Muse, Raymond. William Douglass: Man of the American Enlightenment. PhD. Diss. Stanford University, 1948.
Neal, Daniel. “Introduction.” A Narrative of the Method and Success of Inoculating the Small Pox in New England. By Mr. Benj. Colman . . . to Which is Now Prefixed, an Historical Introduction . London, 1722. Rpt. in Cohen.
Nichols, John. Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century. London, 1817; New York: Kraus Reprint, 1966. 1:278-79.
Paige, Lucius R. “The Winslow Family.” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 25 (1871): 355-58 and 26 (1872): 71-75.
Parsons, Charles W. “Zabdiel and John Boylston.” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 35 (1881): 150-52.
Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews. 10 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970-1983.
Picard, Liza. Dr. Johnson’s London. 2000. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.
Pope, Alexander. The Correspondence. Ed. George Wiley Sherburn. 5 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
Prescott, Hilda F.M. Once to Sinai. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1957.
Pylarinus, Jacob. “Nova et tuta Variolas excitandi per Transplantationem Methodus, nuper inventa et in usum tracta.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 29, no. 347 (1714-16, printed 1717): 393-99.
Razzell, Peter (P. E.). The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Firle, Sussex: Caliban, 1977.
Records of the Churches of Boston. Transcribed by Robert J. Dunkle and Ann S. Lainhart. Compact Disc. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002.
Ricketts, Thomas Francis. The Diagnosis of Smallpox. 2 vols. London, 1908. Rpt. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1966.
Robie, Thomas. MS Smallpox Diary, 1721-22, Massachusetts Historical Society.
Rodger, N.A.M. The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. London: Collins, 1986.
Rose, Philip. An Essay on the Small-Pox. London: for E. Curll, 1724.
Royal Society. The Early Letters and Classified Papers, 1660-1740. MSS in the Royal Society Library, London; Microfilm ed. Paul L. Kesaris. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1990. 23 microfilm reels.
Royal Society. Inoculations. 2 parts. Vol. 23. of The Early Letters and Classified Papers, 1660-1740. MSS in the Royal Society Library, London; Microfilm ed. Paul L. Kesaris. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1990. 23 reels.
Royal Society. Journal-Book 12 (1720-26). MS in the Royal Society Library.
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de. Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon. Ed. and trans. Lucy Norton. 3 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967-72.
Selectmen’s Minutes, 1716-1736. Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston. Vol. 13. Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, 1885.
Sewall, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729. Ed. Milton Halsey Thomas. 2 vols. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973.
Shattuck, Lemuel. “The Minot Family.” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 1 (1847): 171-78.
Sherburn, George. The Early Career of Alexander Pope. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934.
Shipton, Clifford K. Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College in the Classes 1722-1725. Vol. 7 of Sibley’s Harvard Graduates. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1945.
Silverman, Kenneth. Life and Times of Cotton Mather. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.
Sloane, Hans, Sir. “An Account of Inoculation.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 49 (1756): 516-20.
Smallpox in Colonial America. New York: Arno, 1977.
Some Account of What is Said of Innoculating or Transplanting the Small Pox. By the Learned Dr. Emanuel Timonius, and Jacobus Pylarinus. With Some Remarks Thereon. To which are added, a few queries in answer to the scruples of many about the lawfulness of this method. Published by Dr. Zabdiel Bolyston. Boston: S. Gerrish, 1721. [Probable authorship: Parts 1 and 3 by Cotton Mather; Part 2 by Zabdiel Boylston]
Spence, Joseph. Letters from the Grand Tour. Ed. Slava Klima. Montreal and London: McGill—Queen’s University Press, 1975.
———. Observations, Anecdotes, and Characters of Books and Men, Collected from Conversation. Ed. Joseph M. Osborn. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
Stearns, Raymond Phineas. Science in the British Colonies of America. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1970.
Stearns, Raymond Phineas, and George Pasti, Jr. “Remarks Upon the Introduction of Inoculation For Smallpox in England.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 24, no. 2 (1950): 103-122.
Stewart, George. Letter to Dr. William Wagstaffe, Nov. 8, 1722. In the Royal Society’s Early Letters and Classified Papers, 1660-1740. Vol. 23. Inoculations. Part 2. No. 67, folios 310-11.
Stuart, Louisa, Lady. Biographical Anecdotes of Lady M.W. Montagu. In Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Essays and Poems. Ed. Robert Halsband and Isobel Grundy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. 6-61.
Thacher, James. American Medical Biography; Or, Memoirs Of Eminent Physicians Who Have Flourished In America. 1828. 2 vols. in 1 Rpt. New York: Milford House, 1967.
Thacher, Peter [Signed P.T.] “To the Editors.” Massachusetts Magazine 1(1789): 776-79.
Thwing, Annie Haven. Inhabitants and Estates of the Town of Boston, 1630-1800, and The Crooked and Narrow Streets of Boston, 1630-1822. Compact disc. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society; Massachusetts Historical Society, 2001.
Timonius, Emanuel. “An Account, of History, of the Procuring the Small Pox by Incision, Or Inoculation; as it has for some time been practiced at Constantinople.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 29, no. 339 (1714-16, printed 1717): 72-82.
Tucker, Jonathan B. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.
Turell, Ebenezer. The Life and Character of the Reverend Benjamin Colman, D.D. 1749. Facsimile reproduction w. intro. by Christopher R. Reaske. Delmar, New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1972.
“Vaccinia (Smallpox) Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP), 2001.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR Recommendations and Reports 50, no. RR-10 (June 22, 2001): 11. On the CDC Web site at www.cdc.gov.
Van der Kiste, John. The Georgian Princesses. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2000.
———. King George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1997.
A Vindication of the Ministers of Boston, from the Abuses & Scandals, Lately Cast upon Them, in Diverse Printed Papers. Boston: B. Green for Samuel Gerrish, Feb. 5, 1722.
Vinton, John Adams. The Giles Memorial: Genealogical Memoirs of the families bearing the names of Giles, Gould, Holmes, Jennison, Leonard, Lindall, Curwen, Marshall, Robinson, Sampson, and Webb. Boston: Henry W. Dutton & Son, 1864.
Wagstaffe, William. A Letter to Dr. Freind, Shewing the Danger and Uncertainty of Inoculating the Small Pox. London: S. Butler, 1722.
Whitehill, Walter Muir, and Lawrence W. Kennedy. Boston: A Topographical History. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Willard, Joseph. Willard Memoir; or, Life and Times of Major Simon Willard. Boston: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, 1858.
Williams, John. An Answer to a Late Pamphlet, Intitled, A Letter to a Friend in the Country, Attempting a Solution of the Scruples and Objections of a Consciencious or Religious Nature, Commonly Made Against the New Way of Receiving the Small Pox. Boston, James Franklin, 1722.
———. Several Arguments, Proving that Inoculating the Small Pox is not Contained in the Law of Physick, Either Natural or Divine, and Therefore Unlawful. Boston: James Franklin, 1721.
Williams, Nathanael. The Method of Practice in the Small-Pox, with Observations on the Way of Inoculation. Boston, S. Kneeland, 1752.
Wilson, Adrian.
“Politics of Medical Improvement in Early Hanoverian London.” In The Medical Enlightenment of the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Andrew Cunningham and R.K. French. Cambridge, England and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 4-59.
Winslow, Ola Elizabeth. A Destroying Angel: The Conquest of Smallpox in Colonial Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974.
Wright, Donald R. African-Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1990.
Wyman, Thomas B., Jr. “Pedigree of the Family of Boylston.” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 7 (1853): 145-50.
Note on the authorship of Some Account of What is Said of Innoculating or Transplanting the Small Pox (Boston, 1721)
This pamphlet was Boston’s first separately printed defense of inoculation; it was printed after August 25, 1721, when Mather notes an intention to publish it in his diary, and before September 4 of that year, when the New England Courant announced plans to publish a rebuttal.
The title page gives no author but does identify Dr. Zabdiel Boylston as its publisher. The pamphlet has three parts: first, a lengthy abridgement of the two articles by Timonius and Pylarinus; second, a series of defenses of inoculation given in answer to particular arguments voiced against it; and third, some theological reflections on the lawfulness of protecting oneself against disease. The first and third parts are undoubtedly by Cotton Mather. The first is the long abridgment or loose transcription of the Royal Society’s inoculation papers that he sent to the town’s physicians, and which later shows up in his Angel of Bethesda. The third part, as George Lyman Kittredge notes in “Lost Works of Cotton Mather,” addresses Mather’s subject of expertise (Puritan theology) in his inimitable style.
Kittredge also claimed the second part for Mather, on the grounds that it quotes the same unnamed black man’s story of African inoculation that is to be found in Mather’s smallpox treatise (later incorporated into Angel of Bethesda). Zabdiel Boylston, however, is far more likely to have been the primary author of the second section—though he may have been collaborating with Mather at some level. First, it is written in the first person by someone who pointedly distinguishes himself from the author of the preceding abridgement, i.e., Mather. Named on the title page as the publisher, Boylston is the person most likely to be the “I” of this writing. Second, it appears to have been written by someone with firsthand experience of inoculation. Third, Mather later quoted two paragraphs from this section and identified them as by the inoculating doctor, i.e. Boylston (CMA, pages 25-26). Finally, the reasoning, the frustration, and the sarcastic humor in this section are all echoed elsewhere by Boylston.
As for quoting the same black man, I think it likeliest that Boylston heard the same story from the same source, and then later relied on Mather’s transcription when he came to putting it into print. Mather was fascinated by the Creole-influenced English; Boylston smoothed it over into something more like standard English. He also surrounded the passage with different observations and arguments than Mather did. Furthermore, Boylston prized firsthand examination of witnesses and evidence, as his frustration with the doctors who refused to visit his inoculated patients makes clear. It seems far-fetched that he would not have made the same examination of surviving witnesses, before attempting the operation on his own son. It is possible, however, that he merely lifted the quotation from Mather. Either way, its use does not argue convincingly against Boylston’s authorship of this section.
I have regarded this second section as the work of Zabdiel Boylston.
The Speckled Monster Page 66
