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Notes
Introduction: “Lady Great Heart”
“No woman has ever”: Clare Boothe Luce, 21 May 1950, presenting ER with the Williamsburg Settlement’s annual gold medal for aid to the underprivileged at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel. Allida Black, in ER, 2:412, 282.
“The First Lady of”: Pauli Murray’s 1984 centennial celebration of ER, in Bell-Scott, Firebrand and First Lady, 357.
“Attention and admiration”: Cook, ER, 1:100. There is to date no biography of Marie Souvestre.
“Whatever I have become”: Cook, ER, see Allenswood chapter, 1:102ff.
“the happiest day”: Ibid.
“Eleanor Roosevelt cares”: Lady Stella Reading interviewed for and quoted in Harrity and Martin, ER in Pictures, 208.
“apostle of good-will”: The 135th celebration, The Churchman, chapter VII.
one of history’s most powerful: Cook, ER, 1:227–32, 235–36, 245–48, 379–80.
Learning and living: ER, You Learn by Living, foreword.
“self-absorbed snobs”: Cook, ER, 1, Val-Kill chapter.
“her face to the wall”: Ibid.
“is so completely changed”: For ER’s happy days at Todhunter, purchased in 1927, see Cook, ER, 1, chapter 16; for the bitter end of the friendship, see Cook, ER, 2:525–37.
“has every right”: Tommy to Trude Pratt, 13 October 1944.
“chiselers and users”: Cook, ER, 1, chapter 18, 429–47.
“for purely sentimental”: Ibid.
“full of warmth”: Ibid.
packet of “endearing”: Ibid.
“Navy Commander’s wife”: Ibid.
“You are right”: ER to Hick, 19–20 November 1934, in Cook, ER, 2:229.
“Have you heard”: ER to Lape, as recorded by Maureen Corr. For ER’s friendship with Laura (Polly) Delano, Levy, Extraordinary Mrs. R, 178–84.
“both grew individually”: Polier, oral history, FDRL.
“I have learned”: Bowles, Promises to Keep, 121–25.
“remarkable wife” were: Ibid.
“Imagine me Feigele”: Baum, Hyman, and Michel, Jewish Woman in America, 160.
“her labor colleagues”: O’Farrell, She Was One of Us, 187. For Gila and other Japanese internment camps, I am grateful to Al Vinch for his interviews with former Gila residents.
990 Tuskegee Airmen: Buckley, American Patriots, 286–94, 311–12; Buckley, Hornes, 178–80. On the Tuskegee Airmen, I am grateful to
Dr. Roscoe Brown of CUNY and to Percy Heath. See also Frances Wills Thorpe, Navy Blue and Other Colors.
“Lady Big Heart”: Rowan, Dream Makers, 131–42.
displaced persons camps: In My Day, 16 February 1946, she detailed her visit to Zeilsheim: “They made me a speech at a monument . . . to the six million dead Jewish people. I answered from an aching heart. When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it?”
“we let our consciences”: ER, speech to women’s division of the United Jewish Appeal, New York, 20 February 1946, in Black, ER Papers, 1:257.
“rescue the perishing”: See Pedersen, Rathbone and Conscience, 328ff, 411. Rathbone’s biographer, Susan Pedersen, points out that no study has yet been written to detail her work for refugees and rescue. Britain’s Tony Kushner dedicated his book The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination in part “to Eleanor Rathbone who knew, cared and acted.”
“The truth is”: ER, on Palestinian refugees, India and East, 24–34.
“We will have a”: FDR, 1940 speech.
“To deny any part”: My Day, 16 April 1943.
“We all go ahead together”: ER’s 11 May 1934 speech against discrimination, in Journal of Negro Education (10/1934); Cook; ER, 2:185, reprinted in Black, What I Hope to Leave Behind, 141ff.
Chapter One: “We All Go Ahead Together, or We Will All Go Down Together”
congressional opposition to: FDR to Josephus Daniels, 14 November 1938, in FDR: Personal Letters, 4:827–28; Leuchtenburg, FDR and New Deal, 271–74.
“sparkling east ballroom”: ER II, Aunt Eleanor, 30–36. I am grateful to ER’s nieces Diana Roosevelt Jaicks and Janet R. Katten for press reports of ER’s party.
“a feeling of injustice”: ER to Charles Graves, 21 January 1939, box 1519, ER Papers.
detailing various outings: FDR to King of England, 18 January 1939, collected letters.
“I hope adults everywhere”: New York Times, 1 January 1939.
ER II chose to watch: ER to Lape and Elizabeth Read, l January 1939, BWC.
“Aunt Eleanor proposed”: ER II, Aunt Eleanor, 36.
“I never saw such nerve”: ER, press conference, 5 January 1939, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences, 67–69. See also My Day, 3 January 1939.
“I said I would tell you”: My Day, 5 January 1939. This stunning Broadway success was intensely controversial. Morley received the Drama Critics’ Best Actor award for his portrayal of Oscar Wilde. See Kaier Curtin, We Can Always Call Them Bulgarians, 237–49.
“Bill was so fond of you”: ER to Hick, 3 January 1939.
“I’m playing a rather mean”: Ibid.
“made Pa very cheerful”: ER to Anna, 22 January 1939, Asbell, ed., Mother and Daughter, 107.
“And through the streets”: Neruda quoted in Ehrenburg, Memoirs, 344. For Ehrenburg’s extraordinary eyewitness account of Spain’s fall, see 340ff.
“Father is very gloomy”: ER to Anna, 22 January 1939, Asbell, Mother and Daughter.
“At the moment your mother”: Tommy to Anna, 2 February 1939, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, box 75.
“I bobbed my hair”: ER to Anna, 22 January 1939, Asbell, 107; ER to J. H. Cairns, Los Angeles, on women’s rights and birth control information, 28 February 1938, box 1452.
“Of course the trouble is”: My Day, 5 April 1938.
“our neutrality laws may”: FDR, “Annual Message to Congress” (A Warning to Dictator Nations), January 4, 1939, in Zevin, Nothing to Fear, 162–73. FDR worked on this speech for months. He assigned an aide to find Lincoln’s words, FDR to William D. Hassett, 22 October 1938, in FDR: Personal Letters, 4:820. See also Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 387–90.
“a solid block of people”: My Day, 5 January 1939.
“there can be no real democracy”: Bess Furman’s notes, press conference, 17 January 1939, Beasley, 71.
“Where you have no official”: Ibid., 70–72.
Stunned, Frankfurter whispered: Lash suggested that Frankfurter was not surprised at all, since his former students Tom Corcoran and Ben Cohen orchestrated the lobby for Frankfurter and persuaded progressive Senator George Norris (R-NE) to join their effort. According to them, when Norris agreed, FDR acted. Corcoran and Cohen, Lash wrote, were in daily communication with Frankfurter; see Dealers and Dreamers, 385–88.
“mother had been alive”: Felix Frankfurter to FDR, 4 January 1939, in Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 482–83.
“two Jews on the train”: Joseph Lash on Rosenman, in Dealers and Dreamers, 388. Ickes lobbied vigorously for Frankfurter’s appointment; he believed that FDR was persuaded by Justice Harlan Fiske Stone, who argued that there were not that many “distinguished judges or lawyers in the US—men with lovely minds.” When Ickes’s friends learned of FDR’s signed commission to the U.S. Senate, a champagne party convened with Tom Corcoran; FDR’s new attorney general Frank Murphy; Harry Hopkins; U.S. solicitor general Robert Jackson; SEC chair William O. Douglas; WPA assistant administrator David Niles; Missy LeHand; and Peggy Dowd.
“So you would create”: Stephen Isaacs, Jews and American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1974), 65.
“were fanatical and”: Acheson to George Rublee, 17 January 1939, in Chace, Acheson, 74–75.
“a great roar of approval”: Chace, Acheson, 75. See also Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:552.
“That things should be”: Baker, Brandeis and Frankfurter, 345.
“was saving central Europe”: Pound on Hitler, Baker, 349ff. In 1939 Frankfurter and Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., issued the “Committee of Eight” report on religious discrimination at leading universities. Astonishingly, Samuel Eliot Morison defended the need to “save some places at mother Yale for our boys,” given that worthy sons of America’s founders were “being hustled and shoved from every side, politically mainly by the Irish; economically, by the Jews.” See Baker, passim.
“with permission to quote”: ER, press conference, 13 February 1939, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences.
“at the present time”: ER to Justine Wise Politer, 28 February 1939.
“charming children” all too: Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 150; Richard Breitman and Alan Krant, American Refugee Policy and European Jewry 1933–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 74.
“poisonous” in tone: Moffatt and Bullitt in ibid., and Morgan on Bullitt, FDR: Biography, 498–99.
“to condemn whole groups”: Appendix, Congressional Record, 1772, 2253.
“America’s children are”: Reynolds statements, 26 May 1939.
“a general feeling”: Eddie Cantor to FDR, 12 January 1939; see Morse, While Six Million Died, 207–8.
“They are not our Jews”: Richard Lieberman to author on FDR to Caroline O’Day. I am grateful to Richard Lieberman for his work, still to come, on Senator Wagner and fate of his bill.
“courage and zeal”: ER celebrates Dorothy Thompson’s event, New York Times, 25 January 1939.
“Czech culture was”: Gilbert, History of Twentieth Century, 2:230. See also Crane and Crane, Czechoslovakia, 174–78. For the British government response, see Churchill, Gathering Storm, 342–46. On 15 March William Shirer reported “complete apathy in Paris tonight about Hitler’s latest coup. France will not move a finger.” Berlin Diary, 160. On 27 May exiled Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš visited Hyde Park to appeal to FDR to oppose Germany’s aggression, which threatened “world peace and the very structure of modern civilization.” This visit engendered ER’s enduring concern for Beneš and Czechoslovakia’s future; Sylvia Crane to author.
ER had long argued: ER’s efforts with Lape and Read to promote the World Court were the first documents collected by the FBI to monitor her “subversive” activities. See Cook, ER, 2:236–37.
“single infertile women”: Proctor, Racial
Hygiene, 195–96. See esp. Renata Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann, and Marion Kaplan, When Biology Becomes Destiny; Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland; and The Works of Sybil Milton.
“havens of refuge”: Infantile Paralysis Program (transcript), NBC, 11 January 1939, in Edith Nourse Rogers Papers, box 9, Schlesinger.
“on the clear understanding”: “National Conference on Problems of the Negro,” New York Times, 13 January 1939; Crisis, February 1939, 54.
“a policy of which”: My Day, February 27, 1939; “Mrs. Roosevelt Indicates She Has Resigned from DAR Over Refusal of Hall to Negro,” New York Times, 28 February 1939. An American Institute of Public Opinion poll indicated that 67 percent approved of ER’s action in resigning, and 33 percent disapproved. Democrats approved by 68 percent, Republicans by 63 percent. Only 56 percent of southerners polled disapproved. New York Times, 19 March 1939.
“Prejudice. . .rules to”: Washington Herald editorial.
“How kind of you”: ER to Dorothy Kemp Roosevelt, 3 March 1939, with gratitude for this correspondence to Diana Roosevelt Jaicks and Janet Roosevelt Katten.
“I am not surprised”: Anderson quoted in “Mrs. Roosevelt Indicates She Has Resigned from DAR Over Refusal of Hall to Negro,” New York Times, 28 February 1939. Anderson’s concert schedule is in Mary Maples Dunn, Notable American Women. See esp. Arsenault, Sound of Freedom.
“one of the most hopeful signs”: Hurok, Impresario, 245–55.
“We will all go ahead”: For ER’s 11 May 1934 speech, see Cook, ER, 2:185.
“I regret exceedingly”: ER to Citizens’ Committee.
“Bully for Oscar!”: Scott Sandage, notes from interview with Chapman’s widow, 6 November 1989, used with gratitude.
“one of the most impressive”: Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:614.
“she was almost overcome”: Ibid., 614–15.
“In this great auditorium”: Clarke, Roosevelt’s Warrior; and esp. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 650–53. After Anderson sang, Ickes was ecstatic: she “sang magnificently. I have never heard such a voice. The whole setting was unique, majestic, and impressive and I could not help but feel thankful that the DAR and the school board had refused her the use of an auditorium.” Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:615.
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