38. Murch, Detective Novel, 12.
39. J. Kenneth Van Dover, You Know My Method: The Science of the Detective (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1994), 24.
40. Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier, Shadowmen: Heroes and Villains of French Pulp Fiction (Encino, CA: Black Coat Press, 2003), 231.
41. Ibid., 233.
42. Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain, Fantômas (New York: Morrow, 1986), 80.
43. Ibid., 11.
44. Robin Walz, Pulp Surrealism: Insolent Popular Culture in Early Twentieth-Century Paris (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 62.
CHAPTER FOUR: SCIENCE VS. CRIME
1. Shapiro, Breaking the Codes, 41 (see chap. 1, n. 43).
2. Nash, Jay Robert, Encyclopedia of World Crime (Wilmette, IL: History, Inc., 1999), 1868.
3. Gerould, Guillotine, 96 (see chap. 1, n. 46).
4. Ibid., 96.
5. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 1868.
6. Ibid.
7. Canler would later serve as head of the Sûreté himself and write his memoirs, which were suppressed by the authorities for being too frank. They were published seventeen years after his death.
8. Higonnet, Paris, 79 (see chap. 1, n. 19).
9. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 1869.
10. The Cour d’Assises assembled to hear specific cases; it usually consisted of a three-judge panel and nine jurors.
11. Gerould, Guillotine, 96.
12. The Memoirs, published posthumously, met with acclaim. Stendhal, Hugo, Flaubert, and Dostoevsky were all fascinated with the man, particularly his sense of himself as a genius warring against society. Dostoevsky later published Lacenaire’s memoirs in Russian in a magazine he edited, and he used him as a model for Raskolnikov, the double murderer in Crime and Punishment. Lacenaire also served as the model for the character Montparnasse in Victor Hugo’s Les misérables. The 1943 movie Children of Paradise, regarded as one of the peaks of French cinema, includes a character named Lacenaire, who is loosely based on the real person.
13. Gerould, Guillotine, 97.
14. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 1869.
15. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 275 (see chap. 2, n. 1).
16. Ibid., 276.
17. Jay Robert Nash, Look for the Woman (New York: Evans, 1981), 236.
18. Ibid., 237.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 240.
21. Ibid., 242.
22. Ibid., 243.
23. Ibid., 244.
24. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 285.
25. Ibid., 286.
26. Nash, Look for the Woman, 244.
27. Ibid., 245.
28. Lassiter Wren, Master Strokes of Crime Detection (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1929), 70.
29. Ibid., 75–76.
30. Ibid., 93.
31. Shapiro, Breaking the Codes, 40.
32. Colin Wilson and Damon Wilson, The Giant Book of True Crime (London: Magpie Books, 2006), 389–90.
33. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 46.
34. Shapiro, Breaking the Codes, 18.
35. Ibid., 40.
36. Yvonne Deutsch, ed., Science against Crime (New York: Exeter Books, 1982), 72.
37. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 128.
38. Ibid., 131.
39. Ibid., 117.
40. Henry B. Irving, A Book of Remarkable Criminals (London: Cassell, 1918), 310.
41. Ibid., 318.
42. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 122.
43. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 137.
44. Coincidentally, Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, about a bloodsucking vampire, was published in the year Vacher was caught.
45. “The Ripper Is Dead,” Iowa State Press, January 30, 1899, http://www.casebook.org/press_reports/iowa_state_press/990130.html.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Timothy B. Smith, “Assistance and Repression: Rural Exodus, Vagabondage, and Social Crisis in France, 1880–1914,” Journal of Social History 32, no. 4 (Summer 1999): 822.
49. Angus McLaren, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 160.
50. Matt K. Matsuda, The Memory of the Modern (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 141.
51. Jean Belin, Secrets of the Sûreté: The Memoirs of Commissioner Jean Belin (New York: Putnam’s, 1950), 7–8.
52. “Paris Slayer Wore Armored Sleeves,” New York Times, January 16, 1910.
53. Ibid.
54. James Morton, Gangland: The Early Years (London: Time Warner Paperbacks, 2004), 531.
55. Hans Gross (1847–1915) was an Austrian judge whose 1893 handbook for examining magistrates, police officials, etc., was a milestone in the field of criminalistics, the application of science to crime investigation.
56. Henry Morton Robinson, Science versus Crime (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 201.
57. “Locard’s Exchange Principle,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locard’s_-exchange_principle.
CHAPTER FIVE: THE MAN WHO MEASURED PEOPLE
1. Jennifer Michael Hecht, The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 165.
2. Ibid., 148.
3. Ibid.
4. Jennifer Michael Hecht, “French Scientific Materialism and the Liturgy of Death: The Invention of a Secular Version of Catholic Last Rites (1876–1914),” French Historical Studies 20, no. 4 (Fall 1997): 709.
5. Ibid., 971.
6. He came up with the concept of the cephalic index — the breadth of the head above the ears expressed as a percentage of its length from forehead to back.
7. Brian Baker, “Darwin’s Gothic Science and Literature in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Literature and Science: Social Impact and Interaction, ed. John H. Cartwright and Brian Baker (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 212.
8. Fingerprinting was still in the future.
9. Henry T. F. Rhodes, Alphonse Bertillon: Father of Scientific Detection (New York: Greenwood, 1968), 91.
10. Colin Beavan, Fingerprints: The Origins of Crime Detection (New York: Hyperion, 2001), 83.
11. Rhodes, Alphonse Bertillon, 88.
12. Ibid., 95.
13. Ibid., 218.
14. Robinson, Science versus Crime, 142 (see chap. 4, n. 56).
15. Matsuda, Memory of the Modern, 136 (see chap. 4, n. 50).
16. Ibid., 136.
17. Hecht, End of the Soul, 164.
18. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 28 (see chap. 2, n. 1).
19. Ibid., 29.
20. Ibid., 30.
21. Gerould, Guillotine, 195 (see chap. 1, n. 46).
22. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 31.
23. George Dilnot, Triumphs of Detection: A Book about Detectives (London: Bles, 1929), 108.
24. Ibid., 108–9.
25. Ibid., 109–10.
26. In the Conan Doyle story “The Naval Treaty,” Dr. Watson summarizes a talk with Holmes: “His conversation, I remember, was about the Bertillon system of measurements, and he expressed his enthusiastic admiration of the French savant.”
27. Harry Ashton-Wolfe, The Forgotten Clue: Stories of the Parisian Sûreté with an Account of Its Methods (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 115.
28. Ibid., 115–16.
29. Ibid., 116.
30. Ibid., 117.
31. Ibid., 118.
32. Ibid., 120.
33. Ibid., 123.
34. Ibid., 127–28.
35. Their daughter interviewed Alphonse late in his life and wrote a favorable biography of him.
36. Hecht, End of the Soul, 63.
37. Bredin, Affair, 74 (see chap. 1, n. 41).
38. Ibid., 74.
39. Louis L. Snyder, The Dreyfus Case: A Documentary History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 190.
40.
Bredin, Affair, 262.
41. Snyder, Dreyfus Case, 303.
42. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 306 (see chap. 1, n. 37).
43. Colin Evans, Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World’s Most Baffling Crimes (New York: Wiley, 1996), 95.
44. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 83.
45. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 351.
46. Ida Tarbell, “Identification of Criminals: The Scientific Method in Use in France,” McClure’s Magazine 2, no. 4 (March 1894): 165–66.
47. Ibid., 160.
48. Ibid., 169.
49. Michelle Perrot, ed., A History of Private Life, vol. 4, From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1990), 473.
50. Katherine Blackford, “An Afternoon with Bertillon,” Outlook 100, no. 7 (February 24, 1912): 427–28.
51. Rhodes, Alphonse Bertillon, 193.
CHAPTER SIX: THE SUSPECTS
1. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 168 (see chap. 2, n. 3).
2. Ibid., 168.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 169.
5. Ibid., 170.
6. Ibid.
7. Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington, Picasso: Creator and Destroyer (New York: Avon, 1989), 58.
8. Ibid., 77.
9. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 125.
10. Ibid., 126.
11. Huffington, Picasso, 80.
12. Ibid., 85.
13. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant Garde in France, 1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (New York: Vintage, 1968), 254.
14. Ibid., 256.
15. Robert Tombs, “Culture and the Intellectuals,” in Modern France, 1880–2002, ed. James McMillan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 181.
16. Although the ancient Greek Democritus of Abdera posited atoms as fundamental elements of matter in the fifth century B.C.E., his idea was not generally accepted for more than two thousand years.
17. Eric Temple Bell, Men of Mathematics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), 526.
18. Arthur I. Miller, Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and the Beauty That Causes Havoc (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 103–4.
19. Linda Dalrymple Henderson, The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 38.
20. In the book, he also dies in 820 places simultaneously.
21. Patricia Dee Leighten, Re-ordering the Universe: Picasso and Anarchism, 1897–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 63.
22. Ibid., 53.
23. Ibid., 58.
24. Ibid., 65.
25. Huffington, Picasso, 83.
26. Ibid., 86.
27. Ibid., 88.
28. Ibid., 89.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 89–90.
31. Leighten, Re-ordering the Universe, 87.
32. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 166.
33. The name Avignon, later applied to the painting, was said by André Salmon to refer to a particular street in Barcelona, the carrer d’Avinyó (Avignon in French), but Picasso denied that this was true, and his biographer John Richardson confirms that the carrer d’Avinyó was quite respectable.
34. Dan Franck, The Bohemians: The Birth of Modern Art, Paris 1900–1930, trans. Cynthia Hope LeBow (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001), 132–33.
35. Jarry died in November 1907, apparently without having seen the painting.
36. Leighten, Re-ordering the Universe, 90.
37. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 191.
38. Franck, Bohemians, 102.
39. Lael Wertenbaker and the editors of Time-Life Books, The World of Picasso, 1881–1973 (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1980), 54.
40. Henderson, Fourth Dimension, 80.
41. William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 248.
42. Ibid.
43. George Heard Hamilton, Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1880–1940, The Pelican History of Art (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972), 238.
44. Everdell, First Moderns, 249.
45. John Richardson, with the collaboration of Marilyn McCully, A Life of Picasso, vol. 2, 1907–1917 (New York: Random House, 1996), 211.
46. Fernande Olivier, Picasso and His Friends, trans. Jane Miller (New York: Appleton-Century, 1965), 133.
47. Ibid., 139.
48. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 167.
49. Ibid., 173.
50. Olivier, Picasso and His Friends, 148.
51. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 173.
52. Ibid., 174
53. Ibid., 175.
54. Ibid., 177.
55. Ibid., 176.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., 211.
58. Ibid., 212.
59. Ibid., 217.
60. Olivier, Picasso and His Friends, 148–49.
61. Ibid., 149.
62. Steegmuller, Apollinaire, 218–19.
63. Ibid., 213.
64. Ibid., 207.
65. Ibid., 207–8.
66. He was Polish.
67. Willard Bohn, Apollinaire and the International Avant-Garde (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), 6.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE MOTOR BANDITS
1. Richard Parry, The Bonnot Gang (London: Rebel Press, 1987), 35.
2. Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941, trans. and ed. Peter Sedgwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 30.
3. Ibid., 18.
4. Ibid., 38–39.
5. Ibid., 39.
6. Ibid., 40.
7. Serge, Memoirs, 32–33.
8. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 70.
9. Ibid., 79.
10. Ashton-Wolfe, Forgotten Clue, 51–52 (see chap. 5, n. 27).
11. Serge, Memoirs, 20–21.
12. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 90.
13. Serge, Memoirs, 35.
14. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 97.
15. Ibid., 101.
16. Ibid., 111.
17. Ibid.
18. Maurice Leblanc, “The Most Amazing True Crime Story Ever Told: The Auto-Bandits of Paris,” New York Times, May 5, 1912.
19. Belin, Secrets of the Sûreté, 29–30 (see chap. 4, n. 51).
20. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 123.
21. Ibid., 125.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 126.
24. Belin, Secrets of the Sûreté, 31–32.
25. Harry Ashton-Wolfe, Crimes of Violence and Revenge (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 115.
26. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 128.
27. Ashton-Wolfe, Crimes, 116.
28. Ibid.
29. Parry, Bonnot Gang, 136.
30. Ibid., 137.
31. Ibid., 139.
32. Ibid., 150.
33. Ibid., 160.
34. Thirteen years later, in 1928, he escaped and made his way to Brazil, where the authorities refused to extradite him to France. His wife had never ceased her attempts to prove his innocence, and a year later he received a pardon.
35. Gerould, Guillotine, 129 (see chap. 1, n. 46).
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE THIEF
1. James Henry Duveen, Art Treasures and Intrigue (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), 316–17.
2. Reit, Day They Stole, 134 (see chap. 2, n. 2).
3. Ibid., 135.
4. Ibid., 136.
5. Ibid., 137.
6. Ibid., 168.
7. Ibid., 137.
8. Esterow, Art Stealers, 147 (see chap. 2, n. 4).
9. Ibid., 147.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 148.
13. Reit, Day They Stole, 143.
14. Esterow, Art Stealers, 149–50.
15. The last name is spelled Perruggia on the Bertillon card in police files, but most authorities regard that as an error.
16. New York Times, December 13, 1913.
The Crimes of Paris Page 36
