by Barry Lopez
Adams, John, 142
adaptability, 13, 15, 21, 291
admiration for wolf, 28-29, 85-86, 104, 114, 163, 166, 169, 257
Adventures in Error (Stefansson), 70
Aelian, 221
Aeneid (Vergil), 272
Aesop’s fables, 217, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 254m-56m, 255, 260. See also individual titles
agricultural vs. hunting views of wolf, 102, 233
Ahgook, Robert, 60, 80-81
Ahtena, 109
Ailbe, Saint (bishop of Emily), 246m
Alaska, 1-3, 13, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30, 37, 60, 66, 72, 79, 99, 143, 159-60, 162-63, 195, 224
Alberta, Canada, 99, 194, 290
Albertus Magnus, 219, 222
Albigenses, The (Maturin), 268
albino wolf, 21
Allen, Durward, 39
Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, 289-90
alpha animals, 31-32, 33, 44, 49, 52, 90
Alphouns, 230
amaguk, 79, 87-88
Amala and Kamala, 245-47
American Fur Trading Company, 177
Andean wolf, 17-18
Andersen, Peter, 237
Angur-boda, 274, 275
Animal Master, 90-91, 93, 132
animal trials, 145
annual cycle of wolf pack, 36-37
antelope, 59, 99, 105, 195, 269
Anthus family, 205-6
Apollo, 210, 271-72
Arapaho, 105
Arcadia, 205-6, 231
Ankara, 105
Aristotle, 215-16, 219, 271
Arizona, 290
Asia, wolves in, 14, 291
Asian wolf, 13m, 15
Assiniboin, 99, 115
attacks on men. See man, as prey
autistic children, 244, 246
“Autumn at Taos” (Lawrence), 268
Avianus, 253, 254
Babrius, 253, 254
Bailey, Vernon, 189
balsam root, 117
barking, 39-40, 42
Barthe, Angela de la, 228
Bartholomew of England, 221, 222
battues, 149, 171
Bauterne, Antoine de, 70
Bear in the Flat, 104
bears, 27, 67, 69, 81, 87, 104, 289
beast epics, 258-59
“beast machine,” 147, 255, 258
beasts of Gévaudan. See Gévaudan, beasts of
beaver, 54, 177, 177m
behavior. See specific types
behavior, evolution of, 81
Bella Coola, 4, 104, 106, 121
Beowulf, 141
Berekhiah ha-Nakdan, 253
berkuts. See eagles hunting wolves
Bernheimer, Richard, 229
Berserker, 230, 234
bestiaries, 205, 216, 217, 219-21, 257
Beston, Henry, 248, 249, 284
beta animals, 34
Bettelheim, Bruno, 264-66
Bewick, Thomas, 255-57
Bible, wolf in, 141, 184, 210, 214, 218, 226, 240
Bidpai, 253
Billings (Canadian hunter), 176
biological sciences, 3, 16, 224, 288, 289, 290-91, 293
as metaphor, 77-78, 79-80
as tool, 284
Cartesian dualism in, 258
cf. Nunamiut perceptions, 78-85, 291
research affected by wolf killing in, 72
Bird Shirt, 106-8
Bisclavret (Marie de France), 235
Blackfeet, 117m, 123, 124, 269
Black Plague, 208
“Black Wolf and His Fathers,” 269
black wolves, 21, 22, 66, 83
Blackwood, Algernon, 268
Blanca, 192-93
Blind Bull, 103
Blue Mountains, 288
Bond, James, 164-65
Boone and Crockett Club, 163
bounties, 151, 158, 187, 194-95
fraud and, 188-89, 198
hunting for, 25m, 165, 168, 179-87, 184, 186-87
laws, 171-72, 181-83
on dogs, 173m
paid, 182-83
Bowstring men, 118
breeding, 26, 31-33
Bridger, Jim, 177m
British Columbia, 25, 30, 194, 195, 290
British Columbia wolf, 21
British Isles, 13, 147, 171, 172, 208, 236, 236m, 239, 246m
Browning, Robert, 268
buffalo, 54, 55m, 58, 60, 96, 99, 174, 177, 179
Burgot, Pierre, 241
Byron, George Gordon, 225
bystander phenomenon, 62
caching, 63
Caddo, 105
Call of the Wild (London), 269
Cambrensis, Giraldus, 236m
Campbell, Joseph, 5
Canada, 13, 15, 21, 25, 30, 58, 70, 71m, 88, 93, 99, 194-95
Canidae, 17
Canis (wolf ancestor), 17
Cape hunting dog, 18, 39
Captive Girl Ceremony, 132
captive wolves, 151, 152, 184
behavior in, 29, 32-33, 41-43
and dogs, 69
extrasensory communication in, 50-51
feeding habits of, 41, 95, 96
as gene pool, 16
red wolves as, 279-83
scapegoat animal among, 52
training eagles to hunt with, 156
vocalization among, 39
caribou, 4, 67, 101, 194
as Naskapi prey, 88-93
as sacred meat, 90, 93
as wolf prey, 3, 54, 58, 59, 60-61, 85
Caribou House, 93, 123
Carpenter, Edmund, 87
Carpenter, Louis, 119
Carson, Lawrence, 163
Cartesian dualism, 258
Cascade Mountains wolf, 13m, 21
Cather, Willa, 268
cattle, 138, 181, 273. See also livestock industry
Caxton, William, 254
Caywood, Bill, 187-88
chase, 25, 60-61, 84
chase-without-death, 101
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 225
Cherokee, 105, 109
Chesterton, G. K., 252
Cheyenne, 103, 105, 113
Cheyenne Wolf Soldiers, 115-20
children’s literature, 250-51
China, 13
Chinese wolf, 13m; 15
coat. See pelage
cognitive mapping, 48-49
coins with wolf image, 272
Collectanea rerum memorabilium (Solinus), 216
color, 4, 10, 21-24, 83
Colorado, 187, 188
communal care of pups, 35-36
communication, systems of, 4, 24, 38-52. See also specific types of
conservation of energy, 60, 60-61, 89
“conversation of death,” 62, 94-95
copulatory tie, 26, 196
Corbin, Ben, 184-86
Courtaud, 149-50
Cowan, Ian MacTaggart, 16
“cowardice” of wolves, 147–18, 175-76, 184m
coyotes, 14, 17, 67, 69, 196
Cree, 99, 124
Crisler, Lois, 152
Crow, 106, 110, 110m-111m, 113, 118
Curnow, Edward, 181
Curran, James, 70
Currumpaw Wolf, 192-93
Custer, George Armstrong, 154
Dakotas, 168
Dall sheep, 54, 195
Dante, 205
Danube River Valley, 14
death, appropriateness of, 95
deer, 55, 59, 99, 101, 159, 195
Defoe, Daniel, 268
Delphi, bronze wolf at, 272
den raiding, 185, 188, 191, 197
dens, 10, 27, 82, 85
deodants, law of, 46
Department of Fish and Wildlife, 288
Descartes, René, 147, 254-55, 258
description, physical, of wolves, 18-26
“Destruction of Sennacherib, The” (Byron), 225
Deucalion’s flood, 231
Devil, the, 140, 145, 204, 209, 210, 213, 221, 225, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241
<
br /> Devil’s dog, 239
diet, 54-55
digestion, 53-54
dingo, 17
dire wolf, 17
diseases, 29-30
named after wolf, 216m
dispersal, 13, 16, 36, 64–65
distances traveled, 4, 25, 25m
distribution, 12-14
Divina commedia (Dante), 205
Dodge, Colonel Richard, 176
“Dog and the Wolf, The” (Aesop), 254m, 257
dogs, 17, 69, 197, 209
bounty on, 173m
coursing with, 153-54, 156, 168, 172 feral, 14, 69, 150, 172-73, 197
as prey, 2, 69
in tales, 110-11m, 261
cf. wolf, 19, 26, 52
dogs of the Death Spirit, 273
dog-wolf hybrids, 69, 71, 110m
domestic stock, 94-95, 181, 223m
attitudes toward, 138, 181, 184-85, 190, 266, 273
lack of prey signals in, 94-95
in Middle Ages, 208
by outlaw wolves, 191-92
predation on, 146, 150, 171-73, 182
See also cattle; livestock industry dominance behavior, 47
dominant/submissive relationship, 44-45
Down’s syndrome, 227
Duchess of Malfi (Webster), 268
ducks, 37, 54
eagles, 62
hunting wolves, 155-56
east, direction of wolf, 102, 268
Eckles, Richard, 272
ecological relationships, 10, 63, 67-73, 104.
See also individual animals
Eddas (Icelandic sagas), 210
Edgar of England, 147, 208, 239
Edmund, Saint, 205, 206
elusiveness, 65-66, 100
encyclopedias, 206, 221-23
Endangered Species Act, 152, 198, 289
Endore, Guy, 267
endurance, 25m
Ericsson, Leif, 277
Eskimos, 38, 113, 123
killing wolves, 109
perceptions, 82, 87
on predation, 181
as prey, 69
See also Nunamiut etymological associations,
wolf and light, 209-10, 272
Europe, 13, 30, 70, 72, 147, 149-50, 154, 155, 156, 171, 228, 237, 239, 291. See also individual countries; Middle Ages
European wolf, 15, 19
evolution, 16-17
extinction, 14, 16, 134
extinct populations, 13, 14
extrasensory communication, 50-51
fables, 226, 251-57, 258, 254m-56m. See also individual titles
fabulists, 251-57
facial gestures, 44-47
fairytales, 251, 263-66
Falkland wolf, 18
Faustulus, 242
feeding habits, 29, 41, 53-55
female wolves, 22-23, 32-33, 33m, 39, 40, 49, 66-67, 82, 83, 100, 192-93
Fenris, 210, 274, 274-75, 276
feral children. See wolf children
fiction, wolves in, 267-70
Field and Stream magazine, 144, 186
fighting, 10, 27, 51-52, 66, 100
Finland, 72
“Firebird, The,” 261
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 290
fishing, 54
Flatheads, 100
folk beliefs, 29, 216, 223, 223m, 229
in bestiaries, 205, 219, 220-21
in encyclopedias, 206, 222
about werewolves, 236-37
See also plants associated with wolves; medicine, wolf parts as
folklore, 121, 145, 214, 220m, 291, 292 folk rhymes, 210
folktales, 110m-11m, 261-63, 269. See also individual titles
food sharing, 3, 29
footpads, 20
fox, 63, 67, 69
fox, and wolf, in fable, 256, 259-61
France, 150, 240, 245, 258, 259, 264
idioms, 219, 220m
werewolves in, 235, 241
Francis, Saint, 212, 214
Freki, 273
Freud, Sigmund, 267
Freudian associations, 26
friendliness among wolves, 28, 37
Fromm, Erich, 266
fur, 19, 108. See also pelage
“Gabriel-Ernest” (Saki), 268
gait, 9, 24
Galen, 215
games. See play
games named for wolf, 113
Garland, Hamlin, 268
Garnier, Giles, 240-41
geese and wolf folktale, 263
Gelert, folktale of, 261
generosity in wolves, 29
George, Saint, 223m
Geri, 273
Germany, 13, 150, 225, 240
gestation, 26, 215
Gévaudan, beasts of, 70-71
Ghost Head, 112
Gibson, James, 87
Glacier National Park, 13
glandular secretions, 49-50
Gleipnir, 275
Goldman, Edward, 14, 223, 290
gold rushes, 178, 180
Goldstream Valley, 2
gorging, 53
Götterdämmerung, 210, 275-76
government hunters, 187-88, 189-92, 193-94
gray wolf, 289, 290
Great Britain. See British Isles
Great Plains wolf, 13m, 134, 175-80
Greece, 205-6, 231, 271-73
Greenland wolf, 13m
greeting, 12
Grenier, Jean, 241, 243-44
Grey, Zane, 193
Grimm, Jacob, 221, 261, 264
Grinnell, George Bird, 179
growling, 40
Gubbio, wolf of, 212, 214
Gubser, Nicholas, 80
Haida legends, 92m
Hall, Edward T., 82
Hammond, Jay, 144
Haqibana, 105
Ha-sass, 130
Hati, 274, 275
hearing range, 43
Henriksen, Georg, 88
Henrie, Captain Dan, 176-77
heretics, 238
Herodotus, 233
Hesitant Wolf and Scrupulous Fox (Kennerly), 226
Hidatsa, 104, 106, 112
wolf bundle transfer rite, 133
Histoires ou contes du temps passé (Perrault), 250
History of the Goths (O. Magnus), 234
Hitler, Adolf, 225
Hobbes, Thomas, 258
homeopathic imitation, 104, 106-8
Hopi Snake Dance, 128
Hornaday, William T., 184m
horses, 94, 124, 179, 220
hour of the wolf, 209
howling, 11-12, 27, 38-39, 40, 41, 42, 280
descriptions of, 11-12, 39, 39m
frequency of, 10, 81
in myths, 115-17, 231, 275
and native Americans, 38, 85, 103, 112, 129, 209
responses to, 156, 175
Huidekoper, Wallis, 190
hunting
aerial, 3, 140, 144, 159-60, 162, 165, 166, 197-98
big game, 139, 164-65, 194, 195, 288 buffalo, 55m, 96, 177, 268
coursing, 153-54, 168, 172
government hunters, 187-88, 189-92, 193-94
predator control, 139, 141, 148m-49m, 169, 171-74, 181-83, 288
recreational killings, 151, 152
righteousness of killing wolves, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 161-63
sport hunting, 153-66
torture, 139-40, 152, 196
traps, 108-9, 172, 189, 190-91, 192
wolfers, 155, 168, 178-80, 184-85, 186 See also killing of wolves; trappers; wolfing
hunting as a sacred activity, 91-92, 93-96
hunting by wolves, 3, 36, 38, 55-63, 93-96, 222
hunting methods
Naskapi, 88-89
native American/wolf correspondences, 99
Nunamiut, 82-83
hybrid swarm, 14
Icelandic sagas, 234
Idaho, 288, 290
idioms, 208, 209, 219, 220m, 221, 226
imitation of wolves, 85, 101, 104, 105, 106-8, 110, 111-12, 118, 129,
130-31
“In Defense of Raymond Sebond” (Montaigne), 258
India, 19, 245
Indians. See native Americans
initiation ceremonies, 129-32
injuries, 10, 30
Inquisition, 206, 208, 219, 238-39
interactions with other animals. See individual animals
interbreeding, among subspecies, 14–16
intuition, 284
Ireland, 236, 236m, 246m
Isengrim the wolf, 250, 259. See also Ysen-grimus
Isidore of Seville, 218
Isle Royale, Lake Superior, 13, 25, 64, 72
Italy, 13
Itard, Jean, 244, 245
“Ivan Ivanovitch” (Browning), 268
jackals, 17, 253, 273
Jamestown, Va., 171
Japan, 14
jaws, crushing power of, 26
Jeffers, Robinson, 268-69
John Jay River, 288
Johnson, Eugene, 224
Jungle Stories (Kipling), 267
Kamala, 245–47
Kendrick, Senator John B., 148m–49m
Kennerly, Karen, 226
Key to Animals on which Wolf and Coyote Bounties are Paid (Bailey), 189
killing of wolves
on federal land, 187, 190-94
on Great Plains, 177-81
methods of, 108-9, 139, 155, 157, 190-93, 196
in Middle Ages, 239
by native Americans, 108-9
reasons for, 138-52
rites of atonement for, 109
after war, 150
See also battues; den raiding; hunting; poisoning; predator control; strychnine; trappers; wolfing
Kills in the Night, 110
Kinnell, Galway, 268
Kiowa, 118
Kipling, Rudyard, 267
Kleinfeld, Judith, 82
Klukwalle (Makah ceremony), 129
Krilov, Ivan, 252, 253, 257
Kruuk, Hans, 56
Kwakiutl, 109, 130
La Fontaine, Jean de, 250, 253, 254-55, 257, 258
Lai du Bisclavret (Marie de France), 235-36
Larsen, Wolf, 269
Laugher, 124-28
Lawrence, D. H., 268
legends, 4, 92m, 103, 133m, 210
Leto, 271
Lewis, Meriwether, 174
lex talionis, 145
“light” and “wolf”, 209-10, 219, 272
literature, wolves in, 205, 267-70
litter size, 27-28
Little Red Riding Hood, 206, 250, 251, 263-66, 265, 267
Little Wolf, 120
Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, The (Plutarch), 242
livestock industry, 180, 181, 185-86, 195, 288, 291
in Montana, 181-83
Llewelyn, Prince, 261
Loki, 210, 273, 274, 275, 276
London, Jack, 269-70
lone wolves, 13, 16, 38, 60, 64, 65, 105
longevity, 29
Lorenz, Konrad, 29
