ezra Yanov, “Soldier Lilly Lazar: ‘I Was in the Toilet and Saved,’” Maariv, April 15, 1986; Yosef Walter, “The Story of Yitzhak Sela, Who Chased After the Bus: I’m at the Ashdod Junction, the Bus Has Been Hijacked,” Maariv, April 15, 1986; Ronen Bergman, “I’m an Orphan,” Haaretz, February 12, 1999; Mordechai Alon, “Ehud Yatom from Bus 300 Affair Talking,” Yedioth Ahronoth, Saturday Supplement, July 26, 1996; Yosef Walter, “IDF Warns: Terrorist Organization Will Try to Intensify Terrorist Activity Against Civilian Targets,” Maariv, April 15, 1986; Alex Fishman, “No Second Bullet,” Hadashot, April 13, 1987; interview with Michael Koubi, former GSS interrogator, April 17, 2007.
3 Yair Fidel and Uri Milstein, “Yamam Operated After Years of Frustration,” Hadashot, March 8, 1988; Walter, “These Guys Came Like Angels”; Baruch Nae, “Terrorist Hid Behind Irit,” Maariv, April 15, 1984; Walter, “IDF Warns”; Alon, “Ehud Yatom”; Fishman, “No Second Bullet”; interview with N., former senior officer in GSS, April 1, 2007.
4 Alon, “Ehud Yatom”; Yechiel Gutman, A Storm in the GSS (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 1995), 19, 23—25; Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, The Imperfect Spies (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1990), 235; Carmi Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2000), 362—371; Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars (London: Warner, 1992), 403—406; “Report of State Inquiry Commission for the Investigation on Interrogation Methods of Shabak in the Field of Hostile Terrorist Activity” (Jerusalem, 1987).
5 Black and Morris, Israel ’s Secret Wars, 408.
6 Dan Avidan, “Fatah Took Responsibility: We Avenged Limasol,” Davar, March 8, 1988. Officially, the names of the terrorists were not released; however, the Arab press published many different names for them. The most common were Abdallah Clab, Muhammad Abed El-Kader, Abu El-Zalp, and Muhammad El-Hanapi. All of them were in their twenties, came from the Rafah refugee camp, and had joined Fatah together.
7 Eitan Rabin and Reuven Pedahzur, “Three Killed in the Blood Bus in the South,” Haaretz, March 8, 1988; Emmanuel Rosen and Uri Binder, “This Is How Everything Happened: The Hijack, Chase and the Takeover,” Maariv, March 3, 1988; Shmuel Tal, “Commander of Command Learning Base: I Was Offended Personally by the Officers’ Response,” Hadashot, March 9, 1988; “Mothers Bus,” Maariv, March 3, 1988; Fishman, “No Second Bullet”; Koubi interview.
8 Interview with Alik Ron, former commander of the Israeli Police Northern Command, Yamam and Shaldag, March 5, 2007; Moshe Givati, Abir 21 (Jerusalem: Reut, 2003), 76; Rosen and Binder, “This Is How Everything Happened”; Ben Caspit, “‘Bastards Terrorists Killed Me’—Daisy Wrote in Her Farewell Letter to Her Children,” Maariv, March 8, 1988; “Snipers Shot Into the Bus and After a Few Seconds the Yamam Soldiers Were Inside,” Maariv, March 8, 1988.
9 Jill Smolowe, “Middle East Assignment: Murder,” Time, May 2, 1988; Moshe Zonder, “This Is How the Sayeret Matkal Assassinated Abu Jihad,” Maariv, July 4, 1997.
10 Robert Fisk, “Microchip Murder Squads Do Israel’s Dirty Work,” Independent, April 13, 2001; Neil C. Livingstone and David Halevy, Inside the PLO: Covert Units, Secret Funds, and the War Against Israel and the United States (New York: Morrow, 1990), 47—48; Moshe Zonder, The Elite Unit of Israel (Jerusalem: Keter 2000), 240; Baruch Shai and Meir Suissa, “Iron Lady,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (May 5, 2003).
11 Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, 53, 56—57; Oriya Shavit and Jalal Bana, “Child of the Revolution,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, April 20, 2001; Zonder, “How the Sayeret Matkal Assassinated Abu Jihad”; Moshe Zonder, “Bogi,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (March 29, 2002).
12 John Kifner, “Israel’s Silence Reinforces Belief Its Commandos Killed P.L.O. Aide,” New York Times, April 18, 1998.
13 Livingstone and Halevy, Inside the PLO, 38; Zonder, Elite Unit, 248.
14 Zeev Schiff, “Thwarting: From Ticking Bomb to Ticking Infrastructure,” Haaretz, September 10, 2003; Yossi Melman, “Once Assassinations Were Last Resort; Today They Are Done Wholesale,” Haaretz, March 24, 2004; Diana Bahur-Nir, “Ami Ayalon: Without Political Hope, Yassin Assassination Was a Mistake,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (March 24, 2004); Steven R. David. “Fatal Choices: Israel’s Policy of Targeted Killing,” Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/david.pdf (accessed February 14 , 2008); Daniel Byman, “Do Targeted Killings Work?” Foreign Affairs, 85, no. 2 (March—April 2006): 95—112; Yossi Melman, “Assassinations Policy Unnecessary,” Haaretz, November 12, 2000; Mia M. Bloom, “Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Market Share, and Outbidding,” Political Science Quarterly 119, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 85.
15 Givati, Abir 21, 84—85, 93, 98—100; “Border Guard,” www.police.gov.il (accessed February 14, 2008); Shlomi Zipori, Justice in Disguise (Tel Aviv: Agam, 2004), 59—60.
16 Arie Shalev, The Intifada: Causes and Effects (Tel Aviv: Papirus, 1990), 32—33; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Intifada (Tel Aviv: Shocken, 1990), 168—177, 225, 253; “What Started ‘The First Intifada’ in 1987?” Palestine Facts, www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967t01991_intifada_1987.php (accessed February 14, 2008); Eitan Y. Alimi, Israeli Politics and the First Palestinian Intifada (London: Routledge, 2007), 135—136; Koubi interview; interview with Arie Livne, former head of the GSS Southern Command, January 25, 2007.
17 William Sheppard, Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam (New York: E. J. Brill, 1996); Avraham Sela and Shaul Mishal, The Hamas Wind: Violence and Compromise (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2006), 216—217; Roni Shaked and Aviva Shabi, Hamas: Palestinian Islamic Movement ( Jerusalem: Keter, 1994), 123; The Nightmare Is Back,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il ( June 25, 2006); Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 194—195; Livne interview; Koubi interview.
18 Lior Ben-David, “Terrorist Organizations Fighting Against Israel,” www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m01048.pdf (accessed February 14, 2008); Mishal and Sela, The Hamas Wind, 56—59; Shmuel Hadad, “Yassin Interrogator: I Discovered a Man Who Was Highly Eager to Kill Jews,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (March 22, 2004); Livne interview.
19 Ian Black, “Regional Weapon with a Long History,” Guardian, December 18, 1992; “Remarks by Prime Minister Rabin on Israel Telev
ision Following an Attack on a Bus in Tel Aviv, October 19, 1994,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Web site, www.mfa.gov.il (accessed February 14, 2008); Ehud Yaari, “The Metamorphosis of Hamas,” Jerusalem Report 3, no. 18 (January 14, 1993): 24—26.
20 “Profile of the Hamas Movement,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.intelligence.org.il/Eng/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e0206.pdf (accessed February 14, 2008); “Profile: Hamas’ Mahmoud Zahhar,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4653706.stm ( January 27, 2006); interview with Yossi Chen, former head of the GSS Northern Command, February 4, 2007; Shaked and Shabi, Hamas, 270—279, 325—326; Sela and Mishal, The Hamas Wind, 99—100; Nahman Tal and Anat Kurtz, “Hamas: Radical Islam in a National Struggle,” www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/mem048su.html (accessed February 14, 2008); Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 194—195.
CHAPTER SIX THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE OF IRAN AND HEZBOLLAH
1 “Hanging on a Helicopter Skid, Major Aviram was Rescued and Returned to Israel,” Israeli Air Force Web site, www.iaf.org.il (accessed February 20, 2008); Moshe Tuval, “Ron Arad Parachuted from a Phantom Over Sidon,” Haaretz, May 22, 1994; Yossi Melman, “Is Ron Arad Worth More?” Walla, http://news.walla.co.il (May 14, 2005); Ran Edelist and Ilan Kfir, Ron Arad: The Mystery (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2000), 93.
2 Interview with R., former senior officer in Mossad, January 11, 2007; interview with U., former senior officer in Israeli intelligence, January 10, 2007; Edelist and Kfir, Ron Arad, 137—165.
3 R. interview; U. interview; Melman, “Is Ron Arad Worth More?”
4 Edelist and Kfir, Ron Arad, 91; Moshe Zonder, The Elite Unit of Israel (Jerusalem: Keter, 2000), 234, 254—255; Tuval, “Ron Arad Parachuted”; Paul Taylor, “Lebanese Prisoners Held by Israeli Ally Key to Hostage Fate,” Reuters, May 7, 1990; Nadav Ze’evi, “The Architect of the Sayeret Matkal,” Maariv, Saturday Supplement, July 4, 1997.
5 Edelist and Kfir, Ron Arad, 197, 200; Eitan Rabin, “Arens Considering Appointment of Investigator Who Will Investigate the Arad Affair,” Haaretz, May 6, 1992; Clyde Haberman, “Israelis Abduct Guerrilla Chief from Lebanon,” New York Times, May 22, 1994.
6 Ariela Ringel-Hoffman and Galit Yamini, “Mossad Determined: It’s Possible to Leave the Security Zone,” Yedioth Ahronot, Saturday Supplement, July 25, 1997; “Hezbollah Activities Geared Toward Israeli Arabs in Effort to Boost Terrorism against Israel and Collect Intelligence,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/sp/6_04/si_8d_04.htm (accessed February 20, 2008); Eitan Rabin and Guy Bechor, “IDF Assassinated Hezbollah General Secretary Musawi; Head of the Organization: Intensify Jihad Against Israel,” Haaretz, February 17, 1992; Marcela Valente, “Argentina: No Suspects Found in Israeli Embassy Bombing,” IPS-Inter Press Service, March 17, 1998; “Recordatorio de las victimas del atentado,” Israeli Embassy to Argentina Web site, http://buenosaires.mfa.gov.il (accessed February 16, 2007); Andrew Meisels, “Israel Suspects Iran Link in Blast,” Washington Times, March 20, 1992; Clyde Haberman, “Israel Vows ‘Painful Punishment’ for Bombing in Argentina,” New York Times, March 19, 1992; Robert Fisk, “Islamic Jihad Claims Argentine Bombing,” The Independent, March 19, 1992; “Argentina Issued Search Warrant for Hezbollah Men Responsible for Bombing in Israeli Embassy,” Haaretz, September 5, 1999; Ephraim Kam, From Terror to Nuclear Bombs: The Significance of the Iranian Threat (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Publishers, 2004); Yossi Melman, “Imad Mughniyah Still Walks Free,” Haaretz, December 12, 1997.
7 Kam, From Terror to Nuclear Bombs, 274; Ronen Bergman, “Terror with Address,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, December 20, 1996; Blanca Madani, “New Report Links Syria to 1992 Bombing of Israeli Embassy in Argentina,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (March 2000), www.meib.org/articles/0003_s1.htm (accessed February 20, 2008); “Argentina Issued Search Warrant.”
8 “Operation Accountability,” www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/lebanon-accountability.htm (accessed February 20, 2008); Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 299—300.
9 Eitan Rabin, Aluf Ben, and Guy Bechor, “Israel Will Use Information on Ron Arad That Darani Will Provide in Order to Put Pressure on Iran,” Haaretz, May 22, 1994; Edelist and Kfir, Ron Arad, 261; Eitan Rabin, “The Soldiers Raided Dirani’s House in Lebanon, Seized Him from His Bed, and Brought Him in a Helicopter to Israel,” Haaretz, May 22, 1994.
10 Akiva Eldar, Eitan Rabin, and Aluf Benn, “Mossad Personnel Dispatched to Argentina for Bombing Investigation; 27 Dead and 70 Wounded,” Haaretz, July 20, 1994; Zeev Schiff, “Iranian Committee Permitted Bombing,” Haaretz, March 18, 2003; “Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani,” Iran Chamber Society, www.iranchamber.com/history/arafsanjani/akbar_rafsanjani.php (accessed February 20, 2008); Daphna Vardi, “Arab Newspaper Reported on July 14th: Iran Permitted Hezbollah to Avenge Aerial Bombing of Their Training Camp,” Haaretz, July 20, 1994; Daniel Santoro, “Argentine Judge Assesses Video Seeking Hizballah Link with AMIA Bombing,” Global News Wire, April 8, 2003; Daniel Santoro, “Investigan si un colombiano organizó los ataques a la AMIA y la Embajada,” Clarin, March 23, 2003.
11 Noga Tarnopolsky, “Investigation Didn’t Help; Maybe Civil Suit Will,” Haaretz, February 25, 2003; Schiff, “Iranian Committee Permitted Bombing.”
12 Interview with Yigal Carmon, former counterterrorist adviser to the prime minister, February 22, 2007; Francesco Relea, “Se inicia en Argentina el juicio por el atentado antijudeo de 1994,” El Pais, September 25, 2001; “Argentina’s General Prosecution Issued an Official Announcement Identifying a Lebanese National Sent on Behalf of the Hezbollah Organization as the Terrorist Responsible for the Suicide Bombing Attack at AMIA Jewish Community Center (July 1994),” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center (November 22, 2005), www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/eng/eng_n/argentina_e.htm (accessed February 20, 2008).
13 Fernando Mugica, “La Conexión Irani,” El Mundo, June 23, 2006; Yossi Melman, “FBI Again Investigating Argentina’s Bombings,” Haaretz, May 11, 2001; Larry Rohter, “Iran Blew Up Jewish Center in Argentina, Defector Says,” New York Times, July 22, 2002; Anthony Faiola, “Menem Rejects Report He Took Iranian Payoff; Argentina’s Ex-Leader Faces Renewed Scrutiny,” Washington Post, July 23, 2002.
14 Mugica, “La Conexión Irani,” 20—22; interview with Yehiam Sasson, former head of the counterterrorism staff in the Israeli Prime Minister office, February 24, 2007; Noga Tarnopolsky, “Argentina Faces a Suit Over Probe of Bombing; AMIA Families Demand Justice,” Forward, www.forward.com (February 21, 2003); Attila Shomfalvi, “Israel, Turkey to Share Intelligence,” Ynet, www.ynetnews.com ( January 5, 2005).
15 Carmon interview; Melman, “Imad Mughniyah Still Walks Free”; Jack Kelly, “Deadly Infiltrator’s Trail,” Washington Times, September 13, 2003; Robert Baer, See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in CIA’s War on Terrorism (New York: Crown Publishers, 2002), 79, 99—100; Jeffrey Goldberg, “In the Party of God,” New Yorker, October 28, 2002; Shaul Shay, The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hezbollah, and the Palestinian Terror (Herzliya, Israel: Interdisciplinary Center, 2003), 73; Emily Wax, “Sudan’s Unbowed, Unbroken Inner Circle; Tight Web of Savvy Leaders Withstands International Criticism,” Washington Post, May 3, 2005; “Saudi Arabia,” Federation of American Scientists (March 2002), www.fas.org/asmp/profiles/saudi_arabia.htm (accessed February 20, 2008).
16 Ethan Bronner, “In Mideast, a Renewal of Terror,” Boston Globe, November 24, 1996; Yossi Melman, “Ramzi Nohra’s Good Days,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, December 1, 2000; Noam Amit and Yehuda Nuriel, “The Spy Who Loved Us,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (December 13, 2002); David Hirst, “Hizbullah Puts Israel in Its Sights After Bombing,” Guardian, December 23, 1994; Daniel Sobelman, New Rules of the Game: Israel and Hizbollah After the Withdrawal from Lebanon (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, June 2003), 14; Yossi Melman, “Opening a Window on Intelligence,” Haaretz, July
24, 2006; Gary C. Gambill, “More Unsolved Mysteries in Lebanon,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin ( January 2003), www.meib.org/articles/0301_11.htm (accessed February 20, 2008).
17 Gambill, “More Unsolved Mysteries”; Amit and Nuriel, “The Spy Who Loved Us”; Melman, “Ramzi Nohra’s Good Days”; Nicholas Blanford, “‘Double Agent’ Played Deadly Role,” Daily Star, December 9, 2002. Ramzi Nohra cooperated with Israel security forces from the early 1980s, providing information to the Lebanon border unit of the Israeli police. He also cooperated with other Israeli intelligence organizations, including the GSS. Interview with Yossi Chen, former head of the GSS Northern Command, February 18, 2007; Yossi Melman, “Nohra Was Drug Dealer Who Worked for Five Intelligence Organizations,” Haaretz, December 8, 2002; Yossi Melman, “Drug Dealer Previously Was Israeli Agent,” Haaretz, February 18, 2003.
18 Amit and Nuriel, “The Spy Who Loved Us”; Gambill, “More Unsolved Mysteries in Lebanon”; Blanford, “‘Double Agent’ Played Deadly Role.”
19 Bronner, “In Mideast, a Renewal of Terror”; “Operation Grapes of Wrath—Selected Analyses from the Hebrew Press,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.israel.org/MFA (April 21, 1996); Kevin Fedarko, “Operation Grapes of Wrath,” Time, April 22, 1996.
20 Fedarko, “Operation Grapes of Wrath”; Daniel Ben Simon, “Grapes of Summer, Rains of Wrath,” Haaretz, July 3, 2006; “Operation Grapes of Wrath,” Ynet, www.ynetnews.com (January 8, 2006); “1996: Israel launches attack on Beirut,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_4828000/4828386.stm (accessed February 20, 2008); “Cease-fire Understanding in Lebanon—and Remarks by Prime Minister Peres and Secretary of State Christopher,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA; “The Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel: Status, Opportunities and Challenges for an Israeli-Palestinian Peace,” Mossawa Center (June 2006), www.mossawacenter.org.
