John Marshall

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by Harlow Giles Unger


  Floor leader, Marshall, John, as, 155–156

  Force Act, 261

  Force Bill, 316

  Foreign Affairs Committee, House, 272

  Foreign policy, of Washington, George, 122, 146

  Fort Adams, 213

  Fort Massac, 241

  Fort McHenry, 279

  Fort Sumter, 318

  France

  Adams, John, against, 129–133, 135, 139–142

  British exports embargoed by, 273

  Burr in, 257

  Federalists and, 144–146

  Jay Treaty and, 109–114, 116–117, 128, 323

  Jefferson supporting, 91–92, 94–95, 132

  Louisiana Purchase from, 212–215

  Marshall, John, returning from, 143–147

  Monroe as minister to, 104, 117–119

  ship seizures and, 3, 128, 150, 175

  See also Franco-English war; French Revolution; Napoléon Bonaparte; Peace commission, to France

  Franco-American treaty of alliance of 1778, 89–90, 92, 116

  Franco-English war, 110

  Genet and, 92–99, 101–103

  Neutrality Proclamation and, 92–96, 103

  ships seized in, 2–3, 92, 175

  U.S. and, 89–99

  Frank, John Paul, 4, 183

  “French Party,” 140

  French Revolution, 2, 93, 106, 142

  Barras and, 125–128

  Jefferson supporting, 85–86, 89–90

  songs, 101–102

  Fries, John

  Adams, John, and, 159–160, 168, 173

  Chase and, 159, 228, 230

  property taxes and, 159–160, 230

  treason by, 159

  Fulton, Robert, 304–306

  Gallatin, Albert, 155, 189, 280

  Gall-bladder operation, 313–314

  Gambier, Lord, 280

  Gazette of the United States, 190

  Geismer, Baron de, 24

  Genet, Edmond-Charles-Edouard

  Franco-English war and, 92–99, 101–103

  Jefferson and, 94, 97–98, 101–102

  whiskey tax and, 106

  Georgia

  Cherokee Acts in, 309–313, 325

  in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 310–313

  state sovereignty of, 293, 309–313

  See also Worcester v. Georgia

  Germantown, Battle of, 21–23, 26

  Gerry, Elbridge, 130, 132, 134, 139–140

  Ghent, Treaty of, 277, 279–282, 285

  Gibbons, Thomas, 305–306

  Gibbons v. Ogden, 304–306, 324

  Giles, William Branch

  Burr and, 246–247, 250

  against federal judiciary, 196, 215–216

  against Jefferson, 258

  Great Britain

  Burr in, 257

  case law in, 270

  Chesapeake attacked by, 259

  Embargo Act not harming, 259–260

  impressment by, 270, 272, 282

  Jay in, 104, 118

  Napoléon Bonaparte fighting, 150–152

  Nash and, 160–163

  Olmstead and, 261, 263

  robes worn by judges in, 179, 184–185

  ship seizures by, 2–3, 175, 282

  ultra-Federalists favoring, 146, 154

  U.S. commercial accord with, 285

  Washington, DC, burned by troops of, 273, 278–279, 282, 290

  See also Franco-English war; Jay Treaty; Revolutionary War; War of 1812

  Great Lakes, 285

  Greeley, Horace, 313

  Grimke, Thomas S., 301

  Griswold, Roger, 140–141

  Guerrière, 277

  Habeas corpus, writs of, 246–247

  Hall of Justice, 266

  Hamilton, Alexander, 3, 115–116

  Adams, Abigail, on, 144, 174

  Burr no longer friends with, 163–164

  Burr’s duel with, 120–121, 222–227, 242

  cabinet manipulated by, 129

  on Constitution, 60–61

  death of, 225–227

  death of son, 199

  death of Washington, George, and, 1–2, 157

  Federalists divided by, 154–155, 192

  against French peace overture, 154–155

  on implied powers, 298

  as Inspector General, 144–146, 159, 163, 167

  against Jefferson, 83–90, 92, 105

  Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States by, 173–174

  on Louisiana Purchase, 213–214

  Monroe challenged to duel by, 120–121, 222–223

  Neutrality Proclamation supported by, 92–93

  New-York Evening Post of, 199, 220

  presidential election of 1800 and, 164–165, 185–186, 189

  in Revolutionary War, 26, 28, 37–38

  rumored insurgency of, 188

  scandal of, 104–105, 119–121, 222–223

  as Treasury Secretary, 61, 82–84, 104–109, 210

  ultra-Federalists and, 144, 146, 154–155, 166

  Hancock, John, 16–17, 55

  Harrison, William Henry, 272, 285

  Hauteval, Lucien, 137, 140–141

  Hay, George, 187, 251

  Hemings, Sally, 201–202

  Henry, Patrick, 31, 35, 38, 109, 118

  as antifederalist, 52, 56, 59–60, 67–68

  on Civil War, 78

  Constitution despised by, 61–62

  liberty and, 7–8, 41, 83

  Marshall, John, as cocounsel with, 75–79

  Marshall, John, endorsed by, 153–154

  Revolutionary War and, 15, 17, 24–25, 37

  Tenth Amendment and, 299

  at Virginia ratification convention, 2, 7–10, 64–69, 71

  Hite, Jost, 42, 44

  Hite v. Fairfax

  law practice of Marshall, John, and, 42–44, 82, 110–113

  Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee and, 286

  HMS Hermione, 160

  Hopkinson, Joseph, 228–229

  Horatius pseudonym, 186–187

  Hottinguer, Jean Conrad, 133–135, 140–141

  House of Representatives

  Foreign Affairs Committee, 272

  impeachment by, 215–219

  Jay Treaty and, 114–115

  Marshall, John, in, 153–155, 160–163

  Naval Committee, 272

  payment of, 171

  presidential election of 1800 decided by, 185–190

  role of, 59

  Howe, William, 18, 22, 25

  Hunter, David, 286, 323

  Impeachment

  Adams, John Quincy, on, 215–216, 228, 231–232

  of Chase, 217–222, 227–234

  of federal judiciary, 215–220, 258, 303

  by House of Representatives, 215–219

  of Pickering, John, 216, 231

  Senate and, 215–216, 221–222, 228–243

  Implied powers, 294, 298, 300, 324

  Impressment, 270, 272–274, 282

  Inalienable rights, 295, 301–302

  Indian nations, fighting with, 272, 285

  See also Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; Fletcher v. Peck; Worcester v. Georgia

  Individual rights, 179, 321

  Inland water route, 275–276

  Inspector General, Hamilton as, 144–146, 159, 163, 167

  L’Insurgeante, 150

  International law, 284

  Interstate commerce, 57, 305–306, 324

  Iron Hill, Battle of, 21

  Jackson, Andrew

  Burr honored by, 241–242, 244

  Cherokee Acts and, 309, 313, 325

  in New Orleans battle, 280–282

  oath of office taken by, 314

  reelection of, 314

  Story on, 316

  Supreme Court appointments by, 316

  tariff law enforced by, 315–316

  wife of, 314

  James River, 275–276, 285–2
86

  Jay, John, 56, 82, 164

  as Chief Justice, 178–180

  in Great Britain, 104, 118

  Jay Treaty

  confiscation law nullified by, 286

  Federalists supporting, 115

  France and, 109–114, 116–117, 128, 323

  House of Representatives and, 114–115

  Marshall, John, and, 110–115

  Nash and, 161

  Jefferson, Thomas

  bankruptcy of, 306–307

  Batture lands case involving, 267–269

  Burr accused of treason by, 241, 243–244, 246–250

  Callender and, 119, 168, 201–202

  Chase and, 205, 218–220, 233

  Civil War and, 10, 164, 182, 188, 190

  Constitution violated by, 203, 206–208, 210

  coup attempted by, 233

  on Cushing’s death, 267

  daughters of, 37, 45

  death of, 307

  death of Washington, George, and, 1–2, 158

  Declaration of Independence coauthored by, 17, 83

  Democratic Societies of, 88, 94, 105–106

  Embargo Act of, 259–263, 275

  as enemy of Marshall, John, 5, 13, 182, 203, 271

  father’s death changing, 13

  against federal judiciary, 179–180, 193–200, 205

  federal judiciary appointments of, 231, 236–238

  Force Act of, 261

  France supported by, 91–92, 94–95, 132

  French Revolution supported by, 85–86, 89–90

  Genet and, 94, 97–98, 101–102

  Giles turning against, 258

  as governor of Virginia, 31–32, 34, 36–37

  Hamilton against, 83–90, 92, 105

  Hamilton’s death and, 227

  judgeships as elective offices supported by, 302–303

  against judicial review, 215

  “judiciary reform” by, 216–217, 258

  Kentucky Resolution of, 145, 148, 199, 259, 287

  Latrobe hired by, 266

  liberty and, 84–85, 89

  Livingston, Edward, and, 160–162, 267–268

  Louisiana Purchase by, 212–215

  Madison and, 62, 88, 261–262

  Marbury v. Madison and, 206–207, 215, 227, 322

  Monroe and, 62, 119, 186–187

  Nash and, 160

  oath of office taken by, 191–192, 234

  peace commission to France and, 131–132, 140–141

  political enemies punished by, 258

  “popular” dictatorship planned by, 177

  presidential ambitions of, 94, 113–114, 122–123

  presidential election lost by, 123, 125

  presidential election of 1800 won by, 3, 163–167, 185–192, 223

  on ratification, 62

  reconciliation pleas by, 192–193

  reelection of, 228

  Revolutionary War and, 23–24, 28, 32, 34, 36

  Richmond Capitol designed by, 168–169

  secession called for by, 3

  as secretary of state, 83–86, 97–98, 102

  slavery and, 85, 201–202

  against Supreme Court, 193–200, 215–219

  training of, 35

  treason by, 83, 97, 132

  on trial by jury, 250–251

  United States v. Burr and, 251–255

  as widower, 37

  Jeffersonians, 3, 88

  Johnson, William, 217, 270–271, 304, 316

  Judgeships, as elective offices, 302–303

  Judicial review

  Giles against, 247

  importance of, 322

  Jefferson against, 215

  Marbury v. Madison

  establishing, 209–210, 212, 300, 322

  Judiciary. See Federal judiciary

  Judiciary Act of 1789, 149, 198, 209

  Judiciary Act of 1801, 178–179, 196, 198, 218

  Judiciary Act of 1802, 196–199, 206

  “Judiciary reform,” by Jefferson, 216–217, 258

  Jurisdiction, of Supreme Court

  appellate, 208

  in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 310–311

  in Cohens v. Virginia, 301–302, 324

  in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 323

  Roane against, 287

  Jury, trial by, 60, 63–65, 250–251

  Kanawha Company, 286

  Kentucky

  land owned by Marshall, Thomas, Sr., in, 11, 34–35, 46, 276

  Resolution, 145, 148, 199, 259, 287

  secession, 239–242

  Key, Francis Scott, 279

  Kléber, Jean Baptiste, 152

  Knox, Henry, 54, 82, 106–107

  Lafayette, Gilbert de, 25–26, 36–38, 95, 190

  Land disputes, 291

  Land rush, 285

  Latrobe, Benjamin, 266

  Law practice, of Marshall, John, 72, 86, 88, 168

  beginning of, 41

  Commonwealth v. Randolph and, 75–76

  Henry as cocounsel in, 75–79

  Hite v. Fairfax, 42–44, 82, 110–113

  Ware v. Hylton in, 76–79

  Laws

  case law, 269–270, 303

  Code of, 269

  confiscation, 286

  international, 284

  statutory, 269

  tariff, 315–316

  See also American constitutional law; Contract law; Federal laws; State laws

  Lear, Tobias, 158

  Lee, Charles, 25–26, 109, 206

  Lee, Henry “Light-Horse Harry,” 31, 48, 51–52, 67

  on death of Washington, George, 156–157

  Marshall, John, and, 99, 101, 104, 107, 116

  Legal issues, political issues and, 162

  Leopard, 259

  Létombe, Joseph, 132

  Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States (Hamilton), 173–174

  Liberty

  Constitution and, 63–64

  Henry and, 7–8, 41, 83

  Jefferson and, 84–85, 89

  union and, 313

  Life of George Washington (Marshall, J., and Washington, B.), 158, 184, 276

  Lincoln, Abraham, 299–300

  Lincoln, Benjamin, 55

  Lincoln, Levi, 206

  Livingston, Brockhorst, 236–237, 270–271

  Livingston, Edward, 160–162, 267–268

  Livingston, Robert, 304–306

  Local-action rule, 269

  Locke, John, 17

  Long Island, Battle of, 19

  Lottery, 301

  Louis XVI, 89

  Louis XVIII, 278

  Louisiana Purchase, 212–215, 307

  See also New Orleans

  Lumpkin, Wilson, 311

  Lyon, Matthew, 140–141, 145, 148

  Madison, James, 54, 56, 272

  appointments by, 267–268

  Bill of Rights and, 71

  death of, 318

  embargo and, 261–263, 273

  Jefferson and, 62, 88, 261–262

  and Marbury, William, 196

  Monroe’s death influencing, 309

  oath of office taken by, 262–263

  as secretary of state, 196, 208, 236, 262

  Supreme Court decisions enforced by, 262

  at Virginia ratification convention, 62, 64, 67–68, 71, 299

  Virginia Resolution of, 145, 148, 199

  at Virginia state constitution reform convention, 308

  War of 1812 declared by, 273–274

  See also Marbury v. Madison

  Malta, 143

  Mandamus, writs of, 206–209, 322

  Marbury, William, 196, 206–208, 322

  Marbury v. Madison

  Constitution changed by, 207–210

  government restrained by, 207, 210, 227

  Jefferson and, 206–207, 215, 227, 322

  judicial review established by, 209–210, 212, 300, 322

  long-t
erm effects of, 210–212

  Marshall, John, and, 196, 206–212, 217, 322

  in new foundation for constitutional law, 294

  Supreme Court as final arbiter established by, 293

  Supreme Court’s power to void federal laws and, 209, 212, 215, 287, 322

  Marriage, of Marshall, John

  courtship before, 33–34, 38

  happiness in, 5, 45–46, 109

  letters during, 112, 147, 172–173, 204, 313

  peace commission influencing, 131–133, 137–138

  Villette and, 137–139, 146, 154

  Marshall, Alexander Keith (brother), 15

  Marshall, Edward Carrington (son), 235, 289, 317

  Marshall, Eliza (sister), 15

  Marshall, Jacquelin Ambler (son), 45, 81, 86, 131, 289

  Marshall, James Keith (son), 172, 289

  Marshall, James Markham (brother), 15, 219, 245

  Fairfax Manor Lands and, 44, 112, 131, 133, 286

  in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 286

  as Midnight Judge, 180

  in Revolutionary War, 32, 34

  wife of, 112, 131

  Marshall, John, 37, 57, 87, 107

  Adams, John, supported by, 146, 155–156, 160–163, 176

  aging of, 289

  against Alien and Sedition Acts, 147–148

  appointments by Washington, George, refused by, 80–81, 88, 109, 118

  Aristides pseudonym of, 96

  childhood home of, 11–12

  College of William and Mary and, 35, 72, 95, 147, 174, 184

  death of, 317–318

  death of Washington, George, and, 2

  education of, 12–15, 35–36

  election campaign of, 149, 153–154

  as father of federal justice system, 4–5

  as Federalist, 54, 72, 131, 155–156

  as floor leader, 155–156

  Franco-English war and, 92, 94–96, 98–99

  Henry endorsing, 153–154

  in House of Representatives, 153–155, 160–163

  Jay Treaty and, 110–115

  Jefferson as enemy of, 5, 13, 182, 203, 271

  Lee, Henry, and, 67, 99, 101, 104, 107, 116

  Life of George Washington by, 158, 184, 276

  Monroe at odds with, 62–64, 72

  Monroe friends with, 13–14, 117–118, 288–290

  Nash and, 160–163

  Oak Hill home, 46–47, 205, 236, 258, 317

  in peace commission to France, 3, 131–145

  presidential candidacy turned down by, 274–275

  presidential election of 1800 and, 186–189

  Quoits Club of, 79–80

  return from France, 143–147

  in Revolutionary War, 15–25, 28–29, 31–32

  Richmond house of, 72–73

  as secretary of state, 170, 172–180, 195

  on Shays’s Rebellion, 48–49, 55

  slavery and, 42, 46, 73–75, 81, 131

  Story, Joseph, praising, 313

  surveying by, 275–276

  vacationing with Monroe, 205–206

  in Virginia Legislature, 38, 40, 51–52, 111

  at Virginia ratification convention, 2, 8–10, 61–69

 

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