gunwale - The upper edge of a ship’s side.
halyards - The ropes and lines used to hoist sails, yards, flags, etc.
harquebus - A long gun, resembling a rifle, operating with a matchlock or wheel-lock mechanism. Developed in mid-fifteenth-century Spain, it preceded the musket.
hove to - The past tense of the verb phrase “heave to,” meaning “to bring a ship to a stop.”
hull - The main body of a ship.
islet - A very small island.
javelin - A lightweight spear.
junk - A square-rigged ship used mostly in the waters around China.
lance - A long wooden spear tipped with steel.
larboard - The left side of a vessel when facing forward. The term larboard was officially replaced by the current term port in 1844 to prevent confusion with starboard. The term was also used to designate one of the watches.
league - Three miles.
leeward - The side of the ship away from the direction of the wind (the opposite of windward). Fires were lit on the leeward (or lee) side to keep smoke and hot embers away from the sails and rigging.
longboat - The largest boat carried by a sailing ship; any of the various two-masted vessels used for sailing or rowing in coastal waters. About twenty-three feet long, it was towed behind the ship. A longboat could transport cannon, anchors, and many men.
mace - A spice consisting of the fibrous layer between the nutmeg’s shell and husk. Mace has a fragrance like that of nutmeg and a slightly warm taste.
mange - A parasitic skin disease in animals characterized by loss of hair and scabby eruptions.
Mar Pacifico - The “Peaceful Sea” in Spanish. The first European to sight the Pacific Ocean was Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. At that time it was called Balboa’s Sea or the South Sea. Magellan and his men were the first Europeans to sail upon its waters, and impressed by its calmness, Magellan named it the Pacific.
oakum - A fiber obtained by untwisting old ropes. Used in caulking a ship’s timbers.
pace - The distance of a man’s stride, approximately two and a half feet.
padre - “Priest” in Spanish.
palm - A unit of measure based on the width or length of the palm of the hand. When based on the width, the palm is between three and four inches. When based on the length, the palm is between seven and ten inches. Using the length of the palm as the calculation for the height of the giant native, he would have been anywhere between five feet ten inches and eight feet four inches tall.
pestilence - In past centuries it referred to the bubonic plague.
pike - A wooden spear tipped with steel.
pilot - The officer responsible for a ship’s navigation.
plague - Scurvy. In sixteenth-century Europe, the names and causes of diseases were unknown. What we know today as scurvy was then only called the plague. (What we call today the bubonic plague was then called the pestilence.)
poop - A raised deck at the stern of a ship.
quarterdeck - The deck immediately below the stern deck, or sterncastle.
rajah - A chieftain or prince in India and areas of Southeast Asia.
real - (pronounced ray-AHL) A silver coin worth, at that time, about one-eighth of a U.S. dollar.
rigging - The lines and ropes of a vessel used to support the masts and work the yards and sails.
río - “River” in Spanish.
San Elmo - Saint Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. What the crews experienced was called Saint Elmo’s fire. During an electrical storm, an electrical discharge glows from the tips of masts and the yardarms. To the sailors, it was a visible sign that Saint Elmo was watching over them.
Santiago - “Saint James” in Spanish.
scabbard - A sheath in which to store a sword.
scuppers - Openings cut through the bulwarks to drain seawater.
scurvy - A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency characterized by swelling and bleeding of the gums.
scuttle - To deliberately sink a ship.
Sed Preso - “You are under arrest” in Spanish.
shrouds - The lines and ropes that stretch from the top of the mast (the masthead) to the sides of the vessel to support the mast. Sailors climbed the shrouds if they needed to go aloft. The shrouds had horizontal rope rungs called ratlines (pronounced RAT-lins).
skiff - A boat small enough for sailing or rowing by one person.
starboard - The right side of a vessel when facing forward. Also the designation of one of the watches.
stern - The back of the ship.
sterncastle - (or aftercastle) Located at the stern of the ship and consisting of a raised deck under which was usually a cabin that housed the captain and sometimes other officers.
swivel gun - A mounted gun able to swivel and fire in any direction.
waist deck - The portion of decking in the waist, or center, of a vessel. In many ships this was open to the elements, enclosed on both fore and aft sides by raised decks.
wake - The swirling water that appears behind a moving vessel.
weevil - A type of beetle that feeds especially on grain, nuts, and fruit.
yard - The horizontal beam attached to the mast to support the sails.
yardarm - The end of the yard.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Buehr, Walter. Ships and Life Afloat: From Gallery to Turbine. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953.
Cameron, Ian. Magellan and the First Circumnavigation of the World. New York: Saturday Review Press, 1973.
Crow, John A. Spain: The Root and the Flower. 3rd ed., expanded and updated. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.
Culver, Henry B. The Book of Old Ships. New York: Bonanza Books, 1974. Daniel, Hawthorne. Ferdinand Magellan. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1964.
Defourneaux, Marcelin. Daily Life in Spain in the Golden Age. Translated by Newton Branch. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1966.
Fuentes, Carlos. The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992.
García, Cristina Rodero. Festivals and Rituals of Spain. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1994.
Harland, John. Seamanship in the Age of Sail: An Account of the Shiphandling of the Sailing Man-of-War 1600–1860, Based on Contemporary Sources. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute, 1984.
Hildebrand, Arthur Sturges. Magellan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1924.
Humble, Richard. The Explorers. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1978.
Joyner, Tim. Magellan. Camden, Maine: International Marine Publishing/ McGraw-Hill Books, 1992.
Kemp, Peter, ed. The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
McBrien, Richard P. Inside Catholicism: Rituals and Symbols Revealed. Edited by Barbara Roether. San Francisco: Collins Publishers San Francisco, 1995.
Michener, James A. Iberia: Spanish Travels and Reflections. New York: Random House, Inc., 1968.
Nowell, Charles E., ed. Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts: Antonio Pigafetta, Maximilian of Transylvania, and Gaspar Corrêa. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1962.
Ober, Frederick A. Ferdinand Magellan. Heroes of American History. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1907.
Parr, Charles McKew. So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1953.
Parry, J. H. Romance of the Sea. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1981.
Pastor, Xavier. Anatomy of the Ship: The Ships of Christopher Columbus. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992.
Pigafetta, Antonio. The Voyage of Magellan. Translated by Paula Spurlin Paige from the edition in the William L. Clements Library. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.
Silverberg, Robert. The Longest Voyage. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1972.
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sp; Simmons, Marc, Donna Pierce, and Joan Myers. Santiago: Saint of Two Worlds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991.
Whitefield, Peter. The Charting of the Oceans: Ten Centuries of Maritime Maps. Rohnert Park, California: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1996.
Zweig, Stefan. Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan. New York: Viking Press, 1938.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR YOUNG READERS
Blackwood, Alan. Ferdinand Magellan. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1986.
Hargrove, Jim. Ferdinand Magellan. Chicago: Children’s Press, 1990.
Levinson, Nancy Smiler. Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World. New York: Clarion Books, 2001.
Mattern, Joanne. The Travels of Ferdinand Magellan. New York: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 2000.
Meltzer, Milton. Ferdinand Magellan: First to Sail Around the World. Tarrytown, New York: Benchmark Books, 2001.
Stefoff, Rebecca. Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Ocean. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990.
Twist, Clint. Magellan and Da Gama: To the Far East and Beyond. New York: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1994.
Wilkie, Katharine Elliott. Ferdinand Magellan: Noble Captain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin College, 2000.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Michele Torrey became fascinated with Magellan when she stumbled upon an encyclopedia article about the drama and perils of his circumnavigation of the globe. An explorer herself, she has traveled to almost thirty countries, including Jamaica, the former Czechoslovakia, Belize, China, and Thailand. She now lives with her husband in Washington state, where she was born. This is her sixth book for young readers.
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Copyright © 2003 by Michele Torrey
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