27. James Monroe to John Borlase Warren, October 28, 1812, ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 598; James R. Dacres to Herbert Sawyer, NW1812, I: 243–45.
28. Letters relating to prisoners of war, Cartel for the Exchange of Prisoners of War, WAR/79, NMM.
29. David Porter to Paul Hamilton, August 15, 1812, NW1812, I: 218–19; Porter to Hamilton, August 20, 1812, NW1812, I: 219–20.
30. John T. Duckworth to Paul Hamilton, August 31, 1812, reprinted in “Exchange of Prisoners,” Weekly Register 3 (1812): 89.
31. “Naval,” Weekly Register 3 (1812): 53.
32. Evans, “Journal,” 380; William M. Crane to Herbert Sawyer, August 28, 1812, NW1812, I: 233–34; Sawyer to Crane, August 29, 1812, NW1812, I: 235.
33. Anthony St. John Baker to James Monroe, September 19, 1812, NW1812, I: 499; John Borlase Warren to Monroe, September 30, 1812, ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 598.
34. David Porter to Paul Hamilton, September 3, 1812, NW1812, I: 443–47.
35. Farragut, Life, 15–16.
36. David Porter to William Bainbridge, September 8, 1812, NW1812, I: 468–69.
37. John Rodgers to Paul Hamilton, September 4, 1812, NW1812, I: 450–51; Bainbridge quoted in Maloney, “War of 1812,” 49; Hamilton to Rodgers, September 9, 1812, NW1812, I: 471–72.
38. William Jones to William Bainbridge, October 11, 1812, NW1812, I: 512–15.
39. Smith, Frigate Essex, 266–80.
40. NW1812, I: 466; “Aid to Glory,” 184.
41. William Bainbridge to William Jones, October 5, 1812, NW1812, I: 510–12.
42. Evans, “Journal,” 386.
43. Carden, Curtail’d Memoir, 256–58.
44. Leech, Thirty Years, 70, 87–89, 99.
45. Ibid., 125–27.
46. Ibid., 128.
47. Testimony of Lt. David Hope, Court martial, Captain J. S. Carden and the officers and Ships Company of the Macedonian, May 27, 28, 29 & 31, 1813, ADM 1/5436, TNA.
48. The best accounts of the battle are the Macedonian court-martial cited above; Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 61–67; and Mahan, Sea Power in 1812, I: 416–22. Neither Decatur nor the officers of the United States left any detailed description of the action; Decatur’s official report devotes no more than a single sentence to describing the actual engagement: Stephen Decatur to Paul Hamilton, October 30, 1812, NW1812, I: 552–53.
49. Testimony of Lt. John Bulford, Court martial, Captain J. S. Carden and the officers and Ships Company of the Macedonian, May 27, 28, 29 & 31, 1813, ADM 1/5436, TNA.
50. John S. Carden to John W. Croker, October 28, 1812, NW1812, I: 549–52.
51. Leech, Thirty Years, 147; Carden, Curtail’d Memoir, 264; Tucker, Stephen Decatur, 119.
52. Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 63; Tucker, Arming the Fleet, 41.
53. “Life of Captain William Henry Allen,” Port Folio 3 (1814): 2–23.
54. Carden, Curtail’d Memoir, 265.
55. Tucker, Stephen Decatur, 121–22; Dye, Fatal Cruise, 93–94; Leech, Thirty Years, 153–59.
56. “Another Brilliant Naval Victory!” National Intelligencer, December 10, 1812; Latrobe quoted in Dye, Fatal Cruise, 93.
57. Arthur Sinclair to Paul Hamilton, October 7, 1812, NW1812, I: 518–19; Daniel T. Patterson to Hamilton, November 10, 1812, NW1812, I: 423–25; William Bainbridge to Hamilton, October 8, 1812, NW1812, I: 517; James Lawrence to Hamilton, October 10, 1812, NW1812, I: 519–20; Lawrence to Hamilton, October 22, 1812, NW1812, I: 522–23.
58. Paul Hamilton to Stephen Decatur, December 29, 1812, NW1812, I: 638–39; Hamilton to Burwell Bassett, November 21, 1812, NW1812, I: 577–79; Maloney, Captain from Connecticut, 203–4.
59. Isaac Hull to David Daggett, November 18, 1814, quoted in Maloney, Captain from Connecticut, 259–60.
60. Decatur quoted in Tucker, Stephen Decatur, 123; John Rodgers to Paul Hamilton, October 17, 1812, NW1812, I: 535–36; Rodgers to Hamilton, January 2, 1813, NW1812, II: 4–5.
61. David Porter to Paul Hamilton, October 14, 1812, NW1812, I: 527–28; Daniel T. Patterson to Hamilton, November 10, 1812, NW1812, I: 423–25; Hamilton to James Lawrence, October 17, 1812, NW1812, I: 522; “From the Boston Daily Advertiser,” Federal Republican, April 2, 1813.
62. David Porter to Samuel Hambleton, February 28, 1812, quoted in Porter, Memoir, 100.
63. “The Secretary of the Navy,” Yankee, October 30, 1812; Eckert, Navy Department, 15; Mitchill quoted in Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 289.
64. James Monroe to John Borlase Warren, October 27, 1812, ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 596–97.
65. Mitchill quoted in Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 273.
66. Paul Hamilton to James Madison, December 30, 1812, Madison Papers, LC; Madison to Hamilton, December 31, 1812, Madison Papers, LC; “Mr. Hamilton,” Federal Republican, February 26, 1813.
67. Evans, “Journal,” 469–70.
68. William Jones to William Bainbridge, October 11, 1812, NW1812, I: 512–15.
69. Long, Nothing Too Daring, 77.
70. William Jones to William Bainbridge, October 11, 1812, NW1812, I: 512–15; Evans, “Journal,” 470–73; Long, Ready to Hazard, 144–47; Martin, Most Fortunate Ship, 130–31.
71. Journal of Commodore William Bainbridge, NW1812, I: 639–44.
72. “A List of the Killed and Wounded of H.M.S. Java,” Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 348–49; Long, Ready to Hazard, 154–55; Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 73.
73. William Bainbridge to John Bullus, January 23, 1813, Fogg Autograph Collection, MeHS.
74. Henry D. Chads, January 4, 1813, ADM 1/21, TNA.
75. “Extract of a letter from Commodore Bainbridge, to his friend in this city,” New-York Gazette, February 27, 1813.
6. Walls of Wood
1. “Retrospective and Miscellaneous,” Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 242.
2. Times (London), March 20, 1813.
3. Ibid., October 29, 1812; December 19, 1812; March 20, 1813.
4. “Courts Martial,” Naval Chronicle 28 (1812): 422–24.
5. Court martial, Captain J. S. Carden and the officers and Ships Company of the Macedonian, May 27, 28, 29 & 31, 1813, ADM 1/5436, TNA.
6. Naval Chronicle 28 (1812): 381–82; Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 117–19; “Our ‘fir-built Frigates,’ ” Yankee, December 18, 1812.
7. Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 288–89; “From the London Star,” Federal Republican, March 15, 1813.
8. John S. Carden to John W. Croker, October 28, 1812, NW1812, I: 549–52; Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 117–19; “Courts Martial,” Naval Chronicle 28 (1812): 422–24.
9. Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 31–34, 40–41, 54–55, 63, 72; Tucker, Arming the Fleet, 93; Duffy, Captain Blakeley, 191–92.
10. Cobbett quoted in Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book, 140n.
11. Naval Chronicle 29 (1813): 472–73.
12. Ibid., 465.
13. Ibid., 402, 466–69, 473–74.
14. Times, October 29, 1812; Liverpool and Foster quoted in Adams, Second Administration of Madison, I: 15, 17, 24.
15. Croker, Naval War with America, 3, 12–13, 23, 38.
16. Croker, Croker Papers, 1–2, 18, 20–22.
17. Carden, Curtail’d Memoir, 281–83.
18. Gardiner, ed., Naval War of 1812, 160–63.
19. John W. Croker to John B. Warren, January 9, 1813, NW1812, II: 14–15.
20. Ibid.; John W. Croker to John B. Warren, February 10, 1813, NW1812, II: 16–19.
21. John W. Croker to John B. Warren, January 9, 1813, NW1812, II: 14–15; Dudley, Wooden Wall, 80–81.
22. John B. Warren to John W. Croker, December 29, 1812, NW1812, I: 649–51; John W. Croker to John B. Warren, February 10, 1813, NW1812, II: 16–19; Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Warren, November 27, 1812, pp. 276–78, ADM 2/1375, TNA.
23. Pack, Cockburn, 59–63.
24. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 91.
25. Vessels Captured and Detained, WAR/37, NMM; “A List of Vessels Brought into Bermuda from th
e Commencement of the American War,” HUL/18, NMM; Essex Institute, American Vessels Captured; Dudley, Wooden Wall, 143.
26. Narrative of Capture of Vixen, 7.
27. Lohnes, “Naval Problems at Halifax,” 322, 325.
28. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 11–13, 28–29.
29. Ibid., 19; John W. Croker to John B. Warren, March 20, 1813, NW1812, II: 75–78.
30. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 175–81.
31. Robert Saunders Dundas Melville to John B. Warren, March 26, 1813, NW1812, II: 78–79; John W. Croker to John B. Warren, March 20, 1813, NW1812, II: 75–78.
32. A Proclamation, John B. Warren, February 6, 1813, p. 221, ADM 1/503, TNA; Warren to John W. Croker, February 21, 1813, pp. 213–16, ibid.
33. Standing Orders on the North American Station, John B. Warren, March 6, 1813, NW1812, II: 59–60.
34. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, January 23, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP.
35. Robert Smith to William Jones, November 4, November 13, 1810, ibid.; Richard Rush to Jones, March 29, April 3, June 3, 1812, ibid.
36. Eckert, “William Jones,” 170–71; “Copy of address presented to capt. William Jones,” City Gazette & Daily Advertiser, May 8, 1795.
37. William Bainbridge to William Jones, March 1, 1813; George Read to Jones, January 10, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP.
38. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, March 22, 1813; Jones to James Ewell, March 10, 1813; Benjamin Homans to Jones, n.d., 1813, ibid.
39. Notes, January 1813; William Jones to Lloyd Jones, February 27, 1813, ibid.; Jones to Amos Binney, February 9, 1813, NW1812, II: 44; Jones to Burwell Bassett, February 2, 1813, NW1812, II: 24–26; Edward Cutbush to Jones, February 13, 1813, NW1812, II: 38–39; Eckert, Navy Department, 39–40.
40. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, March 8, February 10, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP.
41. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, April 10, January 23, 1813, ibid.
42. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, March 21, April 7, 1813, ibid.
43. Hull quoted in Maloney, Captain from Connecticut, 203; Hickey, War of 1812, 109–10.
44. AC, 12th Cong., 2nd sess. (December 15, 1812), 33; AC, 12th Cong., 2nd sess. (December 23, 1812), 443–50; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 291; Hickey, War of 1812, 118.
45. William Jones to James Madison, October 26, 1814, NW1812, III: 631–36.
46. Circular from William Jones to Commanders of Ships now in port refitting, February 22, 1813, NW1812, II: 47–49.
47. William Jones to Samuel Smith, February 22, 1813, NW1812, II: 45; Chapelle, American Sailing Navy, 256–63.
48. Charles Stewart to William Jones, February 5, 1813, NW1812, II: 311–13; Jones to John Cassin, February 16, 1813, NW1812, II: 313–15.
49. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, March 21, March 22, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP.
50. Henry, Earl Bathurst, to Thomas Sidney Beckwith, March 20, 1813, NW1812, II: 325–26.
7. “You Shall Now Feel the Effects of War”
1. New-England Palladium, April 16, 1813; Statesman, April 12, 1813.
2. William Bainbridge to William Jones, March 1, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP.
3. Ann Hull quoted in Maloney, Captain from Connecticut, 210.
4. John W. Croker to John B. Warren, March 20, 1813, NW1812, II: 75–78; Thomas Bladen Capel to Warren, May 11, 1813, NW1812, II: 105–6.
5. William Jones to Charles Stewart, April 8, 1813, NW1812, II: 346–47.
6. Garitee, Republic’s Private Navy, 52–53; Mahon, War of 1812, II: 17–18.
7. William Jones to Eleanor Jones, March 22, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP; Isaac Hull to Jones, April 23, 1813, NW1812, II: 92; Jones to Hull, April 30, 1813, NW1812, II: 94–95; Maloney, Captain from Connecticut, 215–16; Long, Ready to Hazard, 175.
8. William Jones to Charles Stewart, April 8, 1813, NW1812, II: 346–47; Jones to Stewart, March 27, 1813, NW1812, II: 317.
9. Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 93–97; James, Naval Occurrences, 100; NW1812, II: 59, 68–75; Peacock court-martial, June 7, 1813, ADM 1/5436, TNA.
10. Craig, “Notes on Action,” 75.
11. Pack, Cockburn, 146; Mahan, Sea Power in 1812, II: 162.
12. Kendall Addison to George Cockburn, March 18, 1813, p. 171, ADM 1/4359, TNA; George Cockburn to Kendall Addison, May 19, 1813, NW1812, II: 324.
13. Naval General Order, William Jones, July 29, 1812, NW1812, II: 205; John Hayes to John B. Warren, n.d. 1813, NW1812, II: 272–73; William Bainbridge to William Jones, December 31, 1813, NW1812, II: 273.
14. Hickey, War of 1812, 171; Wright quoted in Tilghman and Harrison, Talbot County, I: 53–54.
15. Hickey, War of 1812, 115–16, 168–71.
16. Crawford, “Licensed Trade,” 166; Garitee, Republic’s Private Navy, 50; Dudley, Wooden Wall, 147; Hickey, War of 1812, 117.
17. Hickey, “Trade Restrictions,” 524.
18. AC, 12th Cong., 2nd sess. (February 24, 1813), 1116–17.
19. Crawford, “Licensed Trade,” 166–67.
20. Long, Ready to Hazard, 143; Cases Decided, 63–68.
21. Crawford, “Licensed Trade,” 168; Leiner, “Ruse de Guerre,” 162–72, 175, 183.
22. Scott, Prize Cases, I: 505–6, 507, 509.
23. AC, 13th Cong., 1st sess. (July 29, 1813), 484–85; Dudley, Wooden Wall, 100.
24. Letters from Philip Broke to Sarah Louisa Broke, LBK 58/2, NMM.
25. Leiner, “Squadron Commander’s Share,” 74–77; Lawrence quoted in Robert Dudley Oliver to John B. Warren, June 23, 1813, NW1812, II: 192–93.
26. Lawrence quoted in Purcell, “Don’t Give Up the Ship,” 86; “Naval Battle,” 375–78.
27. Tucker, Arming the Fleet, 48; Gilkerson, Boarders Away, 7, 8.
28. Roche, “Dockyard Reminiscences,” 62–63.
29. An Account of the Chesapeake–Shannon Action, June 6, 1813, NW1812, II: 129–33. This was Broke’s official report, but probably was not actually written by him owing to his injuries. Other sources for the account of the battle that follows are George Budd to William Jones, June 15, 1813, NW1812, II: 133–34; Mahan, Sea Power in 1812, II: 135–47; Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812, 100–108; Post, “Case of Captain Lawrence.”
30. Gilkerson, Boarders Away, 11–14.
31. “Arrival of Chesapeake,” 161.
32. Philip Broke to John B. Warren, June 6, 1813, ff. 14–15, WAR/70, NMM; Broke to Sarah Louisa Broke, August 31, September 28, 1813, LBK 58/2, NMM; Prize lists for captures by HM Ships SHANNON and STATIRA, ADM 238/13, TNA.
33. “House of Commons, Thursday, July 8,” Times (London), July 9, 1813; Montagu, England Victorious, 34; “Nautical Anecdotes,” Naval Chronicle 30 (1813): 41; “Naval History of the Present Year, 1813,” ibid., 69, 161; “Impromptu,” ibid., 158; Forester, Age of Fighting Sail, 166.
34. John W. Croker to Station Commanders in Chief, July 10, 1813, NW1812, II: 183–84.
35. Valle, “Navy’s Battle Doctrine,” 172–73.
36. William Jones to George Parker, December 8, 1813, NW1812, II: 294–96; Jones to John O. Creighton, December 22, 1813, NW1812, II: 296–97.
37. Stephen Decatur to William Jones, May 22, 1813, quoted in Dunne, “Inglorious First,” 207; Jones to Decatur, May 10, 1813, quoted in Dye, Fatal Cruise, 118.
38. Dunne, “Inglorious First,” 208–9.
39. Hardy quoted in ibid., 212.
40. Robert Dudley Oliver to John B. Warren, June 13, 1813, NW1812, II: 137–38; Stephen Decatur to William Jones, June 1813, NW1812, II: 135–36; Adams, Second Administration of Madison, I: 279.
41. Decatur quoted in Jordan, “Decatur at New London,” 63; Adams, Second Administration of Madison, I: 279–80.
42. Mahan, Sea Power in 1812, II: 153–54; John B. Croker to Edward Griffith, July 9, 1813, pp. 140–42, ADM 2/1377, TNA.
43. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 94–95; Dye, Fatal Cruise, 139.
44. John W. Croker to John B. Warren, April 28, 1813, pp. 320–22, ADM 2/1376, TNA.
45. George Cockburn to John B. Warren, May 3, 1813,
NW1812, II: 341–44.
46. Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 236–38; “Events of the War,” Weekly Register 4 (1813): 164.
47. George Cockburn to John B. Warren, May 3, 1813, NW1812, II: 341–44; Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book, 671–72; Deposition of William T. Killpatrick, ASP, Military Affairs, I: 365.
48. Milne quoted in Hume, “Letters Written,” 290.
49. George Cockburn to John B. Warren, May 6, 1813, NW1812, II: 344–46.
50. “Events of the War,” Weekly Register 4 (1813): 402.
51. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 96.
52. Rouse, “Low Tide at Hampton,” 81–82; Mahan, Sea Power in 1812, II: 164–66; John Cassin to William Jones, June 23, 1813, NW1812, II: 359–60.
53. Napier, Life and Opinions, I: 217, 222, 228.
54. Report by Thomas Griffin and Robert Lively, July 4, 1813, ASP, Military Affairs, I: 379–81; Napier, Life and Opinions, I: 221.
55. Sidney Beckwith to Robert Taylor, June 29, 1813, ASP, Military Affairs, I: 376; John Myers to Robert Taylor, July 2, 1813, ibid., 377; Beckwith to John B. Warren, July 5, 1813, NW1812, II: 364–65; Hickey, War of 1812, 154.
56. Napier, Life and Opinions, I: 222; Robert Taylor to John B. Warren, June 29, 1813, ASP, Military Affairs, I: 375–76.
57. George Cockburn to John B. Warren, June 16, 1813, NW1812, II: 355–56.
58. Calderhead, “Naval Innovation,” 217–18.
59. Jacob Lewis to William Jones, June 28, 1813, NW1812, II: 161; John B. Warren to John W. Croker, July 22, 1813, NW1812, II: 162–63; General orders, John B. Warren, July 19, 1813, NW1812, II: 164; Tucker, Stephen Decatur, 131.
60. James Madison to William Jones, September 6, 1813, Jones Papers, HSP; Madison to John Mason, September 23, 1813, NW1812, II: 248–49.
61. ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 633–44; John Mason to James Prince, September 28, 1813, ibid., 655; Prevost quoted in Hickey, War of 1812, 178.
62. Thomas Barclay to the Commissary General of Prisoners, September 17, 1813, ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 652; George Cockburn to John B. Warren, March 13, 1813, NW1812, II: 320–24; Dye, “Maritime Prisoners,” 301–2; James Monroe to Commissary General of Prisoners, April 13, 1814, ASP, Foreign Relations, III: 632–33; Hickey, War of 1812, 177–78.
63. Dudley, Wooden Wall, 98–99; Napier, Life and Opinions, 218, 221–22.
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