62. See page 161 of Zhao (2014).
63. See Normile (2015).
64. Other pertinent statistics are summarized in Bruni (2017). On the relationship between mobility and multicultural experiences on creativity, see Maddux et al. (2010), as well as Maddux and Galinsky (2009) and Leung et al. (2008). An analogous link between racial diversity and creativity is pointed out by Velasquez-Manoff (2017). For the influence of immigrants, see pages 122–125 of Simonton (1999).
65. See Alberts et al. (2014).
66. See Gustin (2013). Such visa policies are unfortunately also subject to abuse that needs to be prevented. A case in point is an incident at Walt Disney World, where skilled IT workers were fired only to be replaced with cheaper foreign immigrants of comparable skill. See Preston (2015a), as well as Preston (2015b).
67. See Godart et al. (2015).
68. The pattern holds not just in the West, but also in Islamic and Indian civilizations. See Simonton (1975, 1990).
69. See Simonton (1975, 1990). Simonton cites China as a potential exception because of its greater cultural homogeneity. It is intriguing that minority views can enhance divergent thinking also in psychological experiments. See Nemeth and Kwan (1987).
70. See Simonton (1997).
71. See Wagner and Jonkers (2017), as well as Sugimoto et al. (2017).
72. See page 48 of McArdle (2014).
73. Ibid., 251.
74. Within six years of being founded in 2009, FailCon has been exported from its birthplace in San Francisco to half a dozen countries. Clearly, entrepreneurs everywhere are hungry to keep going. See Martin (2014), as well as Stewart (2015), and pages 48–51 of McArdle (2014). See Birrane (2017) for Fuck Up Nights.
75. Specifically, I am referring to Chapter 7 of Title 11 of the US Code (U.S.C.). Other forms of bankruptcy, such as Chapter 13, require debtors to pay back more of their debts. Historical accident rather than political farsightedness may deserve the credit for this mechanism of debt relief. That accident came in the form of indebted farmers who lobbied the Senate for debt relief more than a century ago. See page 249 of McArdle (2014).
76. See “Morally bankrupt” (2005).
77. See Piketty (2014).
78. The interdependent self is not strong just in Asian societies, but also in Africa and Latin America. See page 228 of Markus and Kitayama (1991). Among all Western cultures, the independent self appears to be strongest in US Americans. See pages 74–75 of Henrich et al. (2010). The Japanese proverb is taken from Markus and Kitayama (1991).
79. Other deep roots may exist as well, such as a postulated if controversial connection to wheat and rice agriculture. See Talhelm et al. (2014).
80. See pages 15–16 of Cheng (1998).
81. For the limited impact of Chinese inventions on Chinese culture see pages 77–80 of Zhao (2014), as well as pages 252–253 of Runco (2014). When threatened by British gunboats in the nineteenth century, China aimed to buy Western weapons technology without “contaminating” its culture with Western values. Unfortunately “gunboats and steel mills bring their own philosophy with them,” as historians John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman observe (cited on page 80 of Zhao [2014]).
82. The Yale–Beijing study’s observations are echoed by another study where Chinese graduate students scored lower on a creativity test. See Zha et al. (2006), as well as Niu and Sternberg (2001, 2003).
83. See Aviram and Milgram (1977).
84. See Amabile (1998).
85. See page 16 of Cheng (1998).
86. See Hennessey and Amabile (2010).
Epilogue: More than Metaphors
1. See de Visser and Krug (2014).
Life Finds a Way Page 30
