by Ami Pedahzur
20 Anat Zigelman, “Egged: Renew Operation of Civil Transportation Protection Unit,” Haaretz, December 3, 2001; interview with Eran Berkowitz, former security officer in public-transport security, January 11, 2007; Anat Zigelman, “The Transportation Security Unit Began to Operate,” Haaretz, May 27, 2002; Anat George, “Disagreement on Budgeting Delaying Multiplying Number of Security Guards,” Haaretz, March 6, 2003.
21 “Charity Coalition,” “Important Step Against Terrorism in Europe: German Court Approved State Decision to Stop Operating of Al-Aqsa Fund German Branch,” and “Interpal: Helping Palestinians in Need,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 18, 2008); “Not Yet a Dead End,” Mideast Mirror, June 13, 2003; “Arafat Knew: Charity Money Forwarded to Terror Infrastructure,” IDF, www.dover.idf.il (January 23, 2003); Matthew Levitt, “Islamic Extremism in Europe: Beyond Al-Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah in Europe,” Testimony Before the Joint Hearing of the House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Europe and Emerging Threats, April 27, 2005; “The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mfa.gov.il (July 30, 2003);
22 Yitzhak Ben-Khorin, “Professor of Terrorism,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (February 21, 2003); Roni Zinger, “Israelis Will Testify Against Islamic Jihad,” Haaretz, May 18, 2005; William March, “Palestinian Cause Is Life’s Common Thread,” Tampa Tribune, June 5, 2005; Phil Long and Gail Epstein Nieves, “Professor Named in Terror Plot; 8 Are Accused as Top Leaders of Islamic Jihad,” Miami Herald, February 21, 2003; Yossi Melman and Nathan Guttman, “Jihad Trials,” Haaretz, May 17, 2005; Josh Gerstein, “Al-Arian: I Was Double-Crossed,” New York Sun, January 22, 2007.
23 “Money Confiscation Operation in the West Bank Banks,”“Financing and Encouraging Terrorism,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 18, 2008); Yair Dagan, “Terror Funding-Methods and Descriptions,” NFC, www.nfc.co.il (February 4, 2007).
24 Ali Waked, “Final Results: Unprecedented Victory for Hamas,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il ( January 27, 2006); Rory McCarthy, “EU Refuses to Lift Boycott on Palestinian Government,” Guardian, April 27, 2007; Ali Waked, “Hamas Spokesmen Tried to Smuggle Hundreds of Thousands of Euros and Got Caught,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (May 19, 2006); Ali Waked, “The Millionaire Who Will Unite Palestinian Factions,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 14, 2006); Roni Sofer, “Israel to Egypt: Stop Millions Smuggling,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 7, 2006); Moran Zelikovitch and Attila Shumfalvi, “Diskin: II Tons of Explosives Smuggled in Gaza Strip,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 6, 2006); interview with Peri Golan, former GSS officer and specialist in terrorist finances, February 9, 2007.
25 Interview with Arie Livne, former head of GSS Southern Command, January 25, 2007; Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 151—152, 158—161; Harel and Issacharoff, The Seventh War, 185—187, 193—194, 200, 211—212; Melman, “Once Assassinations Were the Last Resort”; Yael Price-Shimshi, “Popular Resistance Committee,” Matah Center for Educational Technology, http://lib.cet.ac.il (accessed February 19, 2008); Avi Issacharoff, “Abu Mazen Will Meet Haled Mashal in Damascus,” Haaretz, January 18, 2007.
CHAPTER NINE THE SECOND LEBANON WAR AND BEYOND
1 “Lebanon Says Israeli Plane Detonated Bomb That Killed Jihad Chief,” Lebanon Wire, June 15, 2006; Ali Waked, “Lebanon: Senior in Islamic Jihad Killed in Bomb Explosion,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (May 26, 2006); “Car Bomb Kills Islamic Jihad Leader in Lebanon,” Ya Libnan, May 26, 2006; “Lebanon Says Israel Used Sophisticated Technology in Killing Jihad Chief,” Lebanon Wire, June 16, 2006; Roi Nahmias, “Lebanon: New Evidence in Israeli Link to Assassinations,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 14, 2006).
2 “Lebanon Says Islamic Jihad Killing Suspect Arrested,” Lebanon Wire, June 10, 2006; Nicholas Blanford, “Lebanon Exposes Deadly Israeli Spy Ring,” Times, June 15, 2006; “Discovery of Terrorist Network Working for the Israeli Intelligence Services,” Lebanon Army press release (June 13, 2000); Jackie Khoury, “Israel Intelligence Network Exposed in Lebanon,” Haaretz, June 12, 2006.
3 “Hezbollah Military Chief Assassinated,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, September 1999; “Jihad Ahmad Jibril Assassinated in Beirut,” Arabic News, May 21, 2002.
4 Asaf Gabor, “Second Phase of Prisoner Exchange Deal Failed,” MSN News, http://news.msn.co.il (August 9, 2005); “Report: Israel Will Offer Cash Reward for Information On Ron Arad,” NFC, www.nfc.co.il (October 30, 2004); Ofer Shelah and Yoav Limor, Captives of Lebanon (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2007), 32—33; Gil Solomon, “I Went to Conduct a Drug Deal,” NRG, http://hot.nrg.co.il (December 20, 2006); “Iranians Interrogated Tannenbaum and Sent Him in Box to Lebanon,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (October 22, 2003).
5 “Israel, Hezbollah Swap Prisoners,” CNN News, January 29, 2004; Barak Ravid, “Samir Kuntar Release Isn’t Related to Ron Arad,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (April 23, 2005); Gabor, “Second Phase of Prisoner Exchange Deal Failed”; “Report: Israel Will Offer Cash Reward for Information on Ron Arad,” NFC, www.nfc.co.il (October 30, 2004); Eitan Rabin, “In My Opinion, Ron Arad Is Dead,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (January 19, 2006).
6 Hanan Greenberg and Ali Waked, “The Attack: Officer and Soldier Killed, Soldier Kidnapped, ‘Probably Alive,’” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 25, 2006); Hanan Greenberg and Hanan Einav, “General Stern: ‘Gilad Left On His Feet Against His Will,’” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 25, 2006); Anat Bershakovsky, “Witness: ‘Terrorists Tried to Climb the Guard Tower,’” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il ( June 25, 2006); Hanan Greenberg and Ali Waked, “IDF Entered Gaza: Bridges Bombed and Electricity Cut Off,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 28, 2006); Ali Waked and Efrat Weiss, “The Leadership Is in the Sights: Hamas Government in Israeli Jail,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il ( June 29, 2006); Barak Ravid, “Night of Arrests: Hamas Ministers and Parliament Members Arrested; Hamas: It Will Not Help to Release Soldier,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (June 29, 2006); Yuval Yoaz, Amos Harel, Avi Issacharoff, Aluf Benn, and Yoav Stern, “Ministry of Justice: Israel Will Continue to Arrest Hamas Leaders,” Haaretz, June 30, 2006; Avi Issacharoff, “Hamas Deputy Prime Minister Released From Arrest; Military Court—Not Enough Evidence,” Haaretz, September 27, 2006.
7 Shelah and Limor, Captives of Lebanon, 30, 33—36; Amos Harel, “Border Crossing Left Unnoticed and ‘Blind Area’ Used,” Haaretz, July 16, 2006.
8 Shai Lahav, “Surgical Unit,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (May I, 2003); Amir Buhbut, Yuval Kidor and Gil Solomon, “Two Soldiers Killed in Gunplay in the North,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (July 19, 2006); Chen Kotz-Bar, “You Can See the Launcher Throw Ten Rockets—And Then Explode It,” Maariv, September 12, 2007; Yoav Limor and Alon Ben-David, “Fourth Place: Egoz,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (January 27, 2008); Hanan Greenberg, “Now ‘Egoz’ Must Continue Its Operations,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (July 21, 2006); Hanan Greenberg, “The Heroes of the Second Lebanon War,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (April 22, 2007); Amiram Bareket and Amos Harel “Ground Operation Began After IDF Conquered a Village Without Intending To,” Haaretz, August 29, 2006; Amos Harel, “‘Egoz’ Returns to Lebanon and Sustains First Casualties,” Haaretz, July 23, 2006; Amos Harel, “Fifth Body Recovered from Battle at Marun A-Ras; IDF Testimonies: Flaws in Planning the Force’s Operation,” Haaretz, July 23, 2006.
9 Yossi Yehoshua, “To Tell the Truth, We Expected Much More Opposition from Hezbollah,” Yedioth Ahronoth, August 2, 2006; Amir Rappaport, “The Operation in Baalbek—For Propaganda Only,” Maariv, September 15, 2006; Yoni Shienfeld, “The Shayetet Men in a Battle in the Middle of Tyre,” MSN News, http://news.msn.co.il (November 20, 2007).
10 “U.N. Envoy: Lebanon Facing Critical Test,” CNN News, August 20, 2006; “Israel’s Raid in the Bekaa Valley,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5268870.stm (August 20, 2006); “Officer Was Killed in a Commando Action in Baalbek,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (August 19, 2006).
11 Yechiel Gutman, A Storm in the GSS (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 1995), 17;
interview with R., former senior officer in Mossad, January 11, 2007.
12 Tani Goldstein, “Permitted for Publication: Hezbollah Rocket Falls on Refinery,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (March 22, 2007); Frances Raday, “Israel Under Rocket Attack: A Profile of Displacement and Destruction in Israel, 12 July—15 August 2006,” Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights of the American Jewish Committee, www.ajc.org (accessed February 24, 2008); “Hizbollah Rockets Displace 330,000 Israelis,” Reuters, July 30, 2006; Julian Borger, “Lebanon War Cost Israel $1.6bn,” Guardian, August 15, 2006; Bill Varner and Maher Chmaytelli, “UN Wins Pledges of Soldiers to Join Force in Lebanon,” Bloomberg News, August 8, 2006; Commission for the Investigation of the Campaign in Lebanon, 2006, Final Report (January 2008), 70.
CHAPTER TEN FIGHTING THE TERRORISM PLAGUE
1 Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1986), 125; Peter Chalk, “The Liberal Democratic Response to Terrorism,” Terrorism and Political Violence 7, no. 4 (1995): 10—44; Peter Chalk, West European Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: The Evolving Dynamic (London: Macmillan, 1996); Peter Chalk, “The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 44, no. 3 (1998): 373—388; Ronald D. Crelinsten, “Terrorism and Political Communication: The Relationship Between the Controller and the Controlled,” in Paul Wilkinson and Alasdair M. Stewart, eds., Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987), 3—23; Ronald D. Crelinsten, “Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and Democracy: The Assessment of National Security Threats,” Terrorism and Political Violence 1, no. 2 (1989): 242—269; Ronald D. Crelinsten, “The Discourse and Practice of Counter-terrorism in Liberal Democracies,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 44, no. 1 (1998): 389—413.
2 Ken G. Robertson, “Intelligence, Terrorism, and Civil Liberties,” in Wilkinson and Stewart, Contemporary Research on Terrorism, 549—569; Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of Terrorist Groups,” International Security 31, no. 1 (Summer 2006): 31; Herb Keinon, “Civil Rights vs. Security,” Jerusalem Post, September 10, 1999.
3 Boaz Ganor, The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005), 251—265; Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 1—41; Alex Peter Schmid, A.J. Jongman, and Michael Stohl, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005), 1—32.
4 “Rafi Tetarka,” Dun’s 100 Israel’s Largest Enterprises: 2006, http://duns100.dundb.co.il/2007/managersh/410h.asp; Arnon Regular, “Silwan Gang: High Compartmentalization and Strong Discipline,” Haaretz, October 2, 2002.
5 Amit Ben Aroya, Gil Tevet, Amiram Cohen, Zafrir Rinat, Tamara Traubman, and Yossi Melman, “Terrorist Exploded in Tel Aviv—Nobody Killed; Claim: Security Failure in Pi Glilot Bombing,” Haaretz, May 24, 2002; Amit Ben Aroya, Amiram Cohen, Zafrir Rinat, and Yossi Melman, “Pi Glilot Closed After Tanker Explosion,” Haaretz, May 24, 2002; Yossi Melman, “Spy vs. Spy,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, February 17, 2005; Amir Rappaport, “The Battle on ‘Privileged’: The Battle That Stirred Up Emotions of the Negev Residents,” Maariv, October 19, 2005.
6 Amir Rappaport, “Underground Threat,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (August 20, 2004); “Four Years of Violent Conflict Between Israel and Palestinians—Intermediate Summary,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 21, 2008).
7 “Terror Against Israel in 2006—Data and Trends” and “Attempt to ‘Export’ Technological Knowledge to Jenin from Gaza in Order to Produce Bomb and Rockets Foiled,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 21, 2008); “Hezbollah Attempts to Kidnap Haven’t Stopped,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (July 12, 2006); Barak Ravid, Doron Nahum, and Tali Yamin-Wolkovitch, “In Israel Fear: Palestinians Kidnapped Another Israeli,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (June 27, 2006); Ephrat Weiss and Ali Waked, “Eliyahu Asheri Killed; His Body Found in Ramallah,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (June 29, 2006); Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 268—269; “The Israel Security Agency’s 2006 Report Asserts That Hamas Has Taken Over the Gaza Strip with the Support of Hezbollah and Iran,” International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, www.ict.org.il/var/119/31122-Shabakreport_2006.pdf (accessed May 24, 2007).
8 Tani Goldstein, “Permitted for Publication: Hezbollah Rocket Falls on Refinery,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (March 22, 2007).
9 Avi Issacharoff and Yoav Stern, “Israel Confirms Hezbollah Long-Range Missile Arsenal Restored,” Haaretz, July 24, 2007; “Time: Hezbollah Totally Rehabilitated Its Powers,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (November 25, 2006).
10 Reuven Erlich, Hezbollah (Tel Aviv: Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, 2003); “Financing and Encouraging Palestinian Terrorism by Iran and Its Proxies,” “Large Sums of Money Transferred by Saudi Arabia to the Palestinians Are Used for Financing Terror Organizations and Terrorist Activities,” “Ismail Hania Visit in Iran,” and “Suicide Bombings During the Years of Arab-Israeli Conflict,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 21, 2008); Daniel L. Byman, “Should Hezbollah Be Next?” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 6 (November—December 2003): 54—66; Zeev Schiff, “Hezbollah Received Intelligence Information from Syrian-Russian Eavesdropping Stations,” Haaretz, October 3, 2006; Lior Ben-David, “Terrorist Organizations Fighting Against Israel,” Knesset Information Center, www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m01048.pdf (accessed February 21, 2008); Yoav Limor, “Suddenly Shayetet Soldiers Came From Darkness,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (January 6, 2002); “Seizing of the Palestinian Weapons Ship Karine A,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il (accessed February 21, 2008); Christopher M. Blanchard, “The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiya,” CRS Report for Congress, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21695.pdf (accessed February 21, 2008); Alfred B. Prados and Christopher M. Blanchard, “Saudi Arabia: Terrorist Financing Issues,” CRS Report for Congress, www.ndu.edu/library/docs/crs/crs_r132499_01mar05.pdf (accessed February 21, 2008); Graham F. Fuller, “Islamist Politics in Iraq After Saddam Hussein,” United States Institute of Peace, www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr108.pdf (accessed February 21, 2008).
11 Jason Burke, “Al Qaeda,” Foreign Policy 141 ( June 2004): 18—26; “Al-Qaeda Claims Tunisia Attack,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2061071.stm (June 23, 2002); “Deadly Attack Keeps World on Alert,” Guardian, September 4, 2002; “Istanbul Rocked by Double Bombing,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3222608.stm (November 20, 2003); “Kenya Terror Strikes Target Israelis,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2522207.stm (November 28, 2002); Dexter Filkins, “Kenyans Hunting for Clues; Bombing Toll Rises to 13,” New York Times, November 30, 2002; “Terror Bombings Hit Taba and Ras a-Satan in Sinai,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il (accessed February 21, 2008); “Three Rockets Hit Eilat and Aqaba Harbor,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (August 19, 2005); “Seven Jailed for Turkey Bombings,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6370117.stm (February 17, 2007).
12 “Details of April 30, 2003 Tel Aviv Suicide Bombing,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il (June 3, 2003); William Langley and David Bamber, “Passports to Martyrdom,” Sunday Telegraph, May 4, 2003; Greg Myre, “The Mideast Turmoil: Tel Aviv Bombing; Body from Sea Is Identified as Figure in Attack at Club,” New York Times, May 20, 2003.
13 Interview with Y. H., former senior officer in the Mossad Political Action and Liaison Department, December 12, 2006; Robert S. Leiken, Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and National Security After 9/11 (Yorba Linda, Calif.: The Nixon Center, 2004); Efraim Halevy, Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led Mossad (Tel Aviv: Matar, 2006), 14; Ehrlich, Hezbollah.
14 Ganor, The Counter-Te
rrorism Puzzle, 41—46.
15 Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Hamas Wind: Violence and Coexistence (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2006), 216—217; Amos Harel and Avi Issacharoff, The Seventh War (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2004), 153; “‘Charity Coalition’: Coalition of 50 Islamic Funds Around the World, As Organization Channeling Money for Hamas Civilian Infrastructure in West Bank and Gaza,” and “Financing and Encouraging Terrorism By Iran and Hezbollah in ‘Territories,’” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il (accessed February 21, 2008).
16 Kimbra L. T. Krueger, “The Destabilization of Republican Regimes: The Effects Of Terrorism on Democratic Societies,” Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement 5, no. 2 (Autumn 1996): 253—277; Peter Chalk, “The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy,” 376; Leonard J. Weinberg and William J. Eubank, “Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose,” Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 108—118; Scott Atran, “A Failure of Imagination (Intelligence, WMDs, and ‘Virtual Jihad’),” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, no. 3 (May 2006): 286—289; Bruce Berkowitz, “Intelligence for the Homeland,” SAIS Review 24, no. 1 (Winter—Spring 2004): 1—6; Richard K. Betts, “The New Politics of Intelligence: Will Reforms Work This Time?” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (May—June 2004): 4; Michael C. Jensen and William H. Meckling, “Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (October 1976): 306—350; Michael C. Jensen, “Organization Theory and Methodology,” Accounting Review 57, no. 2 (April 1983): 319—339; Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” The Academy of Management Review 14, no. 1 ( January 1989): 57—74; Amy B. Zegart, “September 11 and the Adaptation Failure of U.S. Intelligence Agencies,” International Security 29, no. 4 (Spring 2005): 108—111; Eugene Bardach, “How Do They Stack Up? The 9/11 Commission Report and the Management Literature,” International Public Management Journal 8, no. 3 (2005): 352—353; Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 307, 317—320; Shlomo Gazit, Between Warning and Surprise: On Shaping National Intelligence Assessment in Israel (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, University of Tel Aviv, 2003), 17; Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, Report on the Committee of Inquiry Into the Intelligence System in Light of the War in Iraq (March 2004), A:38.
