17. American Security Project, “About: Vision–Strategy–Dialogue,” www.americansecurityproject.org/about/ (accessed July 1, 2014; Apr. 10, 2017).
18. When viewed in July 2014, the ACLU National Security Project’s self-description had a soaring tone: “Our way forward lies in decisively turning our backs on the policies and practices that violate our greatest strength: our Constitution and the commitment it embodies to the rule of law. Liberty and security do not compete in a zero-sum game; our freedoms are the very foundation of our strength and security.” When viewed in Apr. 2017, the banner on the redesigned National Security page had become quite matter-of-fact: “The ACLU’s National Security Project is dedicated to ensuring that U.S. national security policies and practices are consistent with the Constitution, civil liberties, and human rights.” ACLU National Security Project, “National Security: What’s at Stake,” www.aclu.org/national-security.
19. National Security Agency/Central Security Service, www.nsa.gov; “Mission and Strategy,” www.nsa.gov/about/mission-strategy (accessed Apr. 10, 2017). In April 2016, the mission was expressed as “Global Cryptologic Dominance Through Responsive Presence and Network Advantage.”
20. Re Snowden, see, e.g., Citizenfour, documentary film (dir. Laura Poitras, 2014); video interviews by the New Yorker’s Jane Mayer (2014), www.youtube.com/watch?v=fidq3jow8bc; and Harvard Law School professor Lawrence Lessig (2014), www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_Sr96TFQQE (accessed Apr. 10, 2017). Following seven months of revelations and accusations by and against Snowden, a major US newspaper contended: “The shrill brigade of his critics say Mr. Snowden has done profound damage to intelligence operations of the United States, but none has presented the slightest proof that his disclosures really hurt the nation’s security.” Editorial Board, “Edward Snowden, Whistle-Blower,” op-ed, New York Times, Jan. 1, 2014. In an Oct. 2014 interview published in The Nation, Snowden said that certain phrases “parroted” by the media are intended “to provoke a certain emotional response—for example, ‘national security.’ . . . But it is not national security that they’re concerned with; it is state security. And that’s a key distinction. We don’t like to use the phrase ‘state security’ in the United States because it reminds us of all the bad regimes. But it’s a key concept, because when these officials are out on TV, they’re not talking about what’s good for you. They’re not talking about what’s good for business. They’re not talking about what’s good for society. They’re talking about the protection and perpetuation of a national state system.” Katrina vanden Heuvel and Stephen F. Cohen, “Edward Snowden: A ‘Nation’ Interview,” The Nation, Nov. 17, 2014.
21. National Priorities Project, “Cost of National Security,” www.nationalpriorities.org/cost-of (accessed Apr. 3, 2016).
22. Re antibiotic resistance, see, e.g., Sabrina Tavernise, “U.S. Aims to Curb Peril of Antibiotic Resistance,” New York Times, Sept. 18, 2014; Gardiner Harris, “ ‘Superbugs’ Kill India’s Babies and Pose an Overseas Threat,” New York Times, Dec. 3, 2014. Re DoD and climate change, see Department of Defense, 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap, www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/CCARprint.pdf (accessed Dec. 4, 2014). The first sentence on page 1 reads: “Climate change will affect the Department of Defense’s ability to defend the Nation and poses immediate risks to U.S. national security.” Secretary of Defense James Mattis reiterated this position in early 2017: “Climate change is impacting stability in areas of the world where our troops are operating today. . . . It is appropriate for the Combatant Commands to incorporate drivers of instability that impact the security environment in their areas into their planning.” Andrew Revkin (ProPublica), “Trump’s Defense Chief Cites Climate Change as National Security Challenge,” Science, Mar. 14, 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aal0911 (accessed Apr. 10, 2017).
23. European Commission, “Horizon 2020 Programme: Security,” ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/security (accessed July 8, 2017).
24. Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield observed while gazing down on war-torn Syria from inside the International Space Station, “We’re all in this together. . . . And so when we do look down on a place that is currently in great turmoil or strife, it’s hard to reconcile the inherent patience and beauty of the world with the terrible things that we can do to each other as people and can do to the Earth itself.” “Canadian Astronaut Appeals for Peace from Space,” Phys.org, Jan. 10, 2013, phys.org/news/2013-01-canadian-astronaut-appeals-peace-space.html. Another of the many examples is the Indian-American astronaut Sunita Williams, who said in Jan. 2007, live by satellite from the ISS, “It is hard to imagine anybody arguing down there.” “Peace Is the Message of Sunita Williams,” OneIndia, Jan. 11, 2007, www.oneindia.com/2007/01/11/peace-is-the-message-of-sunita-williams-1168510495.html (accessed Apr. 10, 2017).
25. The Space Report 2006, 1.
26. From 1984 through 2013 the event was called the National Space Symposium. It was renamed in 2014 “to reflect the event’s truly global profile.” Space Foundation, “About the Space Symposium: History,” www.spacesymposium.org/about/space-symposium. Between 2003 and 2009 the foundation also put on a separate, specifically military Strategic Space Symposium, co-sponsored by the DoD’s US Strategic Command and Space News. More recently, the foundation has begun staging “a boutique investment conference” called the Space Technology and Investment Forum, www.spacetechforum.com/ (accessed Apr. 10, 2017).
27. CNN.com/WORLD, “War in Iraq: U.S. Launches Cruise Missiles at Saddam,” Mar. 20, 2003, www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/19/sprj.irq.main/ (accessed Apr. 10, 2017).
28. According to the Space Foundation, the 19th National Space Symposium “grew 20 percent as compared to the 2002 event . . . more than 5,200 total participants . . . more than 1,400 symposium registrants were joined by over 1,000 students and teachers and an estimated 2,800 exhibitors, volunteers, customer support representatives, media, guests and others. . . . More than 120 companies, agencies and organizations participated in the exhibition center—also a new record.” “Space Foundation Reports National Space Symposium Growth,” news release, Apr. 29, 2003, available at SpaceRef, www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=11401 (accessed Apr. 3, 2016).
29. Leonard David, “Military Space Operations in Transformation,” Space.com, Apr. 8, 2003, www.space.com/news/nss_warfighter_030408.html (link disabled).
30. For the timetable, see “War in Iraq: War Tracker / Archive,” CNN.com, www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/war.tracker/index.html; “Struggle for Iraq—War in Iraq: Day by Day Guide,” BBC News, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2002/conflict_with_iraq/day_by_day_coverage/default.stm (accessed Apr. 3, 2016).
31. Commission to Assess US National Security Space Management, Report, xviii.
32. National Science Board, S & E Indicators 2016 (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2016), O–4, O–5, 3–6, 3–7, 3–18, 3–19, Fig. 3–33, 3–77, 3–103, 4–55, fig. 6–3, 6–20, www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsb20161/uploads/1/nsb20161.pdf; National Science Board, S & E Indicators 2014 (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2014), Appendix table 2–33, 2–34, www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind14/content/etc/nsb1401.pdf; Space Foundation, The Space Report 2016, 16, 24–25, 64–68; Space Report 2017, 47–48. See also Neil deGrasse Tyson, “Science in America,” Facebook, Apr. 21, 2017, www.facebook.com/notes/neil-degrasse-tyson/science-in-america/10155202535296613/ (accessed July 8, 2017).
33. Northrop Grumman, “2016 Annual Report,” www.northropgrumman.com/AboutUs/AnnualReports/Documents/pdfs/2016_noc_ar.pdf, 21–22, 1, 45; “Starshade,” Northrop Grumman, www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/Starshade/Pages/default.aspx; “Capabilities,” Northrop Grumman, www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/Pages/default.aspx (accessed Apr. 11, 2017).
34. Eric Schmitt with Bernard Weinraub, “A Nation at War: Military; Pentagon Asserts the Main Fighting Is Finished in Iraq,” New York Times, Apr. 15, 2003; CNN.com, “Inside Politics: Commander in Chief Lands on USS Lincoln,” May 2, 2003, www.cnn.com/2003/ALLP
OLITICS/05/01/bush.carrier.landing/; Jarrett Murphy, AP, “Text of Bush Speech,” CBS News, May 1, 2003, www.cbsnews.com/news/text-of-bush-speech-01-05-2003/ (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
35. According to a 2006 Zogby International poll of troops serving in Iraq, “Three quarters of the troops had served multiple tours and had a longer exposure to the conflict: 26% were on their first tour of duty, 45% were on their second tour, and 29% were in Iraq for a third time or more.” www.zogby.com/NEWS/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1075 (link disabled).
36. “By the end of Rumsfeld’s tenure in late 2006, there were an estimated 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq—an almost one-to-one ratio with active-duty American soldiers.” Jeremy Scahill, “Bush’s Shadow Army,” The Nation, Apr. 2, 2007. According to a Congressional Research Service report on a slightly later time frame, “the number of troops in Iraq dropped from a high of 169,000 in September 2007 to a low of 95,900 in March 2010, a decrease of 43%. The total number of contractors dropped from a high of 163,000 in September 2008 to 95,461 in March 2010, a decrease of 42%. The number of PSCs [private security contractors] peaked at 13,232 in June 2009.” Moshe Schwartz, The Department of Defense’s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for Congress, report, Congressional Research Service, June 22, 2010, 7, fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/145576.pdf (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
37. On April 23, 2006, the Iraqi death count was 34,511 minimum / 38,660 maximum, according to Iraq Body Count (characterized by the BBC News in October 2004 as “a respected database run by a group of academics and peace activists”), www.iraqbodycount.net (accessed Apr. 23, 2006). A much higher number for “excess Iraqi deaths as a consequence of the war”—between 392,979 and 942,636—is found in a noted study by Gilbert Burnham et al., “Mortality After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-sectional Cluster Sample Survey,” The Lancet 368:9545 (Oct. 21, 2006), 1421–28, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055943 (accessed Apr. 4, 2016). As of the first week of Apr. 2006, 17,469 US troops had been wounded, according to “U.S. Wounded by Month,” at Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, icasualties.org/oif/woundedchart.aspx (accessed Apr. 23, 2006).
38. Estimates of the true costs by two eminent economists, Nobel laureate Joseph E. Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, increased steadily from $1–2 trillion in early 2006, to a minimum of $2.267 trillion in late 2006—factoring in long-term and macroeconomic costs such as medical care and disability for veterans; capital expenditures to replace or restore military equipment destroyed or depleted during the war; the true costs of recruitment, activation, lost earnings, disability, and death of the troops; and rising oil prices. Interest payments on the money borrowed to fight the war would add another $264–308 billion. There would be intangible additional costs in, e.g., reduced US capability to respond to national security threats in other regions, increasing anti-American sentiment abroad, decline in US influence on issues ranging from trade negotiations to criminal justice. In early 2008 the estimate reached $3 trillion; in late 2015 it rose to $5–7 trillion (Stiglitz); in late 2016, nearly $5 trillion (Bilmes). Bilmes and Stiglitz, “A Careless War of Excessive Cost—Human and Economic,” San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 22, 2006, www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/A-careless-war-of-excessive-cost-human-and-2542816.php; Bilmes and Stiglitz, “Encore: Iraq Hemorrhage,” Milken Institute Review (4th Q, 2006), 76–83, www8.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/sites/jstiglitz/files/2006_Iraq_War_Milken_Review.pdf war; Stiglitz and Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008); see also the continually updated website Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts, threetrilliondollarwar.org. By early 2010, the monthly costs of the war in Afganistan were exceeding those of the war in Iraq; see Richard Wolf, “Afghan War Costs Now Outpace Iraq’s,” USA Today, May 13, 2010, usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/2010-05-12-afghan_N.htm (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
39. Space Foundation, “ ‘One Industry—Go for Launch!’ at the 22nd National Space Symposium,” press release, Apr. 3, 2006, www.nss.org/pipermail/isdc2006/2006-April/000239.html: “More than 135 companies and organizations will showcase exhibits in the Lockheed Martin Exhibit Center, representing an increase in the square footage of exhibits from last year by 40 percent.” See also Space Foundation, “Space Foundation Declares 22nd National Space Symposium a Huge Success,” press release, Apr. 8, 2006, www.spacefoundation.org/media/press-releases/space-foundation-declares-22nd-national-space-symposium-huge-success (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
40. American Institute of Physics, “House Appropriators Want More Money for NASA,” FYI: The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Science Policy News 47, Apr. 13, 2006.
41. According to a nationwide 2005 Harris Poll of 1,833 US adults, “In 10 years, seven in 10 (70%) U.S. adults think China will be a superpower. Forty-one percent think Japan will be as well, followed by the European Union (31%), United Kingdom (25%), India (20%) and Russia (15%).” See PRNewswire, “U.S. Public Less Concerned about China’s Potential to Grow Economically than Militarily in the Next Ten Years,” Nov. 15, 2005, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-public-less-concerned-about-chinas-potential-to-grow-economically-than-militarily-in-the-next-ten-years-55627132.html (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
42. NASA, “NASA Names Worden New Ames Center Director,” press release 06-193, Apr. 21, 2006, www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/apr/HQ_06193_Worden_named_director.html (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
43. University Communications, “Scientists Polled on Solar System Exploration Program Priorities,” news release, UA News, University of Arizona, Apr. 24, 2006, uanews.arizona.edu/story/scientists-polled-on-solar-system-exploration-program-priorities (accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
44. See Space Foundation, Space Report 2012, 109; Space Report 2014, 104; Space Report 2017, 43, “Exhibit 3b: Space Workforce Trends in the United States, Europe, Japan and India” and “Exhibit 3c: U.S. Space Industry Core Employment, 2005–2016.” See also Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey (National)—All employees, thousands, total nonfarm, seasonally adjusted, 2007–2017,” US Department of Labor, data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001 (accessed Oct. 2, 2017). The period covered by Exhibit 3b in the Space Report 2017 is 2005 through 2015; by Exhibit 3c, 2005 through the second quarter of 2016; and by the BLS total nonfarm chart and table, Jan. 2007 through June 2017.
45. Mike Wall, “NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft,” Space.com, Apr. 30, 2013, www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html; “NASA: Seats on Russian Rockets Will Cost U.S. $490 Million,” CBS/AP, Aug. 6, 2015, www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-seats-on-russian-rockets-will-cost-u-s-490-million/ (accessed Apr. 3, 2016).
46. See, e.g., William J. Broad, “Physicists Compete for the Biggest Project of All,” New York Times, Sept. 20, 1983; Associated Press, “Legislation Introduced to Spur Super Collider,” New York Times, Aug. 10, 1987; Ben A. Franklin, “Texas Is Awarded Giant U.S. Project on Smashing Atom,” New York Times, Nov. 11, 1988; David Appell, “The Super Collider That Never Was,” Scientific American, Oct. 15, 2013; Trevor Quirk, “How Texas Lost the World’s Largest Super Collider,” Texas Monthly, Oct. 21, 2013, www.texasmonthly.com/articles/how-texas-lost-the-worlds-largest-super-collider/ (accessed Jan. 10, 2018).
47. US General Accounting Office, “Federal Research—Super Collider Is Over Budget and Behind Schedule,” Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO/RCED-93-87, Feb. 1993, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112033998011;view=1up;seq=1 (accessed Jan. 12, 2018).
48. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress, “Mismanagement of DOE’s Super Collider,” Serial 103-76, June 30, 1993 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994), babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210013511959 (accessed Jan. 12, 2018). The committee chair
, John Dingell (D–MI), stated at the outset of the hearing, “While the science of this project is fascinating, that is not the focus of today’s hearing. . . . The Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations has examined dozens of defense acquisitions in-depth. Many of them were seriously mismanaged. But the SSC ranks among the worst projects that we have seen in terms of contract mismanagement and failed government oversight” (1).
49. President Bill Clinton, personal communication to Tyson; Michael Wines, “House Kills the Supercollider, And Now It Might Stay Dead,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 1993.
50. “Contributions to Growth of Worldwide R & D Expenditures, by Selected Region, Country, or Economy: 2000–15,” pie chart, in National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators 2018 Digest, NSB-2018-2, Jan. 2018, 5, fig. D, www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/assets/1407/digest.pdf (accessed Jan. 23, 2018). More generally, in 2000 the United States accounted for 31 percent of the world economy, and China 4 percent. By 2015 that figure dropped to slightly more than 24 percent for the United States and almost 15 percent for China. See Robbie Gramer, “Infographic: Here’s How the Global GDP Is Divvied Up,” Foreign Policy, Feb. 24, 2017, foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/24/infographic-heres-how-the-global-gdp-is-divvied-up/ (accessed Jan. 23, 2018); Evan Osnos, “Making China Great Again,” New Yorker, Jan. 8, 2018, 38.
51. Scott Simon, “Razor Technology, On the Cutting Edge,” Weekend Edition Saturday, July 17, 2010, www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=128583887 (accessed Apr. 11, 2017).
52. Re desirability of American preeminence, see, e.g., a report by the conservative Washington, DC, think tank Project for the New American Century: “The United States is the world’s only superpower, combining preeminent military power, global technological leadership, and the world’s largest economy. Moreover, America stands at the head of a system of alliances which includes the world’s other leading democratic powers. At present the United States faces no global rival. America’s grand strategy should aim to preserve and extend this advantageous position as far into the future as possible” (Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century, Sept. 2000, i, www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf, accessed Apr. 4, 2016).
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