by Robert Low
BELLEJAMBE, Malise
Fictional character, the Earl of Buchan’s sinister henchman and arch-rival of Kirkpatrick.
BEVERLEY, Gilbert of
A real character, though I have maligned him here. Mentioned in the 15th century epic poem on William Wallace by Blind Harry – which is one of the main ‘source’ documents for this period – Gilbert is probably Gilbert de Grimsby, whom Wallace’s men rechristened Jop. Described as a man ‘of great stature’ and already ‘some part grey’, he was a Riccarton man by birth and had travelled far in Edward’s service as ‘a pursuivant in war’ – though Harry says he consistently refused to bear arms. No doubt he was the ‘Gilbert de Grimmesby’ who carried the sacred banner of St John of Beverley in Edward’s progress through Scotland after Dunbar, a distinguished service for which Edward directed Warenne to find him a living worth about twenty marks or pounds a year. Whether he was a Wallace relation is unknown, though I have intimated that because of his stature, the fact that he came from Riccarton, a Wallace stronghold, and that he quit the army shortly after his twenty marks had been confirmed (on October 13 1296) and supposedly joined the rebels.
BISSOT, Rossal De
Fictional character, though I have made him a descendant of the family who helped found the Templar order. Aware of the secret machinations to undermine and destroy the Order, he is attempting to prevent this.
BRUCE, Edward
Eldest of the Bruce siblings and the most reckless, with ambitions of his own. Impatient and impulsive, he was the strongest and most loyal right hand Robert Bruce had, though his ambition was eventually his undoing. His other brothers – second oldest Niall and the youngest, scholarly Alexander – did not survive the struggle to put brother Robert on the throne and, of Bruce’s sisters, only Mary and Christina make an appearance here. Edward Bruce was eventually given the task of invading Ireland in the year after Bannockburn, a task he succeeded in, becoming High King of Ireland. However, in true rash style, he overreached himself once too often and died in the Battle of Faughart, 1318.
BRUCE, Robert
Any one of three. Robert, Earl of Carrick, later became King Robert I and is now known as Robert the Bruce. His father, also Robert, was Earl of Annandale (he renounced the titles of Carrick to his son when they fell to him because, under a technicality, he would have had to swear fealty to the Comyn for them and would not do that). Finally, there is Bruce’s grandfather, Robert, known as The Competitor from the way he assiduously pursued the Bruce rights to the throne of Scotland, passing the torch on to his grandson.
BUCHAN, Countess of
Isabel MacDuff, one of the powerful, though fragmented, ruling house of Fife. She acted as the official ‘crowner’ of Robert Bruce in 1306, a role always undertaken by a MacDuff of Fife – but the only other one was her younger brother, held captive in England. In performing this, she not only defied her husband but the entire Comyn and Balliol families. Captured later, she was imprisoned, with the agreement of her husband, in a cage hung on the walls of Berwick Castle. Her character here is almost certainly maligned – most of the claims for her affair with Bruce were later Comyn propaganda – and the reality is that she probably never survived her imprisonment, since she vanishes from history after this point.
BUCHAN, Earl of
A powerful Comyn magnate, cousin to the Red Comyn Lord of Badenoch, he was the bitterest opponent of the Bruces. His wife, Isabel MacDuff, outraged her husband with her alleged affairs – and, worse still, betrayal of the Comyn cause in favour of the Bruce.
BURGH, Elizabeth de
Daughter of the powerful Red Earl of Ulster and Bruce’s wife – and so Queen of Scotland. Captured by the treachery of the Earl of Ross, she was sent into captivity in the south of England for eight years, until ransomed following the Scottish victory at Bannockburn – where her father’s forces fought for Edward II. She and Bruce subsequently had three children who reach adulthood, one of whom became David II, King of Scots.
CAMPBELL, Sir Neil
In Gaelic, his name is Niall mac Cailein – Neil, son of Colin – and historians originally tagged him as the eldest son of Sir Colin Campbell, the famed Cailean Mór (Black Colin) of Clan Campbell. Latterly, it is thought Colin Campbell’s eldest was Neil’s unsung brother Domnhall. Sir Neil was a trusted Bruce adherent from the earliest years – sent to Norway in 1293 with personal items for Robert the Bruce’s sister, Isabella who was queen there. By 1296, however, he had sworn fealty to Edward I and stayed that way until Bruce was crowned when he became one of the first adherents of the new king. Both Neil and Domnhall stayed loyal to Bruce in the depths of defeat and fought at Bannockburn. Sir Neil died in 1316.
CRAW, Sim
A real character – though Sim of Leadhouse is mentioned only once in history, as the inventor of the cunning scaling ladders with which James Douglas took Roxburgh by stealth in 1314. Here, he is Hal of Herdmanston’s right-hand man, older than Hal, powerfully built and favouring a crossbow as a weapon.
DOG BOY
Fictional character, a peasant of age with the young James Douglas, with whom he was brought up in Douglas Castle. It is becoming clear to them both that the lowly Dog Boy is in fact a bastard son of Sir William Douglas and that Jamie is his half-brother. War has brought a sense of his own worth to the Dog Boy – and will elevate him further in the service of the Bruce.
DOUGLAS, James
Son of Sir William ‘The Hardy’ Douglas by his first wife, a Stewart whom he simply sent off to a convent in order to marry his second, Eleanor de Lovaigne. After the capture and death of his father, James went to Paris under the auspices of Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews. He returned as a young man in the retinue of Lamberton, trying to persuade Edward I to restore his lands, now held by Clifford. Impatient, impassioned and angry, he joined Bruce’s rebellion, rising to become one of Robert the Bruce’s most trusted commanders. A slim, dark youth with a lisp, his courtly manner is at odds with the near-psychotic rage that possesses him in battle, fuelled by an undying hatred for the English.
DUNS, John
A Franciscan priest, known as Duns Scotus, he was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the Middle Ages, nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating thought. His involvement with the emergent Bruce and Church-fomented rebellion is pure fiction on my part – but he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with then Pope Boniface in his feud with Philip the Fair of France over the taxation of church property. He died in 1308; the date of his death is traditionally given as November 8 and the same tradition has it that he was actually buried alive following a lapse into a coma. In the sixteenth century, his teachings were dismissed as ‘sophistry’ and gave rise to the word ‘dunce’, meaning someone incapable of scholarship. The typical dunce’s hat came from his own conical monk’s cap. See Bernard of Kilwinning, below.
EDWARD I
King of England and the oldest ruler with the longest reign so far. At the time of this novel he is facing the prospect of failure: failing to become ruler of a united Britain, and above all failing to achieve his true amibition, a Crusade to free the Holy Land. He is also aware that his son and eventual heir is terribly flawed. Yet there is still power and cunning in the old pard …
EDWARD II
A tragic figure in many ways, overshadowed by his father – whom he seems to have loved and hated in equal measure – and ignored by him save when it mattered. Probably as a direct result of that tortured relationship, his character was deeply flawed, the main fault being a tendency to become obsessively possessive with others, the favourites and promoting them at the expense of others. At this time, the favourite was Piers Gaveston.
KILWINNING, Bernard of
A Tironensian abbot in the time of the Scottish wars, he first appears as Abbot of Kilwinning in 1296, then vanishes for a decade before re-emerging as Bruce’s Chancellor, then Abbot of Arbroath. There is no evidence that he was clerk to John Duns – but he is the one generally cred
ited with drafting the Declaration of Arbroath and later became Bishop of the Isles. He died in 1331.
KIRKPATRICK, Roger
Fictional character, but based on the real Sir Roger Kirkpatrick of Closeburn, whom I have as kin to the fictional one. This is because my Kirkpatrick is a staunch Bruce supporter from the outset and the real Sir Roger was not – he even fought for Clifford in the English retinue at Falkirk. In later years, he adopted the words ‘Mak’ siccar’ (make sure) as a motto and a bloody hand holding a dagger as his heraldic device.
LAMBERTON, Bishop
Bishop of St Andrews and now thought to be one William Cunningham from Kilmaurs, he owed his elevation to Wallace and supported both him and Robert the Bruce. Chosen as the third Guardian, to stand between Bruce and Red John Comyn in 1299, he was used as a diplomat and envoy, while diverting the funds from his vast diocese to help the Cause.
LAMPRECHT
Fictional character, a relic-seller and pardoner from Cologne, who speaks lingua franca, that mix of common Latin, French, Spanish and other Mediterranean languages originally used by crusaders to make themselves understood. Lamprecht pretends to be a pilgrim who has travelled to Jerusalem – but he has only ever been into Moorish Spain and has learned lingua franca while moving around the countries bordering the Mediterranean. A sometime spy and agent of those who pay most, he becomes involved in the Buchan plot against Hal of Herdmanston.
MALENFAUNT, Sir Robert
Real family, fictional character – a knight of dubious renown who is smarting over being duped by Bruce, Hal and others into releasing Isabel MacDuff, captured at Stirling Bridge, to what he assumes is her husband. This makes him a suitable tool for use by the Comyn and Buchan.
MONTAILLIOU, James of
Montailliou is a real place, but this is a fictional character – a physicker of dubious standard, who professes to be a doctor but is probably no better than a barber-surgeon. Nevertheless, he is Bruce’s physician and seemingly loyal because he is a Cathar, a heretical Christian whose sect is being persecuted in Langue D’Oc, and owes his safety to his position. He is also party to the Bruce fears of leprosy, a dangerous secret to hold …
SEGRAVE, Sir John
Black John, appointed Governor of Scotland at one time and, with his son Stephen, much hated English commander who was responsible for taking Wallace back to London in chains.
SIENTCLER, Sir Henry of Herdmanston
Fictional character. Known as Hal, he is the son and heir to Herdmanston, a lowly tower owing fealty to their kin, the Sientclers of Roslin. He is typical of the many poor nobles of Lothian who became embroiled in the wars on both sides of the divide. Hal himself is torn by doubts as to who he can trust, even between Wallace and Bruce, in a kingdom riven by family rivalries and betrayals. The Sientclers of Herdmanston are a little known branch of that family, appearing prominently for one brief moment in 15th century history. Herdmanston is now an anonymous pile of stones in a corner of a ploughed field and any descriptions of it are pure conjecture on my part.
SIENTCLER, Sir Henry of Roslin
In reality, held as a hostage for ransom by the English, with his father also held in the Tower. Eventually ransomed he later fought in the Battle of Roslin Glen alongside Red John Comyn and Sir Simon Fraser and against the English of Segrave and others, a famous victory for the Scots in 1303, when victories were scarce.
THWENG, Sir Marmaduke
Lord of Kilton in Yorkshire, a noted knight and married to a Lucia de Brus, distant kin to Bruce himself, Sir Marmaduke is the accepted, sensible face of English knighthood. A noted thief-taker – bounty hunter – in his own realm, he was also part of the tourney circuit with the young Robert Bruce. Fought at Stirling Bridge and was one of few to battle his way back to Stirling Castle, where he was eventually taken prisoner. Took part in subsequent campaigns against the Scots including Bannockburn, where, in his 60s, he fought until he could surrender personally to Bruce and was subsequently released without ransom.
VALENCE, Aymer de
Eventual second Earl of Pembroke, de Valence was related to the French royal house and was one of the Lords Ordainers who attempted to curb the power of Edward II and Gaveston. At this time he was the young, thrusting commander (knighted only in 1297) and trusted by Edward I with control of the English army in Scotland.
WALLACE, William
The legend who led Scottish forces to victory at Stirling Bridge and defeat at Falkirk was forced to relinquish his Guardianship and eventually betrayed to the English. Described as a ‘chief of brigands’ at the time of the rebellion, he was barely of the nobility of Scotland and accepted by them unwillingly and only while he was winning. He was, however, the only one of them all who never gave in, or changed sides. The arguments regarding his prowess continue – there is, even allowing for hero-worship, enough evidence to show his personal fighting skills, though historians disagree on his expertise with commanding large bodies of men, claiming Moray was the one with this (being a noble born and so trained to it). They offer as proof of this, the glorious victory of Stirling Bridge with Moray present, and the disaster at Falkirk, organized by Wallace alone. This seems dubious to me – if nothing else, what few documents we have reveal Wallace as a man who, if not skilled in diplomacy and dealing with foreign interests, had the wit to surround himself with those who did. Similarly, he would not be short of experts in the grand tactics of the age – but no battle ever goes to plan. If you look closely at the battle at Falkirk, it becomes clear that even the victor, King Edward 1, greatest warrior general in Christendom, badly mismanaged the affair himself and almost lost control of his knights. Ironically, of course, it was Wallace’s own brigand tactics that became the norm for Scottish armies too small and weak to oppose their neighbour’s forces – hit and run, almost all the way down to Bannockburn. However, the one glaring flaw in the Wallace character is also the one which made him great – the undying obsession with putting John Balliol back on the throne and a refusal to admit when that cause was lost.
WISHART, Robert, Bishop of Glasgow
One of the original Guardians of Scotland following the death of King Alexander III – and partly responsible for inviting Edward I to preside over subsequent proceedings – Bishop Wishart became the engine of rebellion and a staunch supporter of first Wallace, then Bruce. He and Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews, were instrumental in bringing support to Bruce. The bishops’ reasons for rebelling were simple – the Scottish church was responsible only to the Pope, who appointed all their senior prelates; they did not want the English version, where the King performed that function, and could only maintain that difference if Scotland remained a distinct and separate realm.
GLOSSARY
ALAUNT
Large, short-coated hunting dog of the mastiff type, used for bringing down large game.
AVENTAIL
Neck guard on a helmet, usually made from MAILLE.
BABERY
Term for any ape, but applied to the carvings on the eaves of churches – which were wonderful confections of people, beasts and mythology – apes featured prominently, frequently wearing the garb of bishops and priests as a sly joke by masons.
BACHLE
Untidy, shabby or clumsy. Can be used to describe bad workmanship, a slouching walk, or simply to insult someone as useless and more. Still in use, though more usually spelled bauchle.
BARBETTE
Women’s clothing – a cloth chin strap to hide the neck and chin, to which was attached a variety of headgear, most commonly the little round hat known then as a turret and nowadays as a pillbox. Compulsory for married women in public and still seen on nuns today.
BASCINET
Open-faced steel helm, sometimes covering down to the ears. The medieval knight or man-at-arms usually wore, in order from inside out – a padded arming cap, a COIF of MAILLE, a bascinet and, finally, the full-faced metal helmet, or HEAUME.
BATTUE
A hunt organized as if it was a mêlé
e at a TOURNEY, usually involving indiscriminate slaughter of beasts driven into an ambush.
BLACK-AFFRONTED
Ashamed. A Scots term still in use today and probably derived from the act of covering your heraldic shield (affronty is a heraldic term) in order not to be recognized. Scots knights did this as they fled from Methven, in order not to be subsequently accused of being supporters of Bruce.
BLIAUT
An overtunic worn by noble women and men from the 11th to the 13th century, notable for the excessively long drape of sleeve from the elbow in women, from mid forearm on the male version.
BRAIES
Linen, knee-length drawers, as worn by every male in the Middle Ages. Women had no true undergarments, though ‘small clothes’ were sometimes worn by gentlewomen.
CAMILIS
The usually white, flowing overtunic worn by some knights. Despite military sense dictating the use of tight-fitting clothing in close-combat, the urge for display frequently led to extravagant and impractical garments and headgear.
CATERAN
Originally a term to denote any fighting man from the Highlands, it became synonymous with any marauders or cattle thieves. See also KERN.
CHARE
A narrow, twisting medieval alleyway. See also VENNEL.
CHAUSSE
Legging, originally made like stockings until eventually joined in the middle to become trousers. MAILLE chausse were ring-metal leggings including the foot and with a leather sole.
CHIEL
Scottish term for a man. See also QUINE.
CHIRMYNG
Charming – most commonly used (as here) as the collective noun for finches or goldfinches.
CHITTERING
Scots for chattering.
CLOOTS
Scots word for clothing and still used today for any old rags. The term ‘auld cloots and gruel’ used in the story means ‘of no account’ or ‘everyday’.
