by Brian Fagan
16.Owen Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (London: Jonathon Cape, 1941). This passage draws on this fascinating book. See also Daniel Miller and Dennis Sheehy, “The Relevance of Owen Lattimore’s Writings for Nomadic Pastoralism Research and Development in Inner Asia,” Nomadic Peoples 12, no. 2 (2008): 103–15.
17.Mildred Cable and Francesca French were British Protestant missionaries who traveled widely in Central Asia during the 1920s and early 1930s. Strong, independent-minded, and bold, they left China in 1936 when all foreigners were expelled by a local Kansu warlord. Mildred Cable and Francesca French, The Gobi Desert: The Adventures of Three Women Travelling across the Gobi Desert in the 1920s, 2nd ed. (Coventry, UK: Trotamundas Press, 2008), p. 115.
18.Quotes in this paragraph are from Lattimore, Mongol Journeys, pp. 77 and 116.
19.Ibid., p. 139.
Chapter 14: Dominion over Beasts?
1.This section draws on Peter Edwards, Horse and Man in Early Modern England (London: Continuum Books, 2007).
2.Quoted in ibid., p. 5.
3.Ibid., p. 189.
4.Ibid., p. 197.
5.Ibid., p. 28.
6.Lloyd Charles Sanders, Old Kew, Chiswick, and Kensington (London: Methuen, 1910), p. 104.
7.John Evelyn, William Bray, and John Forster, eds., The Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, F.R.S., vol. 2 (London: Bell and Daidy, 1910), p. 211. Diary entry for December 7, 1684.
8.John Flavel, Husbandry Spiritualized, 6th ed. (London: T. Parkhurst), p. 206.
9.Jeremiah Burroughes (1600–1646) was a well-known Puritan preacher who served as a pastor in England, the Netherlands, and finally London, where he became known as “the morning star of Stepney” for his eloquent sermons. Quote from An Exposition of the Prophesie of Hosea (London: R. Dawlman, 1643), p. 576.
10.John Florio (trans.), Shakespeare’s Montaigne: The Florio Translation of the Essays. A Selection (New York: New York Review of Books Classics, 2014, [1580]). Quote from the essay “An Apologie de Raymond Sebond,” Book 12, section 2.
11.For a discussion of Descartes and Cartesianism, see Linda Kalof, Looking at Animals (New York: Reaktion Books, 2007), chapter 5.
12.Oliver Goldsmith (1730–1774) is famous for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) and for the play She Stoops to Conquer (1773). Quote from Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 35.
13.This passage draws on Thomas, Man and the Natural World, pp. 92ff.
14.Kalof, Looking at Animals, pp. 59–64. Esther Cohen, “Animals in Medieval Perceptions: The Image of the Ubiquitous Other,” in Manning and Serpell, eds., Animals and Human Society, pp. 59–80; Andreas-Holger Maehle, “Cruelty and Kindness to the ‘Brute Creation’: Stability and Change in the Ethics of the Man-Animal Relationship, 1600–1850,” in Manning and Serpell, eds., Animals and Human Society, pp. 81–105.
15.T. Porck and H. J. Porck, “Eight Guidelines on Book Preservation from 1527: How One Should Preserve All Books to Last Eternally,” Journal of Paper Conservation, 13(2) (2012): p.20.
16.The illustration and quote appear in a copy of Augustine of Hippo’s De Civitate Dei contra Paganos, completed by him in 426 CE and made by Hildebert and another artist Everwin. The manuscript is in Prague’s Capitular Library (codex A21/1, folio 153r).
17.Pangur Bán, which means “white Pangur,” is the cat’s name. The Old Irish poem was written by an anonymous monk, probably at the Benedictine abbey on Reichenau Island, in Lake Constance. It’s possible that the author was Sedulious Scottus, as the poem is stylistically somewhat similar to his work. See Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, eds., Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus: A Collection of Old Irish Glosses, Prose, and Verse (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1904), pp. 293–94.
18.Sir Kenelm Digby (1603–1665), courtier, natural philosopher, and diplomat, was, among his other achievements, the father of the modern wine bottle. Quote from his A Late Discourse … Touching the Cure of Wounds by the Powder of Sympathy (London: R. Lowdes, 1658), p. 117. The “Powder of Sympathy” was a form of sympathetic magic.
19.Jane Ingelow (1820–1897) was a prolific novelist and poet. She was widely popular in Victorian times, her works being popular domestic entertainment. She is largely forgotten today. Quote from her High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571 (London: Roberts Brothers, 1883), lines 40–42.
Chapter 15: “The Hell for Dumb Animals”
1.P. K. O’Brien, “Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 1 (1977): 169.
2.Henry Peacham, The Worth of a Peny: Or a Caution to Keep Money (London: S. Giffin, 1664), p. 31. Peacham (1578–c.1644) was a writer and poet, and is best known today for a work entitled The Compleat Gentleman (1622).
3.Pehr Kalm (1716–1779) was an explorer, botanist, agricultural economist, and also a student of Carl Linnaeus. He wrote the first scientific description of Niagara Falls. Quote from Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World, p. 26.
4.Thomas, Man and the Natural World, pp. 94ff, covers this material.
5.Harriet Ritvo, Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), chapter 1, covers beef breeding admirably. For Robert Bakewell, see pp. 66ff.
6.William Fitzstephen (died c. 1190) was a cleric and administrator who worked for Archbishop Thomas Becket and witnessed his murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. Fitzstephen’s account of London forms part of Becket’s biography. Quoted from Matthew Senior, Enlightenment, p. 105.
7.Thomas Maslen, Suggestions for the Improvement of Our Towns and Houses (London: Smith, Elder, 1843), p. 16.
8.Thomas Pennant, British Zoology: A New Edition, vol. 1 (London: Wilkie and Robinson, 1812), p. 11.
9.Ritvo, Animal Estate, pp. 107–13.
10.Janet Clutton-Brock, Horse Power (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 170–77, summarizes the history of horse racing and the importation of Arabians.
11.Madeleine Pinault Sorensen, “Portraits of Animals, 1600–1800,” in Matthew Senior, ed., A Cultural History of Animals in the Age of Enlightenment (New York: Berg, 2007), pp. 157–98.
12.Adam Alasdair, The Cat: A Short History (Seattle, WA: Amazon Digital Services, 2012), summarizes feline fortunes through history.
13.Kolof, Looking at Animals, p. 125.
14.Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 126.
15.Christopher Hibbert, ed., Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals (London: John Murray, 1984), p. 205.
16.Jason Hribal, “Animals Are Part of the Working Class,” Labor History 44, no. 3 (2003): 112–37.
Chapter 16: Victims of Military Insanity
1.This passage is based on Louis A. Di Marco, War Horse: A History of the Military Horse and Rider (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2008).
2.A summary of the Battle of Eylau appears at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau.
3.Cavalié Mercer (1783–1868), who later became a general, was a British artillery officer at the Battle of Waterloo. His six-gun artillery troop fought off French heavy cavalry, refusing to withdraw into an infantry square. Cavalié Mercer, Journal of the Waterloo Campaign Kept throughout the Campaign of 1815 (London: William Blackwood, 1870). Quotes from volume 1, pp. 319–21. The book was edited for publication by his son Cavalié A. Mercer.
4.Capt. Louis Edward Nolan (1818–1854) was an accomplished horse master and expert on cavalry tactics, best known for his controversial role in the Charge of the Light Brigade, at which he was killed. See the biography David Buttery, Messenger of Death: Captain Nolan and the Charge of the Light Brigade (Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2008). Nolan’s Cavalry: Its History and Tactics, first published in 1853, is a classic analysis of the subject. Originally published by Thomas Bosworth in London, the book was reprinted with an introduction by Jon Coulston (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007). Quote from p. 37. The quote from Xenophon, later in the paragraph, appears on p. 105.
5.Nolan, Cavalry, p. 125.
6.Ibid., p. 97.
7.Cecil Woodham-Smith’s The Reason Why (London: Penguin Reprint, 1991) is a classic, detailed, and beautifully written account of the Charge and its complex prelude. Quote from p. 138.
8.This passage and the sidebar “Cavalry Folly: Into the Valley of Death” are based on Woodham-Smith, The Reason Why. To appreciate the full nuances of the Crimean disaster, I recommend reading the entire volume.
9.Quoted by Woodham-Smith, The Reason Why, p. 242.
10.Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade” was written in 1854 to memorialize the event.
11.Buttery, Messenger of Death, p. 114.
12.Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade” (Seattle: Amazon Digital Services, 2012), p. 3.
13.This passage is based on John Ellis, Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare (New York: Putnam, 1978), chapter 7; and Di Marco, War Horse, chapter 8.
14.Quotes by John Ellis, Cavalry, p. 148.
15.Ibid., p. 176.
16.Quotes in Di Marco, War Horse, pp. 319–21.
17.G. J. Meyer, A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918 (New York: Bantam Dell, 2006), p. 321.
18.Mercer, Journal, vol. 1, p. 335.
Chapter 17: Cruelty to the Indispensable
1.Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (London: Penguin, 2002, [1838]), p. 171.
2.James Serpell and Elizabeth Paul, “Pets and the Development of Positive Attitudes to Animals,” in Manning and Serpell, eds., Animals and Human Society, p. 133. The Romans also kept pets: Michael MacKinnon, “‘Sick as a Dog’: Zooarchaeological Evidence for Pet Dog Health and Welfare in the Roman World,” World Archaeology 42, no. 2 (2010): 290–309.
3.Serpell and Paul, “Pets,” p. 137. Goody Two Shoes is still in print, or available as an e-book through Amazon.com.
4.Serpell and Paul, “Pets,” p. 135.
5.These paragraphs rely heavily on Ritvo, The Animal Estate, pp. 144ff. Col. Richard Martin (1754–1834) was Member of Parliament for Galway and an advocate of Catholic Emancipation and animal welfare. He was famous in Parliament for his humorous speeches. His colorful campaigning for animals made him the butt of cartoonists’ work. King George IV nicknamed him “Humanity Dick.”
6.Ritvo, Animal Estate, pp. 130ff, covers the early history of the SPCA.
7.Ibid., pp. 138–39.
8.Ibid., p. 108.
9.This passage draws on Clay McShane and Joel A. Tarr, “The Horse as Technology: The City Animal as Cyborg,” in Sandra Olsen et al., eds. Horses and Humans, pp. 365–75. See also Clay McShane and Joel A. Tarr, The Horse in the City: Living Machines in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), pp. 3–4.
10.A. Briggs, The Power of Steam: An Illustrated History of the World’s Steam Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
11.The literature on pit ponies is surprisingly thin. John Bright’s Pit Ponies (London: Batsford, 1986) is a very general account. For an overall view, I relied on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_pony.
12.U.S. Bureau of the Census figures for 1901 and 1913 quoted by McShane and Tarr, “The Horse,” p. 365.
13.Ibid.
14.David Voice, The Age of the Horse Tram: A History of Horse-Drawn Passenger Tramways in the British Isles (Strathpeffer, Scotland: AHG Books, 2009). The quote is from the Morning Post, July 7, 1829.
15.Robert Thurston, “The Animal as a Machine and Prime Mover,” Science 1, no. 14 (1895): 365–71.
16.A. H. Sanders, A History of the Percheron Horse (Chicago: Breeder’s Gazette Print, 1917).
17.R. L. Freeman, The Arabbers of Baltimore (Tidewater, MD: Tidewater Publications, 1987), p. 19.
18.Ritvo, Animal Estate, chapter 4, has an admirable summary.
19.Harriet Ritvo, “Animals in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Complicated Attitudes and Competing Categories,” in Manning and Serpell, eds., Animals and Human Society, p. 110.
20.Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 139. Dog cart hauling was finally outlawed in Britain in 1854.
Chapter 18: To Kill, to Display, and to Love
1.Ritvo, Animal Estate, chapter 5, provides an admirable survey and is my primary source for this section.
2.Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 207.
3.Ibid., p. 215.
4.Punch 60 (1871): 240.
5.Ritvo, Animal Estate, chapter 6, provides a comprehensive summary of the developments described in this section.
6.Quote from Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 250. See also Roualeyn Gordon Cumming, Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa (London: John Murray, 1850).
7.Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 253. Selous wrote several books, among them Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa (London: R. Ward, 1903).
8.Quoted by Ritvo, Animal Estate, p. 253.
9.Lord Byron, “Epitaph to a Dog” (1808), http://www.poetryloverspage.com/poets/byron/epitaph_to_dog.html
10.Surveyed in Ritvo, Animal Estate, chapter 2.
11.Ibid., p. 98.
12.Ibid.
13.Described by ibid., pp. 115–21.
14.Andrew Lawler, Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? The Epic Saga of the Bird that Powers Civilization (New York: Atria Books, 2014).
15.Mathew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism (New York: Macmillan, 1883 [UK edition, 1869]), pp. 77–78. Oscar Wilde’s reference to “the unspeakable” is a remark made by Lord Illingworth in act 1 of Wilde’s play A Woman of No Importance, performed in London in 1893 (Seattle: Amazon Digital Services, 2011).
16.Serpell and Paul, “Pets,” p. 127.
17.This section is based on Peter Singer’s classic book-length essay Animal Liberation, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009). Quote from p. 213. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the issues surrounding animal liberation, as is another classic: Steven M. Wise, Drawing the Line: Science and the Case of Animal Rights (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 2002).
18.Singer, Animal Liberation, p. 226.
A Note on the Author
Brian Fagan is emeritus professor of anthropology at the University of California–Santa Barbara. Born in England, he did fieldwork in Africa and has written about North American and world archaeology and many other topics. His books on the interaction of climate and human society have established him as the leading authority on the subject; he lectures frequently around the world. He is the editor of The Oxford Companion to Archaeology and the author of The Attacking Ocean, Beyond the Blue Horizon, Elixir, Cro-Magnon, The Great Warming, Fish on Friday, The Little Ice Age, and The Long Summer, among many other titles.
Also by Brian Fagan
Beyond the Blue Horizon: How the Earliest Mariners Unlocked the Secrets of the Oceans
Elixir: A History of Water and Humankind
Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans
“Where We Saw a Whale”: The Story of Lake Clark National Park, Alaska
The Great Warming
Fish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting, and the Discovery of the New World
From Stonehenge to Samarkand (editor)
Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society
Before California
The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850
Egypt of the Pharaohs
Floods, Famines, and Emperors
Into the Unknown
From Black Land to Fifth Sun
Eyewitness to Discovery (editor)
Oxford Companion to Archaeology (editor)
Time Detectives
Kingdoms of Jade, Kingdoms of Gold
Journey from Eden
Ancient North America
The Great Journey
The Adventure of Archaeology
The Aztecs
Clash of Cultures
Return to Babylon
Quest for the Past
&
nbsp; Elusive Treasure
The Rape of the Nile
The Attacking Ocean: The Past, Present, and Future of Rising Sea Levels
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