“freedom and democracy”: My Day, 3 November 1961.
“It has always seemed”: My Day, 14 September 1962.
With “proper education”: ER, Tomorrow Is Now.
“The influence you exert”: Ibid.
“Her life was crowded”: Adlai Stevenson, 9 and 17 November 1962, Memorial Address at the UN and St. John the Divine.
Index
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Acheson, Dean, 25, 527
Addams, Jane, 59n, 90, 169, 321, 322
African Americans, 93, 96, 165–67, 169, 204, 216–17, 333–43, 566
in armed forces, 11–12, 338, 339–43, 345, 338–43, 350, 416, 431, 437, 439–40, 446, 450–51, 472–73, 511, 518–19, 535
education of, 216, 328–29
lynchings of, 54, 166, 243
violence against, 204, 336–37
voting rights of, 336–37, 357
see also racism
Allenswood School, 2, 109, 121, 144, 450
American Friends of German Freedom, 198, 289, 468–70
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 26, 62, 83, 134, 179, 229, 242, 288, 323, 370, 421, 431, 505, 521–22, 569
American Red Cross, 430, 444–45, 451, 479–80
American Student Union (ASU), 95n, 174, 175–76, 177, 182, 183, 197, 208
American Youth Congress (AYC), 94–95, 109, 117, 158, 196–97, 201, 202–5, 210, 211, 219, 245, 261–62, 285, 324, 342
Communist members of, 153, 157, 172, 175–76, 177, 197, 203, 208, 230, 282, 330, 360, 393
Dies Committee hearings on, 172–79, 182, 184
ER and, 95, 153, 157, 212–15, 229–30, 330, 334, 356, 360
Amery, Leo, 182–83, 252
Anderson, Charles Alfred, 11, 437
Anderson, Marian, 33, 34–35, 36, 57, 66, 73, 93–94, 159
anti-colonialism, 436, 439, 459, 464, 535–36, 537, 549
anti-Communism, 157, 281, 328, 360, 561, 564–65
see also Red Scare
anti-lynching laws, 31–32, 166
anti-Nazi films, 316, 318–19, 359
anti-Semitism, 25, 26, 27–28, 29, 92, 96–97, 100, 126–27, 156, 171, 192, 258, 321, 406, 426–27, 449, 451–52, 459, 486n
appeasement, 30, 41, 45, 124, 136, 269
armed forces, U.S.:
Blacks in, 11–12, 338, 339–43, 345, 338–43, 350, 416, 431, 437, 439–40, 446, 450–51, 472–73, 511, 518–19, 535
women in, 426, 427–28, 437–38, 444, 450–51
arms embargo, 86, 90, 91–93, 97, 98, 100–102, 101n, 123, 124, 134, 137–38, 160–61
Arthurdale, W.Va., 59, 68, 142, 157–58, 230–31, 243, 414
Atlantic Charter, 396, 411, 418, 448, 461, 464, 477, 550
Auschwitz-Birkenau, 431, 453, 454, 516, 526
Australia, 302, 465, 479, 480, 483
Austria, 26, 41, 99, 131
Backer, Dorothy Schiff, 168, 351, 401, 474n
Baldwin, Roger, 283–84, 395
Baruch, Bernard, 8, 63–64, 146, 157–58, 175, 178–79, 293, 363–64, 390, 391, 407, 409, 429, 483, 505, 542, 547, 564
Belafonte, Harry, 512n, 564, 566–68
Belgium, 81, 140, 163, 252, 253–54
Nazi invasion of, 255, 257–58, 262
Bergen-Belsen, 516, 538
Bergson, Peter, 469, 474–75, 484, 485, 487
Bermuda Conference (1943), 470–72, 474
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 211, 215–16, 250, 271, 336, 339, 343, 401, 407, 428, 432, 518–19, 549
ER and, 34, 156, 310, 333, 357–58, 564–65
Biddle, Anthony J. Drexel, 120, 139, 316
Biddle, Francis, 27, 337n, 417, 418, 420
Biddle, Margaret, 164, 316, 444
Bill of Rights, 180–81, 304, 321, 406, 417, 545
Bingham, Hiram, 371, 373, 381, 384, 389
Black, Ruby, 193, 353–57, 362
Blitz, 241, 314–15, 330–31, 375, 390, 392, 412, 441, 442, 506, 507
Boettiger, Anna Roosevelt, 48, 74, 79, 103, 183, 215, 352, 359, 474, 539, 541
ER’s correspondence with, 65–66, 71–72, 159, 210, 263, 268, 290, 351, 360, 399, 410, 423–24, 428, 430, 456, 483, 512
ER’s visits with, 36–37, 53, 61, 144, 235, 236, 385, 402–3, 420, 422, 495
as FDR’s aide, 501–2, 503, 504–5, 529
Tommy and, 167–68, 277–78, 310, 362, 422, 430
Boettiger, John Jr., 36, 37, 72, 359, 385, 430, 508, 533, 539
Boettiger, Johnnie (ER’s grandson), 53, 144, 236
Bowman, Isaiah, 459, 486–88
British Empire, 212, 439, 458–59
Brittain, Vera, 316n, 505–6, 553–54
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 333, 334–35
Broun, Heywood, 184–85, 354
Buck, Pearl S., 30, 278, 406–7, 517
Bullitt, William, 27, 37, 112, 120, 134, 139, 163, 219, 258, 263, 273, 316, 394
Burke-Wadsworth bill, 323–24, 332, 338–39
Burma Road, 331–32, 492
Buttinger, Joseph, 288, 289, 379
Byrnes, James, 298, 300, 347, 511, 512, 548, 552
Cadden, Joseph, 94n, 173, 174, 204, 212, 261–62, 393
Cairo Conference, 483, 491, 492, 494
California, 236, 238–41
Campobello, 393, 394–95, 396, 397
Cardwell, Ann, 161–63
Carlson, Evans, 460, 461, 512
Casablanca Conference (1943), 452, 457, 458–59, 461
Catholics, Catholic Church, 41, 47, 151, 189–92, 360
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 90, 92, 321, 497, 549
Celler, Emanuel, 63, 498–99
Chamberlain, Neville, 113, 115, 218, 252, 347
Chaney, Mayris “Tiny,” 7, 145, 236, 239–40, 241, 412, 414, 415, 416, 512
Chapman, Oscar, 34, 35, 159
Chiang, Madame, 424, 460, 460–63, 491, 517
Chiang Kai-shek, 331, 460, 461–63, 465, 474, 483, 491, 494, 548
China, 41–42, 82, 99, 116, 203, 210, 213, 254, 278, 331–32, 460, 461, 463, 548, 549, 561
Churchill, Clementine, 442–43, 445, 450, 476, 514, 517
Churchill, Winston, 40, 114, 136, 140, 151, 252, 255, 263, 314, 315, 332, 375, 390, 393, 438, 442, 472, 474, 490, 515, 524–25
at Cairo Conference, 492
at Casablanca Conference, 458–59
and cross-channel invasion plan, 477, 494
delays in opening second European front urged by, 492
destruction of French fleet ordered by, 281
ER and, 443, 450, 491, 516, 517, 557
in first wartime meeting with FDR, 395–96
Greece and, 527–28
Hyde Park visits of, 476–77, 516–17
Ibn Saud’s meeting with, 531
imperialism of, 451, 458, 535, 544n
Indian independence and, 434–35, 439, 459, 463–65, 491–92, 517, 535, 536
“iron curtain” speech of, 556–57
Italy and, 527
Jewish refugees and, 475–76, 484, 500–501
as monarchist, 527
in Quebec Conference, 484, 514, 516, 517, 518
Soviets and, 42, 546–47
“sphere of influence” policy of, 517–18
in Tehran Conference, 483, 492
Truman and, 546–47
U.S. destroyers requested by, 256, 331
in White House meetings with FDR, 408–12, 417
at Yalta Conference, 530
Citizenship Institute, 202–205, 210,
216
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 23, 54, 63, 74, 87n, 160
civil liberties, 157, 178, 230, 232, 244, 257, 268, 281–83, 406, 417, 418, 419, 565
civil rights, 9, 11, 13, 204, 211, 304, 310–11, 321, 334, 336–37, 561
civil rights movement, 243, 425, 431–32, 436, 522, 568
Cohen, Ben, 102, 103, 105, 123, 205, 206n, 552
Cold War, 556, 560–61, 562
Communism, Communists, 24, 88, 92, 96, 135, 141, 156, 159, 178, 210, 219, 245, 247, 258, 269, 460, 463, 523, 525
AYC and, 153, 157, 172, 175–77, 197, 203, 208, 230, 282, 330, 360, 393
Dies Committee and, 69, 153–54, 181–83
see also anti-Communism; Red Scare
concentration camps, 81, 99, 126, 198, 199, 452–53, 454, 515–16, 538, 558
Congress, U.S., 58, 31, 63, 79, 91, 98, 102, 113, 196, 270, 346–47, 375, 391, 396, 404, 408, 415, 437
anti-alien bills in, 27–28
anti-New Deal legislation in, 86–93
Churchill’s address to, 410
draft bill in, 273–74
ER’s criticisms of, 106–7
FDR’s post-Yalta address to, 533
FDR’s relations with, 270, 502–3
Madame Chiang’s address to, 462
Neutrality Acts in, 137–38
opposition to WPA in, 60
refugee issue in, 82
Congress Party, India, 434, 435, 491–92
Connally, Tom, 548, 551–52
“Conquer Fear and You Will Enjoy Living” (E. Roosevelt), 48–50
Constitution, U.S., 92, 180–81, 230, 304
Cook, Nancy, 6, 85, 97, 110, 125, 168, 360
Corcoran, Tom, 102, 105, 123, 205, 394
Coughlin, Charles, 41, 156, 158, 321
Crim, Howell, 387–88, 540
Cripps, Stafford, 434–35, 442
Czechoslovakia, 18, 29, 41, 58, 113, 115, 131, 148n–49n, 210, 213, 232, 254
Dachau, 317, 516, 538
Daily Worker, 135, 176, 182
Daladier, Édouard, 164, 218, 280
Danzig, 112, 113, 136
Darlan, François, 448–49, 451–52
Darlan Deal, 449, 451–52, 457
Davis, Norman, 41, 42, 138, 253, 277, 430, 451, 481
D-Day, 501, 508–9
death camps, 515–16, 538, 547, 554
Declaration of Independence, 304, 545
de Gaulle, Charles, 411, 449, 451, 458–61, 508, 516
Delano, Laura “Polly,” 8, 401, 502, 526, 528, 534, 537, 539, 540n
democracy, 24, 231, 303–7, 333, 341, 358–60
Democratic Digest, 251, 356, 360–61
Democratic National Committee, 236
Women’s Division of, 250, 309, 343, 356, 360–61
Democratic National Convention, 292
of 1940, 295–302, 353
of 1944, 512
Democratic Party, Democrats, 1, 6, 17, 84, 102–3, 107, 303–8, 521
Dewey, Thomas, 291, 488, 514, 522
in 1944 election, 513, 518, 523, 525
Dickerman, Marion, 6, 85, 97, 110, 125, 168
Dies, Martin, 41, 69–70, 147, 153, 154, 158, 260, 469
Dies Committee, 69–70, 86, 147, 153, 158–59, 172–74, 175–76, 178–79, 181–82, 184, 197, 202, 204, 244, 281, 469
Displaced Persons, 547, 554, 555–56
Dixiecrats, 13, 167, 216, 510, 561–62, 566
Dombrowski, James, 243, 565–66
Dominican Republic, 236, 372, 373
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 174, 175, 237–38, 239, 250, 402, 413
Douglas, Melvyn, 174, 175, 237–38, 413, 414, 415, 416
draft, 55, 273–74, 280, 323–24, 332, 344–45
Dubois, Rachel Davis, 169–70, 186
Du Bois, W. E. B., 549, 561
Dulles, John Foster, 514, 548, 550–51, 552, 554–55, 562–63
Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 513–14, 534
Durr, Virginia, 251, 321, 565
Early, Steve, 122, 340, 346–47, 358, 539
Eden, Anthony, 455, 458, 490
Edison, Charles, 120, 122, 280
education, 28, 33–34, 59, 93, 97, 144–45, 160, 169–70
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 114, 219, 220–21, 228
Einstein, Albert, 30, 148–49, 383
Eisenhower, Dwight, 439, 440, 449, 459, 494, 508, 516, 538, 562
Eisenhower, Milton S., 418, 419, 420, 457
Eleanor Roosevelt (Black), 353–57
elections, U.S.:
of 1938, 17
of 1940, 96, 103, 131, 164, 168, 178, 251, 284, 291–92, 295–302, 343–52, 360–61
of 1944, 510, 512, 513, 518, 521, 523–24
of 1948, 561–62
of 1952, 562
Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, 43, 44, 65–79, 441, 450
Emergency Committee to Save the Jews of Europe, 485, 488, 490, 501
Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), 288–90, 311, 368, 369, 373, 377, 379–80, 383, 384, 389, 430
Ethiopia, 203, 213, 269
Europe, 161
Displaced Persons in, 547, 554, 555–56
ER’s travels in, 266
Normandy invasion in, 501, 508–9
Farley, James, 102–3, 104, 267, 292, 296, 297, 298–300, 309, 355
Farm Security Administration (FSA), 59, 142, 237, 239, 243
fascists, fascism, 24, 41, 69–70, 156, 159, 172, 220, 247, 310, 320, 321, 358
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 73, 153, 172, 337, 466, 467, 492
ER investigated by, 521
Federal Theatre Project, 86–90, 97
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 368, 370–71
Field, Marshall, 229, 288, 290, 312, 430
Finland, 114, 178, 203, 208, 210, 221, 225, 254
Soviet invasion of, 174, 187–88, 197, 204, 213, 219, 227
Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, 53, 225, 254, 325
Flynn, Ed, 309, 343, 351, 352, 360, 361
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 474, 477, 560
Forbes, Dora Delano, 103–4, 116, 128, 163, 279, 284, 310
Foreign Office, British, 476, 500, 536
Four Freedoms, 56, 382–83, 411, 461, 494, 496, 560
France, 141, 153, 203, 219, 227, 229, 247, 252, 254, 280, 373, 374, 431, 448
anti-Semitism in, 258
colonial empire of, 212, 458–59
Communists is, 154, 214, 219, 258
in early stages of war, 154, 214, 252
fall of, 276, 279, 280, 302, 310, 327, 328, 348, 370
German invasion of, 257–58, 262–63, 271, 276, 286, 302, 327, 328
German occupation of, 286, 448–49
internment camps in, 221, 275, 279, 370
Jews in, 374, 430, 431, 451, 489, 499
lack of preparedness in, 114, 154, 219
refugees in, 81, 147, 152, 164, 229, 253–54, 258, 273, 275–77, 369–70, 374, 381, 384
rescue of Jews and antifascists in, 288–89, 368, 369
in run-up to war, 21, 40, 41–42, 99, 112–15
sale of planes to, 43–44
U.S. aid to, 43–44, 115, 134, 136, 161, 163, 219, 257, 273
Franco, Francisco, 17, 21, 37, 68, 91, 100, 443, 527
Frank, Karl, see Hagen, Paul
Frankfurter, Felix, 24–26, 283–84, 394
Fry, Varian, 9n, 289–90, 311, 368, 369, 370–71, 373, 377, 381, 384, 389, 430, 454
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 434, 435, 437, 464, 491–92
Garner, John Nance, 21, 101–2, 184, 295, 298
Gellhorn, Martha, 187, 220–21, 232, 275
George VI, King of England, 19, 43, 65–79, 441
Germany, Nazi, 126, 136, 187, 189, 221, 222, 229, 241, 246, 314, 317n, 323, 328, 330, 332, 375, 376, 391, 404
Allied bombing of, 438, 505, 533n
book burning in, 470
France invaded by, 257–58, 262–63, 286
French armistice with, 276, 279, 280, 370
Hitler’s purification of, 320
murder of Jews by, see Jews, Nazi slaughter of
in nonaggression pact with Soviets, see Nazi-Soviet pact
Poland invaded by, 120
Poles massacred by, 199, 452
Polish Jews expelled by, 82
propaganda of, 199
“resisters” in, 198
in run-up to World War II, 119–20
Soviet Union invaded by, 389
unconditional surrender of, 546
GI Bill of Rights, 477, 483, 489, 524
Goebbels, Josef, 38, 119, 150, 153
Graham, Frank, 28, 244, 415
Gray, David, 98, 128, 246, 450
Gray, Maude, 98, 119, 120, 133, 143, 450, 534, 542
Great Britain, 78, 81, 113, 136, 141, 152, 153, 161, 163, 195, 196, 212, 219, 227, 246, 252, 254, 327, 332, 358, 391, 401, 403
American racism and, 439–40
anticipated Nazi attack on, 255, 280–81, 290
in Battle of Britain, 314–15; see also Blitz
ER’s 1942 mission to, 437, 440–47
imperialism of, 212, 439, 458–59
Jewish immigration to Palestine blocked by, 427
as not prepared for war, 136
oil and, 471, 531
refugee children from, 316
Soviet Union and, 40, 42, 99, 140
U.S. aid to, 137, 161, 263, 287, 376, 393
U.S. public opinion on, 18–19, 65, 320
U.S. relations with, 471–72
Greece, 332, 346, 365, 391, 518, 533n
Greenway, Isabella, 34, 56, 291, 293, 456
Gruber, Ruth, 14, 500, 510, 521
Gurewitsch, David, 7, 14, 564
Hagen, Paul (Karl Frank), 465, 198, 199, 288, 311, 368, 369, 465
Halsey, William, 481, 482, 513
Hastie, William H., 340, 342, 473
health care, 23, 93, 179, 233, 497, 566
Hecht, Ben, 359, 378–79, 469, 474–75
Hedgeman, Anna Arnold, 432, 436, 470
Helm, Edith, 66, 167, 179, 351, 466
Hickok, Lorena “Hick,” 20, 55, 64, 73, 74, 78, 85, 120, 143, 237, 241, 250, 253, 292, 299, 343–44, 389, 399, 406, 410, 480, 483, 485, 510, 511, 515, 528, 542, 544, 564
bigotry of, 96–97, 293
DNC work of, 236, 292, 297, 361
ER’s friendship with, 6, 7, 8, 43, 48, 52–53, 109, 183–84, 214–15, 293, 361–63, 403, 516, 522
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