20. Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 267.
21. JM Autobiographical Sketch, 18–19.
22. GW to the House of Representatives, March 30, 1796, in Fitzpatrick, GW Writings, 35:2–5.
23. George Washington to Alexander Hamilton (marked “Private”), March 31, 1796, ibid., 35:6–8.
Chapter 7: X, Y, Z
1. JM to James Madison, July 5, 1796, JM Papers, 3:19–27.
2. Ibid., 3:52–53.
3. JM to the Secretary of State, September 10, 1796, ibid., 3:54–62.
4. Instructions from the Secretary of State to James Monroe, June 10, 1794, ibid., 2:1–9.
5. George Washington to the Secretary of State, July 8, 1796, Fitzpatrick, GW Writings, 35:127–128; George Washington to John Marshall, July 8, 1796, ibid., 35:182–192.
6. James Thomson Callender, History of the United States for 1796 (Philadelphia: Snowden and McCorkle, 1797), 205.
7. Ibid.
8. Cresson, James Monroe, 162–164, citing Gelston’s notes on the confrontation, July 11, 1797, in Gratz Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
9. Ibid., 167, citing Lodge, Works of Hamilton, 6:533.
10. Ibid., 164–169, citing Lodge, Works of Hamilton, 6:517–534.
11. GW Farewell Address, September 19, 1796, Fitzpatrick, GW Writings, 35:214–238, esp. 214–215.
12. Ibid., esp., 35:256–227.
13. Ibid., esp. 35:233.
14. Ibid.
15. Philadelphia Aurora, December 21 and 23, 1796, in Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1969), 533.
16. Miller, Federalist Era, 196–197.
17. Ibid.
18. Freeman, George Washington, 7:436, citing the recollections of Philadelphia’s Bishop William White in William Spohn Baker, Washington After the Revolution, 1784–1799 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1898).
19. Ibid., 457, citing John Adams to Abigail Adams, March 5, 1797, in John Adams, Letters of John Adams Addressed to His Wife, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 2 vols. (Boston: 1841), 2:244.
20. Felix Maurice Hippiel Markham, Napoleon (New York: New American Library of World Literature, 1963), 27.
21. Michel Poniatowski, Talleyrand aux États-Unis, 1794–1796 (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1967), 164
22. John Adams to Elbridge Gerry, May 3, 1797, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, reel 117.
23. Timothy Pickering to JM, June 6, 1797, JM Papers, 3:86.
24. JM to Mary W. Marshall, July 3, 1797, ibid., 3:94.
25. Joseph Létombe to Citizen Delacroix, July 7, 1797, Correspondence Politique, États-Unis, vol. 347, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Paris.
26. Ibid., June 24, 1797, 92.
27. Ibid., July 5, 1797, 95–95.
28. Ibid., July 10, 1797, 97–98.
29. Ibid., July 12, 1797, 100–101; July 14, 1797, 101–102.
30. “Paris Journal,” October 8, 1797, JM Papers, 3:159–160.
31. Poniatowski, Talleyrand, 554–559.
32. Ibid.
33. American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of Congress of the United States, selected and ed. under the Authority of Congress, 38 vols. (Washington, DC: 1832–1861), Foreign Relations, ii, 159–160.
34. “Paris Journal, October 27, 1797,” JM Papers, 3:17–174.
35. JM to Mary W. Marshall, November 27, 1797, ibid., 3:299–301.
36. Ibid.
37. Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, March 8, 1798, Manigault Family Papers, cited in JM Papers, 3:300n.
38. Poniatowski, Talleyrand, 563.
39. JM Papers, 3:428–459; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, ii, to Talleyrand, April 3, 1798.
40. Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France 1797–1801 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966), 53.
41. Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 2:327.
42. Ibid.
43. JM to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, April 21, 1798, JM Papers, 3:463–464.
44. JM to Fulwar Skipwith, August 21, 1798, ibid, 3:464.
45. Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, January 29, 1799, Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 501.
46. Columbian Centinnel (Boston), July 4, 1798.
Chapter 8: Our Washington Is No More
1. Porcupine’s Gazette (Philadelphia), June 19, 1798.
2. Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, June 25, 1798.
3. John Adams to Congress, June 21, 1798, John Adams, Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 10 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 9:158–159.
4. Abigail Adams to William Smith, July 7, 1798, quoted in DeConde, Quasi-War, 97.
5. “Draft of the Kentucky Resolution,” Thomas Jefferson Writings, 449–456.
6. The Works of Alexander Hamilton, ed. John C. Hamilton, 7 vols. (New York: Library of Congress, 1850–1851), 5:184.
7. JM “To a Freeholder,” published in the Virginia Herald (Fredericksburg), October 2, 1798, in JM Papers, 3:503–506.
8. JM to Mary W. Marshall, August 18, 1798, ibid., 3:486–487.
9. Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser (Richmond), August 14, 1798.
10. JM “To a Freeholder,” JM Papers, 3:503–506.
11. Ibid.
12. Claude Gernade Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton: The Struggle for Democracy in America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 388.
13. JM Autobiographical Sketch, 25–26.
14. Markham, Napoleon, 52
15. September 28, 1798, Talleyrand to French Ambassador to the United States Louis André Pichon, Works of John Adams, 8:690–691.
16. John Adams, Correspondence of the Late President Adams, Originally Published in the Boston Patriot in a Series of Letters (Boston: Everett and Munroe, 1809), 29–30.
17. JM to John Ambler, December 29, 1799, JM Papers, 4:49–50.
18. JM Address To the President of the United States, December 6, 1799, ibid., 4:39–43.
19. JM Motion, December 18, 1799, ibid., 4:46.
20. JM Speech, December 19, 1799, ibid., 4:46–48.
21. John Marshall, The Life of George Washington, Commander in Chief of the American Forces . . . And First President of the United States, Compiled under the Inspection of the Honourable Bushrod Washington, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: James Crissy, 1834), 2:447.
Chapter 9: Midnight Judges
1. DeConde, Quasi-War, 179.
2. Annals of Congress, Debates and Proceedings, 1789–1824, Library of Congress., 6th Congress, 1st session, 254–255.
3. Page Smith, John Adams, 2 vols. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), 2:1025.
4. JM Speech to the House of Representatives, March 7, 1800, JM Papers, 4:82–109.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Alexander Wolcott to Fisher Ames, December 29, 1799, in Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall: Definer of a Nation (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), 256.
8. Theodore Sedgwick to Rufus King, May 11, 1800, in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 2:483–484.
9. Richard N. Rosenfeld, American Aurora: A Democrat-Republican Returns (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), 785.
10. Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, May 7, 1800, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 24:465.
11. John Adams to James McHenry, May 5, 1800, Bernard Christian Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1907), cited in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 2:485.
12. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of McHenry, 453
13. James McHenry to Alexander Hamilton, May 31, 1800, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 24:552–65.
14. Philadelphia Aurora, June 16, 1798, in John Ferling, John Adams, A Life (New York: Henry Holt and Company), 364.
15. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 804.
16. JM to John Adams, May 8, 1800, JM Papers, 4:148–149.
17. JM Autobiographical Sketch, 28
–29.
18. W. P. Cresson, James Monroe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 201.
19. Ibid., 202, citing Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison, 1801–1817, 8 vols. (New York: 1889–1891), 2:351.
20. Ibid., citing Helen Nicolay, Our Capital on the Potomac (New York: Century Co., 1924), 70.
21. JM to Mary Marshall, August 8, 1800, Mason, My Dearest Polly, 142.
22. JM to Rufus King, August 16, 1800, JM Papers, 4:225.
23. JM to Mary Marshall, August 20, 1800, Mason, My Dearest Polly, 143.
24. Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 25:173–234.
25. Abigail Adams to Mary Cranch (sister), November 10, 1800, Stewart Mitchell, ed., New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1947).
26. John Adams to JM, July 17, 1806, JM Papers, 6:453–454.
27. St. George Tucker to JM, November 6, 1800, ibid., 6:4–5.
28. JM to Thomas Claxton, August 26, 1800, ibid., 4:245–246.
29. St. George Tucker to JM, November 6, 1800, ibid., 6:4–5.
30. JM to Rufus King, September 20, 1800, ibid., 4:283–297
31. John Adams to Abigail Adams, November 2, 1800, Abigail Adams, My Dearest Friend, Letters of Abigail and John Adams, eds. Margaret A. Hogan and C. James Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 472–473.
32. Oliver Wolcott, Memoirs of the Administration of Washington and John Adams, ed. George Gibbs from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, 2 vols. (New York: William van Norden, 1846), 2:349–350.
33. JM to Alexander Hamilton, January 1, 1801, Hamilton, Works of Alexander Hamilton, (New York: Charles S. Francis and Company, 1851), 6:501.
34. JM to Rufus King, February 26, 1801, JM Papers, 6:82–83
35. George Washington to John Jay, October 5, 1789, PGW-P, 4:137–138.
36. Thomas Jefferson to John Dickinson, December 19, 1801, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10:302.
37. JM Autobiographical Sketch, 30.
38. JM to John Adams, February 4, 1801, JM Papers, 6:73.
Chapter 10: Mr. Chief Justice
1. Frank, Marble Palace, 62.
2. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan and Company, 1891), 375.
3. Joseph Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story, ed. William W. Story, 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1851), 1:217–218.
4. Aaron Burr to Sen. Samuel Smith, December 16, 1800, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, ed. Mary-Jo Kline (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 1:471.
5. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, 2:353.
6. Jefferson to William Branch Giles, April 20, 1807, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 1175.
7. James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, January 18, 1801, James Monroe, Writings of James Monroe, ed. Stanislaus Murray Hamilton. 7 vols. (New York: 1898–1903; reprint ed.: New York: AMS Press, 1969), 3:256–257.
8. Hortensius to John Marshall, Secretary of State, in Aurora, February 9, 1801.
9. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, February 15, 1801, Ford, Works of TJ, 7:490.
10. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, February 18, 1801, ibid.
11. Gallatin to James Nicholson, February 14, 1801, in Henry Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1880), 261.
12. Hamilton, Works of Alexander Hamilton, X: December 16, 1800.
13. Alexander Hamilton to Oliver Wolcott Jr., December 1800, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 25:286
14. JM to Alexander Hamilton, January 1, 1801, JM Papers, 6:46–48.
15. James Bayard to Samuel Bayard, February 22, 1801, in Miller, Federalist Era, 273.
16. Ibid.
17. Niles’ [weekly] Register, January 4, 1823.
18. Gazette of the United States, February 19, 1801.
19. National Intelligencer, February 18, 1801.
20. Jefferson to Lafayette, March 18, 1801, The Letters of Lafayette and Jefferson, ed. Gilbert Chinard (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929), 212.
21. Jefferson to Joseph Priestly, March 21, 1801, Ford, Works of TJ, 8:22
22. Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1784, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 492–496.
23. JM to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, March 4, 1801, JM Papers, 6:89–90.
24. Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hammond, August 18, 1821, Kaminski, Quotable Jefferson, 260–261.
25. 1 Cranch 1–46, United States Reports (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1801–1815), 5–13 (William Cranch, 1–9).
26. Ibid.
27. Jefferson to Associate Justice William Johnson, October 27, 1822, Thomas Jefferson Writings, 1459–1461.
28. Jefferson to Associate Justice William Johnson, June 12, 1823, ibid., 1469–1477.
29. Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow, March 14, 1801, and to Archibald Stuart, April 8, 1801, Ford, Works of TJ, 8:46.
30. William Branch Giles to Thomas Jefferson, June 1, 1801, Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 6 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1948–1977), 4:116.
31. Annals, 7th Congress, 1st Session, 31–32.
32. Anne C. Morris, The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1888), 2:147.
33. Ibid.
34. New-York Evening Post, March 2, 1802.
35. Alexander Hamilton to John Dickinson, March 28, 1802, Hamilton Letters, New York Historical Society.
36. Ibid.
37. James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, April 25, 1802, Writings of James Monroe, 3:341–344.
38. From paragraphs omitted from Jefferson’s Message to Congress, December 8, 1801, cited in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:605–606.
39. Annals, 7th Congress, 1st Session, 179–180.
40. Ibid., 181.
41. Timothy Pickering to George Cabot, January 29, 1804, Henry Cabot Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1877), 338–340.
42. Richmond Recorder, September 1, 15, 22, 29, 1802.
43. Ibid., November 17, 1802.
44. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 664.
45. Callender’s body was found “in the James River in three feet of water,” according to Jefferson’s renowned biographer, the Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Dumas Malone. Malone wrote that Callender’s death was officially designated as “accidental, proceeding from intoxication, but the Examiner [editorial of July 27, 1803] regarded it as suicidal.” Malone, Jefferson the President, 211–212.
Chapter 11: Party Rage
1. Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, September 5, 1799, Ford, Works of TJ, 9:79–81.
2. JM to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, November 21, 1802, JM Papers, 6:124–126.
3. JM to Mary W. Marshall, January 2, 1803, ibid., 6:145–146.
4. Samuel Chase to JM, April 24, 1802, ibid., 6:109–116.
5. Annals of Congress, 11:434–436.
6. Marbury v. Madison Opinion, September 24, 1803, JM Papers, 6:160–187.
7. Ibid.
8. Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976), 87.
9. TJ to Livingston, April 18, 1802, ibid., 114.
10. TJ to Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, Harlow Giles Unger, The French War Against America (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005), 228.
11. Louis André Pichon to Talleyrand, October 15, 1801, Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Correspondence Politique, États Unis.
12. DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana, 136.
13. TJ to John Breckenridge, August 12, 1803, Ford, Works of TJ, 10:7.
14. TJ to Robert Carter Nicholas, September 7, 1803, ibid., 10:10.
15. New York Evening Post, January 28, 1803.
16. Annals, February 16, 1803.
17. S. T. Mason, quoted in William Duane, Mississippi Question: Report of a Debate in the Senate of the United
States, on the 23d, 24th, & 25th February, 1803, on Certain Resolutions concerning the Violation of the Right of Deposit in the Island of New Orleans (Philadelphia: W. Duane, 1803), 152.
18. Timothy Pickering to George Cabot, January 28, 1804, Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot, 338.
19. Uriah Tracy to James McHenry, October 19, 1803, Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, 522.
20. Tapping Reeve to Uriah Tracy, February 7, 1804, Henry Adams, ed., Documents Relating to New-England Federalism (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1877), 242.
21. Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, September 11, 1804, ibid., 12:162.
22. December 21, 1804, John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 12 vols. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1874–1877), 1:322–323.
23. Ibid.
24. John Quincy Adams to John Adams, March 8, 1805, Writings of John Quincy Adams, ed. Worthington C. Ford, 7 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1917), 3:108.
25. Thomas Jefferson to William Plumer, January 5, 1804, The Plumer Papers, Library of Congress, cited in Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:165.
26. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 1:299.
27. Ibid., 302.
28. Annals, 8th Congress, 1st Session, 365.
29. William Plumer to (New Hampshire attorney) Jeremiah Mason, January 14, 1803, Plumer Papers, Library of Congress.
30. James A. Bayard to (Delaware Senator) Richard Bassatt, February 12, 1802, James Asheton Bayard Papers, 1796–1815, ed. Elizabeth Donnan, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1913, vol. II (Washington, DC: 1913), as cited by Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:160.
31. Wolcott, Memoirs of the Administration, 349–350.
32. Maryland Gazette Extraordinary, June 19, 1766.
33. Report of the Trial of the Hon. Samuel Chase . . . , Taken in shorthand by Charles Evans (Baltimore, MD: Samuel Butler and Charles Keating, 1805), 61.
34. Ibid.
35. Thomas Jefferson to Joseph H. Nicholson, May 13, 1803, Library of Congress Jefferson Papers, 22701, cited by Malone, Jefferson the President, 467.
36. JM to James Markham Marshall, April 1, 1804, JM Papers, 6:277–278.
37. New York Evening Post, January 20, 1804.
38. JM to James M. Marshall, April 1, 1804, JM Papers, 6:277–279; JM to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, November 21, 1802, ibid., 6:124–126.
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