heat signatures, 219–20
Hecataeus of Miletus, 70
helium, discovery of, 148
Hellfire missiles, 20, 332
Henry, Paul-Pierre and Matthieu-Prosper, 148, 456–57n
Henry (Prince Frederick Henry of Nassau), 104
Henry the Navigator, 79–81, 83
Herodotus, 45, 70, 423n, 434n, 440n
Herschel, John Frederick William, 142
Herschel, William
discovery of infrared light, 167–68, 220, 461n
discovery of Uranus, 52, 167, 444n
“photography” named, 142
study of sunlight, color, and heat, 167–68, 220, 461n
telescope design, 444n
Hertz, Heinrich, 168, 184
Hess, Rudolf, 58–59, 428n
Hevelius, Johannes, 444n, 455n
HEXAGON (KH-9) satellites, 205, 228–29, 230
Higgs boson, 28
hijackings of commercial airplanes, 226
Hindu astronomy and astrology, 40, 54
Hipparchus, 72, 73, 87, 93, 440n
Hiroshima, Japan, 263, 301, 302, 303, 457n, 474n, 505n
Historia rerum ubique gestarum (Pius II), 86
Histories (Polybius), 46–47, 119, 423–24n
Hitler, Adolf
appointment as chancellor of the Third Reich, 58
astrology and mysticism, 40–41, 60–62, 421n
becoming Führer, 186
Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 57–58
horoscopes of, 57–58, 61, 62–63, 428n
HMS Beagle, 97
Homer, 67–68
Hondius, Jocodus, 439n
Hong Fan Zhuan (“Account of the Great Plan”), 43
Hooke, Robert, 109, 120
Hornsby, Thomas, 440n
House Committee on Un-American Activities, 265
Howe, Ellic, 57, 58, 428n, 429n
Hoyle, Fred, 402
Hubble Space Telescope
civilian ownership, 233
high-resolution images of star fields, 154, 203
jitter problem, 229–30
links to KH-9 HEXAGON satellite, 227–29, 230–31
mission and discoveries, 232–33, 398
most distant galaxy, 199
proposed by Spitzer, 262
retrieval by Canadarm, 520n
Hubble Wars, The (Chaisson), 227
Hughes Aircraft, 222
Hu Jintao, 376
Hulse, Russell A., 182
Hülsmeyer, Christian, 184
human body parts as measuring tools, 74–75, 93
Humboldt, Alexander von, 456n
Hunter, Duncan, 412n
Hurricane Maria, 181
Hussein, Saddam, 19, 20, 24, 331, 348
Huygens, Christiaan, 5–6, 36, 103, 169
Hyten, John E., 324–25, 531n
ibn Mājid, Ahmad, 73, 74, 432n, 434n
Iceland
Christopher Columbus and, 85, 437n
discovery by Irish monks, 65
Flóki saga, 430–31n
Pytheas and, 71, 72, 433n
Reagan-Gorbachev summit, 359
IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (2014), 224
Imago Mundi (d’Ailly), 86
immigrants in science and engineering, 21–22
Imperial America: Reflections of the United States of Amnesia (Vidal), 35
India
ASATs (antisatellite weapons), 259
astrology in, 54
Bharatiya Janata Party, 54
education and life expectancy, 519n
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, 182–83
launch services provided, 352
military spending, 353, 519n
RISAT-2 satellite, 159
science and technology degrees awarded, 22
space program, 351–52
TES (Technology Experiment Satellite), 159
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), 159, 352, 533n
industry unity, 25, 26
Infrared Celestial Backgrounds program, 219, 221
infrared light
detection of, 169–70, 199, 219–25
detector technology, 223–24, 475–76n
discovery of, 146, 167–68, 220, 461n
Earth’s atmosphere and, 199
emission of, 170
heat signatures, 219–20
missile detection, 219–20
nonlethal weapons using, 201
sky surveys, 219, 220–22, 223, 224–25
insulation (polyethylene), 186
Inter-Allied Military Control Commission (IAMCC), 137, 454n
interferometers (radio telescopes), 182–83
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 307
International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, 206–7
International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (2012), 224
International Council of Scientific Unions, 261
international dateline, 88–89
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 261, 264, 267, 269, 292
International Launch Services, 363
International Meridian Conference, 89, 92, 98–99
International Politics of Space, The (Sheehan), 151, 522n
International Space Station (ISS)
ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space), 339
American astronauts ferried by Russia, 27–28, 363, 370, 372, 389
Canada and, 352, 353, 365, 368, 520n
China’s exclusion from, 366, 373–74, 376–77
Columbus laboratory, 368
cost, 366, 367–68, 524n
early concepts for, 352
failure of supply missions, 364, 389
history, 365–72
Japan and, 352, 355, 365, 368, 520n
Kibo space laboratory, 355, 368, 520n
oneness of Earth viewed from, 15, 316, 414n
opposition to, 368–69
Russian service module, 363, 364, 368, 372
scheduled end of operation, 370–71, 377
Soyuz transport to, 363, 364, 370, 372, 389
spacefarer collaboration on, 316, 366
time dilation on, 218
United States as “hegemonic partner,” 370, 525n
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), 340, 501n
invisibility, 165, 172, 175, 459–60n
ionosphere
ballistic missile passage through, 181, 183, 192
GPS satellites and, 333
Project Defender and, 181
and radar research, 183, 187, 190, 191–92, 465n
reflection of radio waves, 176–77, 187
turbulence in, 183
Iran, 3, 299, 310, 378
Iran Deal, 378
Iraq, disintegration after Iraq War, 348, 518n
Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW), 410n
Iraq War
American troops in, 24–25, 416nn
antiwar movement, 10, 410n
battle for Baghdad, 19–20, 348
costs of, 25, 416–17n
Global Positioning System (GPS) use in, 336, 346, 348
Iraqi civilian deaths, 25, 416n
military deaths and injuries, 25, 416n
military satellites and, 10, 19
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 16–17, 19, 24, 197, 346–47
organizational improvements, 346–48
private contractors in, 24–25, 416n
reasons for war, 11, 336, 515n
space technology advancements and, 10, 344
use of military force authorized by Congress, 10–11, 410n
US “troop surge,” 34
“victory” declared, 348, 518n
Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons, The (Cordesman), 348
isba, 73
Ishango bone, 420n
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria), 34, 514–15n
Isle of Man, 71, 72
Israel, ASATs (antisatellite we
apons), 259
ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance), 157–59, 204
ITAR (International Traffic in Arms Regulations), 374, 375, 376
It Can’t Happen Here (Lewis), 274, 315
James Webb Space Telescope, 23, 232, 233, 246–47, 533n
jamming, 260, 333, 515n, 516n
Jansky, Karl, 178–79, 180, 463n
Japan
Christianity banned in, 111
education and life expectancy, 519n
firebombing of Tokyo, 301, 304
Hiroshima, 263, 301, 302, 303, 457n, 474n, 505n
increasing civilian space workforce, 22, 27
and International Space Station, 352, 355, 365, 368, 520n
Kibo space laboratory, 355, 368
microwave radar in World War II, 189
military spending, 353, 519n
Nagasaki, 111, 263, 301, 302, 303, 474n, 505n
Pearl Harbor attack in World War II, 189, 466–67n
rocket development, 264, 355
Space Basic Law, 356
space program, 354–56
space spending, 354, 520n
telescopes in seventeenth century, 111
Jasons, 154–55
JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), 32, 354–55, 520n, 533n
J Dollond & Son, 130
Jena, Germany, 130, 131–32, 139, 454n
Jerome, Aaron B., 126–27
João II (king), 83
Jodrell Bank Observatory, 181, 183, 191–92, 209–13, 468n
see also Mark I radio telescope
Johnson, Chalmers, 35
Johnson-Freese, Joan
alarming US space assets, 300, 504–5n
China’s space program, 373, 374, 376–77
connectivity and national security, 350
dual-use satellites, 159
International Space Station, 368
space shuttle as ASAT, 258
US space dominance prospects, 32, 396
Johnson, Lyndon B.
arms control treaties, 273, 289, 500n
cooperation promoted at United Nations, 280
laws and programs during presidency, 287, 288–89
militarization of space, 273–74, 287, 291
nuclear weapons and, 287
Outer Space Treaty, 273, 292–93, 501n
peaceful uses of space, 291–92
Senate hearings after Sputnik, 270, 279–80, 287–88, 490n, 495n
space budget, 289–90, 500–501n
space control as “ultimate position,” 157, 279–80
space program during presidency, 286–87, 289–91
vice presidency, 286
Vietnam War and, 289, 290, 500n
War on Poverty, 288
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), 335, 336
Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), 335, 336
Joint Vision 2020 (Joint Chiefs of Staff), 302, 505n
Jones, Alexander, 44, 422n
Judt, Tony, 386
Jung, Carl, 426n
Jupiter’s moons discovered, 52, 103, 109–10
K-2 and K-3 chronometers, 97
Kalhu, Iraq (Nimrud), 33, 34
Kalic, Sean, 290
kalpa, 40
kamal, 75, 339
kavengas, 68
Kazakhstan, 362, 522–23n
KBR, 11
Kendall, Frank, 481n
KENNAN (KH-11) satellites, 204, 205, 343, 471n
Kennedy, Anthony, 53
Kennedy, John F.
on arms control and cooperation, 284
assassination, 286
Cuban Missile Crisis, 492–93n
inaugural address, 497–98n
on landing a man on the Moon, 282, 320, 458n
leadership theme, 323
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 215
on mastery of space, 157
and militarization of space, 273–74, 281–82, 284
missile gap and 1960 election, 281, 496n
peace and freedom themes, 282, 283
space budget, 281–82, 283, 320, 510n
space power strategy, 319–20
space weapons program, 286
Kepler, Johannes, 49, 93, 110, 424n, 440n
KEYHOLE satellites, 204–5, 228, 230, 343, 500n
Khrushchev, Nikita, 281, 284, 492n, 496n, 497n, 506n
KH-1 CORONA satellites, 204–5, 228, 500n
KH-8 GAMBIT satellites, 205
KH-9 HEXAGON satellites, 205, 228–29, 230
KH-11 (Advanced) satellites, 205–6, 343
KH-11 KENNAN satellites, 204, 205, 343, 471n
Killkan report, “Meeting the Threat of Surprise Attack,” 493–94n
Kinetic Energy Antisatellite (KE-ASAT) interceptor, 258–59
kinetic-energy weapons, 240, 241
King’s College, New York, 112, 113
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 146–47
Kiska, evacuation by Japan, 189
Kitab al-Fawa’id fi usul al-bahr wa-l-qawa’id, 67, 431n
Klebesadel, Ray, 217
Knights Templar, 80
Korolev, Sergei, 263–64, 266, 268, 286, 487n, 489n
Krafft, Karl Ernst, 59, 60–61, 429n
Krepon, Michael, 309, 310, 485n, 507n
Kritzinger, H. H., 427–28n
Kubrick, Stanley, 494n
Kuiper Belt, 344
Kutzscher, Edgar, 476n
Lacrosse satellite, 343
LaFeber, Walter, 303
Landsat, 343–44
Langley, Samuel P., 128, 148, 457n
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 456n
Large Hadron Collider, Switzerland, 28
Lascaux, France, cave drawings, 420–21n
laser-guided bombs, 332, 335, 342
laser guide stars, 154, 155
lasers
acronym, 242
in airborne antimissile defense, 156, 253
Curiosity rover’s ChemCam laser, 242, 389–90
as directed-energy weapons, 241–42, 247
fiber laser, 246
geodetic meridian and, 99
invention, 288
spaced-based lasers, challenges of, 245–47, 480–81n
Lasser, David, 192
Last Empire, The (Vidal), 35
Late Heavy Bombardment, 384
latitude, 72, 73–74, 83
Lay, James S., Jr., 304–5
leap second, 46
leap year, 422–23n
Lebombo bone, 420n
Lee, Robert E., 124, 126, 449n
Lee, Wen Ho, 375
Lehman Brothers, 5
LeMay, Curtis, 248, 304, 481n, 506n
lenses
achromatic lens, 130, 132
apochromatic lens, 132
color problem in lens optics, 129–30
combinations used in telescopes, 109, 110, 444n
concave lenses, 110, 129, 442n
convex lenses, 110, 129
double concave lenses, 129
double convex lenses, 129
plano-concave lenses, 129
plano-convex lenses, 129
problems in large refracting telescopes, 133
spectacle lenses, 102, 442n
see also telescopes
Leutze, Emanuel, 114–15
Lewis, Jerry, 412n
Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 72
Lewis, Sinclair, 274, 315
LHS 1140B exoplanet, detection, 399
liangtianchi, 75
Libya, 328, 331
Liebenfels, Lanz von, 421n
Liebig, Justus von, 133
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory), 198, 399, 461n
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 215, 273, 285, 287, 293, 313, 498n
Lincoln, Abraham, 269
Lipperhey, Hans, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109
“Little Boy” (Hiroshima), 303, 307, 505n
Little Round Top, 126–27
Lockheed Martin
campaign cont
ributions, 412n
in Colorado Springs, 16
F-117A stealth fighter, 197, 198, 332, 470n, 514n
HEXAGON (KH-9) satellites, 205
prosperity after September 11, 2001, 11, 12
Russian rocket joint ventures, 363, 371
Skunk Works unit, 198, 276, 469n
weapons manufactured by, 18
Lo Compasso da Navigare, 77
lodestones, 75, 436n
long-distance telephone calls, 177–78, 462n
longitude
differences of latitude and longitude, 73
difficulty in determining, 73, 93, 440n
Hipparchus development of, 72, 73
methods of determining, 94–97
need for a system of latitude, 93–94
places used for zero degrees, 87, 89, 94
prime meridian and, 87, 89, 98–99
prizes for solving the longitude problem, 95–96
see also meridians
Lord, Lance W., 18, 19
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 216, 217, 390–91
Louis XVI, 121
Lovell, Bernard, 191, 209, 210–12, 268, 468n, 489n
low Earth orbit (LEO), 398
Luna (Lunik) probes, 211, 271–72, 473n
“lunar cycle effect” in stock market, 56
lunar cycles and lunar months, 39, 420–21n
Luther, Martin, 51
Lutwak, Robert, 339
Lydians and Medes, 45, 423n
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 173
Madeiras, 80
Mad Men (TV series), 161
Magellan, Ferdinand, 88, 436n
magnetic compass development, 75–78
magnetite, 75
Maher, Bill, 392
Making of a Soviet Scientist, The (Sagdeev), 360
Malus, Étienne-Louis, 456n
maneuverable satellites, 397, 531n
Manhattan Project, 390, 401
Mansfield Amendment, 222–23
Mao Zedong, 318, 351
maps and mapmaking
at end of thirteenth century, 78
Eratosthenes, 87
first extant terrestrial globe (“Erdapfel”), 87, 436n
first maps of Earth’s inhabited regions, 70–71
as a form of political and social power, 91–92
Geographike Hyphegesis (Ptolemy), 50, 78, 85, 86, 87
meaning of maps, 92
Mercator’s world map, 90, 439n
in sixteenth century, 89–90, 439n
see also charts, maritime
Marat, Jean-Paul, 121
March for Science, 378, 404
Marconi, Guglielmo, 184
Mark I radio telescope (Lovell Telescope), 180–81, 209–12, 472–73n
see also Jodrell Bank Observatory
Marseille Observatory, 133
Martin Marietta, 363
masers, 242, 245
Maskelyne, Nevil, 94, 96, 441n
Massalia (Marseille), 70, 71, 72
Maurice of Nassau (prince), 102, 104, 107, 117
Maya, 40
McCain, John, 53
McDougall, Walter A., 261
MC 14/2 (“Massive Retaliation”), 305–6
McNamara, Robert, 285, 289, 492–93n
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