by Robert Lacey
Dr. Ros Faith, Wolfson College, Oxford
Richard Falkiner, coins and medals expert
Professor Richard Fletcher, University of York
Dr. Simon Franklin, Clare College, Cambridge
Dr. Richard Gameson, University of Kent
Dr. George Garnett, St. Hugh’s College, Oxford
Professor John Gillingham, London School of Economics
Professor Malcolm Godden, Pembroke College, Oxford
Professor James Graham-Campbell, University College, London
Dr. Allan Hall, University of York
Dr. Richard Hall, York Archaeological Trust
Dr. David Hill, University of Manchester
Dr. Peregrine Hordern, All Souls College, Oxford
Dr. James Howard-Johnston, Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Dr. Gillian Hutchinson, Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Dr. Andrew K. G.Jones, University of Bradford and York Archaeological Trust
Dr. Paul Joyce, St. Peters College, Oxford Dr. Simon Keynes, Trinity College, Cambridge
Dr. Ken Lawson, St. Paul’s School, London
Dr. Henrietta Leyser, St. Peter’s College, Oxford
Dr. John Maddicott, Exeter College, Oxford
Dr. Ailsa Mainman, York Archaeological Trust
Dr. Patrick McGurk, Birkbeck College, London
Professor Henry Mayr-Harting, Christ Church, Oxford
Professor Rosamond McKitterick, Newnham College, Cambridge
Dr. Patricia Morison, All Soul’s College, Oxford
Professor Janet Nelson, King’s College, London
Dr. Andy Orchard, Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Dr. Christopher Page, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Steve Pollington, Da Engliscan Gesidas (the English Companions)
Dr. Eric Poole and Georgina Poole, translators of classical documents
J. Kim Siddorn, Regia Anglorum
Dr. Richard Smith, Downing College, Cambridge
Professor Alfred Smyth, St. George’s House, Windsor Castle
Professor Pauline Stafford, University of Huddersfield
Dr. Andrew Wathey, Royal Holloway College, London
Dr. Leslie Webster, British Library, London
Professor Christopher Wickham, University of Birmingham
Mr. Patrick Wormald, Christ Church, Oxford
All interviews were conducted by Danny Danziger, with the exception of those with Richard Falkiner, Dr. David Hill, Dr. Patrick McGurk, Dr. Patricia Morison, Steve Pollington, Dr. Eric and Georgina Poole, and J. Kim Siddorn, who were interviewed by Robert Lacey. At the British Museum, Dr. Michelle Brown was kind enough to spare time for both authors, and to let us examine the Julius Work Calendar.
We would like to give particular acknowledgement to the work of Dr. Patrick McGurk, who has carried out the most precise academic research to date on the Julius Work Calendar, and to Dr. Eric and Georgina Poole, who executed a full translation of the calendar text into modern English. Copies of this translation are available on application to the authors, c/o the publisher.
Regia Anglorum is a society whose five hundred members gather together to re-create the life and times of the Vikings, Anglo-Saxons, and other inhabitants of the British Isles in the century leading up to the Norman Conquest in 1066. For information on Regia Anglorum’s forty regional branches, contact J. Kim Siddorn, 9 Durleigh Close, Bristol BS13 7NQ; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.regia.org. We are grateful to the society’s authenticity officer, Roland Williamson, for reviewing the manuscript.
The authors would like to thank for their help: the staffs of the Manuscript Room and the Reading Room of the British Library, and the photographic reproduction staff; Fionnuala Jervis, who visited the Viking Adventure in Dublin and the National Museum of Ireland on our behalf; Leonard Lewis; the staff of the London Library; Andrew and Malini Maxwell-Hyslop; the endlessly helpful staff and partners of the John Sandoe bookshop, who tracked down recondite Anglo-Saxon treatises; pruning expert Gordon Taylor; Dr. John Taylor; Dr. Penny Wallis; the staff of the Anglo-Saxon village at West Stow in Suffolk; the Jorvik Viking Centre, Coppergate, York, and the York Archaeological Trust; the Shaftesbury Museum, Dorset; Shaftesbury Abbey Museum, Dorset; the Abbey House, Malmesbury; Dorothy White.
We would also like to thank our literary agents, Jonathan Lloyd and Michael Shaw of Curtis Brown; our inspired editors at Little, Brown - Philippa Harrison in London and Bill Phillips in New York - and also Betty Power, our immensely efficient copyeditor in Boston. Thanks to Ruth Cross for her subtle and satisfying index.
It was Nina Drummond who suggested that this book be cast in the form of a calendar in order to reflect the rhythm of life in the year 1000. She has typed the manuscript, has excavated obscure books and articles, and, in the company of Osric, her faithful Anglo-Saxon springer spaniel, has visited Anglo-Saxon villages and abbeys, and got her feet wet tramping the causeway that the Vikings crossed to fight the Battle of Maldon. This book would not have been possible without her - nor without Sandi Lacey. Her contribution to the design and human concepts of the writing is stamped on every chapter.
Our other great debt is to our partners and colleagues at Cover, the little magazine of big words and pictures which we founded together in 1997. We started research for this book at the same moment that we started work on our first dummy issue, and the enjoyment and success of both projects owes much to the editorial and management teams who have kept producing brilliant new issues while we have been delving into the mysteries of millennial Viagra, how to charm a swarm of bees, or how to cure an Anglo-Saxon headache. This book is dedicated to them - and through them, to our loyal subscribers and readers.
Danny Danziger and Robert Lacey
November 1998
Bibliography
This bibliography lists the books and articles on which the text is based, in addition to material supplied by the interviews listed above. Readers stimulated to further research are warmly recommended to the most easily available paperback sourcebooks: The Anglo-Saxon World (Oxford University Press, 1982), translated and edited by Kevin Crossley-Holland, and Michael Swanton’s Anglo-Saxon Prose (Everyman, 1993).
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Beckwith, John. Early Medieval Art. London: Thames Hudson, 1969.
Bede. Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited by D. H. Farmer. Translated by Leo Sherley-Price. London: Viking Penguin, 1955.
Brent, Peter. The Viking Saga. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1975.
Britnell, Richard H. The Commercialisation ojEnglish Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996.
Brooke, Christopher. Europe in the Central Middle Ages, 962-1154. London: Longmans, 1964.
---------. The Structure of Medieval Society. London: Thames Hudson, 1971.
Brooke, Christopher, and Brooke, Rosalind. Popular Religion in the Middle Ages. London: Thames and Hudson, 1984.
Brown, Michelle P. Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. London: British Library, 1991.
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de Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen - Scribes and Illuminators. London: British Museum Press, 1992.
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Source Notes
The Julius Work Calendar can be studied at the British Library in London, subject to the rules and conditions of access to the Manuscript Room. It is catalogued as Cotton MS Julius A. VI. See the works of Patrick McGurk listed in the bibliography on page 207 for the latest published academic transcript and analysis of the document, and also Baker and Lapidge for a transcription and translation of the text at the head of the calendar page. Dr. David Hill of the University of Manchester has prepared a most important illustrated, but as yet unpublished, analysis of the calendar from the point of view of Anglo-Saxon farming techniques, The Turning Year. In addition to the ideas and themes suggested by our interviews with the experts listed on pages 203-205, important details in the text come from the following sources, whose full details can be found in the bibliography:
