by Ying-shih Yü
and individualism and dualities in,
principle. See li
148–156; movement transition to,
printing business, 245–246
144–148, 161n62; qualifi cations of,
productive labor, 169–170, 212–213. See
157–158
also farming
qingyi (Pure Criticism), 144–145, 161n62
profi tableness ( li)-righteousness ( yi)
Qin Shi Huang (First Emperor of the
duality, 261–262, 310–312
Qin), 26, 27–29, 32, 33, 49n69
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
qiru jiugu (abandoning Confucian studies
Capitalism, The (Max Weber), 208, 210,
for commercial pursuits) movement,
218
243, 251, 292–294
Protestant ethics and capitalism,
Qisong, Chan Buddhist Monk, 174–175
208–219
Qiu Jun, 306
pu (uncarved block), 151
Queen Mother of the West (Xi Wangmu)
Pure Conversation. See qingtan
myth, 30, 88, 89
Pure Criticism. See qingyi
quietism, 28, 36, 37; to activism, 359–363,
Pure Rules of Baizhang. See Baizhang
369
qinggui
Pure Rules of Chan Yuan. See Chan Yuan
rationalism, 209, 210, 213–215, 218,
qinggui
257–258
Puritanism, 208–210
“Reappraisal of Neo-Confucianism, A,”
356
qi (tally), 234–235
Reason. See li-qi
qi (vital energy): ascension to Heaven by,
“Reason, Substance, and Human Desires
72; li-qi (reason–substance, or princi
in Seventeenth-Century Neo-
pleether) duality, 357–358, 361; monism
Confucianism,” 355, 357–359
of, 346–350, 358; qi- xing duality, 10; as
Record of Daily Knowledge. See Rizhi lu
source of life, 64, 65–66
Records of Famous Clans in Xin-an. See
qiandao (intelligence” as the “masculine
Xin-an mingzu zhi
way), 195
Records of the Grand Historian. See Shiji
Qian Daxin, 254
regulating, manipulating breath ( qi),
Qianlong, Manchu Qing Emperor, 264,
daoyin, 72
309
Religion of China, The (Max Weber), 209,
Qian Mu, 142, 162, 164n102, 200, 203n36
211, 218
“Qianshen lun” (On the Divine Power of
ren (human-heartedness, humanity), 7,
Money), 239
10, 162n65, 173, 194–195, 205n72, 215,
Qi Biaojia, 307
342–343. See also tian ren heyi
qing (feelings)- li (ritual) duality, 148,
Renwu zhi ( Treatise on Personalities), 140,
153–157
146
Qing dynasty: business culture of,
renzheng (benevolent government), 12
255–261; Confucianism of, xv–xvi;
rice, 92, 103, 104, 106, 107. See also grain
evidential research and, 335–340, 345,
foods and drinks
346, 350, 364–365; scholar-merchant
righteousness ( yi)-profi tableness ( li)
movement, 243, 246–254. See also
duality, 261–262, 310–312
Neo-Confucianism
ritualism: of celestial communication,
qingli (principles of human feelings), 146
3–4, 7, 9–10, 13; dualities of, 148,
inde x 395
153–157, 261–262, 310–312; of fu
Shandong archaeological sites, 97, 99,
(summons of the soul), summoner
126–127
( fuzhe), 59–61; of funerals, 8, 85–90;
Shang dynasty: celestial communication
of mourning, 152–153, 156, 157, 163n86;
in, 3, 7, 11–12; heavenly court in, 69;
of social relationships, 135, 138. See also
sacrifi ces for spirits of the dead, 67
Buddhism; Confucianism; Daoism
Shangshu, Shujing ( Book of History), 12,
Rizhi lu ( Record of Daily Knowledge), 123,
87, 203n30
310–311
Shang Yang, 236
roots, edible, 93, 103
shangzun (upper grade wine of Han), 104
Ruan Bi, 247–248
shan sacrifi ce, 32–34, 36, 49n69
Ruan Ji, 136, 138, 141, 151, 153–156, 161n61
shanshu (morality books), 259
Ruchun, 124, 125, 128
Shaogou tomb, Luoyang, 99, 101, 106,
rule of virtue ( wei zheng yi de), 12
132n7
ruler-subject relationship, 135–137
Shao Xinchen, 110
she (luxury, extravagance)- jian (frugality)
sacrifi ces, 32–34, 36, 49n69, 67–68
duality, 260–264, 307–309, 312–313.
salvation, 8, 41, 168, 208, 209, 210
See also business culture
salvation anxiety, 215–216
sheng. See life
Sandaohao archaeological sites, Liaoyang,
Sheng-an waiji, 345
97, 98
Shenjian (Extended Refl ections), 153
Sang Lin, 294
Shen Yao, 246–247, 297
Sanjiao heyi movement (Three Teachings
Shen Zengzhi, 369
in One), 212, 321, 328–335, 351n26, 365
Shenzong, Song Emperor, 274–276, 301
( see also Buddhism; Confucianism);
shi (salted, darkened beans), 114
Daoism scholar-merchant movement,
shi (scholar or scholar-offi
cial) class), 178,
214–216, 243, 246–254, 292–297
276–282, 298, 315n13
Scholarly Cases of Ming Classical
shidao (market way), 228–229. See also
Scholars ( Mingru xue-an), 279, 325,
market economy
326
shi er shang (scholar-merchant), 243,
Schwartz, Benjamin I., 5
246–252
Scripture of Great Peace. See Taipingjing
Shiji ( Records of the Grand Historian), 1,
seasonings for food, 94, 103
26, 40; on Emperor Wu’s death, 95; on
seating order, xv, 100–101, 122–131, 132n6.
fengshan sacrifi ces, 32; on market
See also Hong Men Banquet
economy, 225, 228–229, 231, 235; on
seed foods, 93
seating order, 122, 125, 128–131, 132n6.
Self and Society in Ming Thought, 356. See
See also Hong Men Banquet
also Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism,
Shijing ( Classic of Poetry), 24, 203n30,
The (de Bary)
365–366
self-cultivation (hanyang), 181, 184–186,
Shiki kaichû kôshô (Takigawa), 122–123,
194, 359
125–126
self-interest ( si) vs. common good ( gong)
shili (principles of social institutions), 146
duality, 260–262, 296, 309–310, 313
Shiming ( Explaining Words), 53n112, 104
“Separation of Heaven and Earth” myth, 3
Shishang leiyao (Classifi ed Essentials for
seriousness. See jing
Scholars and Merchants), 259
shan-cao (Department of Good Deeds),
shou (longevity), 22, 24–27, 31–32, 37,
70
42–44. See also xian immortality
396 inde x
shoucao (Department of Longevity), 70
/> Song dynasty: bifurcation of Dao in, 363;
Shuowen jiezi ( Explaining Wen and
business culture in, 242–246;
Analyzing Zi), 115
intellectual breakthroughs, overview,
Shuoyuan ( Garden of Stories), 128
166–167, 171; political culture of,
Shu Xi, 143
273–277, 280, 281. See also
si (self-interest)- gong (common good)
Neo-Confucianism
duality, 260–261, 309–310, 313
Song huiyao jigao ( Collected Important
silk paintings in Han tombs, 60–61, 69,
Documents of the Song), 242
86, 89
songs on feasting, 104, 105
Sima Guang, 216, 275
Song-Yuan xue-an ( Scholarly Cases of Song
Sima Qian, 1, 2, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 98,
and Yuan Classical Scholars), 182
114, 122, 126, 128, 131, 157. See also
soul, 58–66, 78n21. See also afterlife; hun;
Shiji
po; specifi c elements of
Sima Xiangru, 33, 34
soybeans, 107–108. See also grain foods
simin. See four categories of occupations
and drinks
simin yiye er tongdao (the four categories
spices, 94, 103
of people were engaged in diff erent
“Spiritual Autobiography of Te-ch’ing
occupations but followed the same
(Deqing), The,” 355, 368, 369
Way), 295
state and market, 236
Simin Yueling ( Monthly Ordinances for the
state vs. society Confucianism. See social
Four Classes), 111, 114, 115
thought and reorientation movement
sing-song girls, 244–245
Suanfa tongzong ( General Compilation of
Six Classics, 155, 187, 188, 193, 203n30,
Arithmetic), 255, 257, 292
363, 364, 371
Su Che, 244, 245, 275
six rules on social relationships, 134–135
“Summons of the Soul” silk paintings,
Siyou Zhai congshuo ( Collected Talks from
60–61, 69
Four Friends Studio), 303
Sun Xingyan, 258
small knowledge, 195
Sun Yat-sen, 312
Smith, Adam, 225
supply and demand principle, 225, 233
social hierarchy and divisions of labor,
Su Shi, 244, 245, 339
214, 232–233, 235, 249–250. See also
syncretist movement. See Sanjiao heyi
four categories of occupations
movement (Three Teachings in One)
social relationship rules, 134–139, 142.
See also individualism
ta (couch), 98, 117n25
social thought and reorientation
Taipingjing ( Scripture of Great Peace),
movement, 273–314; distributive
45n17; on afterlife and Heavenly
justice, 305–307; dualities in, 260–
ascension, 38, 55n131, 59, 73; on
264, 307–312; scholar-merchants,
celestial government, 69, 70; on
214–216, 243, 246–254, 292–297; shi
Heaven and Earth, 22–24, 55n127; on
(scholars) and Ming despotism,
immortality, 37–42; on underworld
276–282, 298, 315n13; Song political
justice system, 74, 76
culture, 273–276, 280; Wang
Taizhou school, 290–292, 296, 298–
Yangming’s Confucian project, 273,
299, 303–304, 324, 326, 330, 332, 363,
275–276, 281–291. See also business
365. See also Neo-Confucianism
culture; Dao; Neo-Confucianism
Taizu, Ming Emperor, 276–278
Sogdian merchants, 240–241
tallies, 234–235
inde x 397
T’ang Chun-i. See Tang Junyi
Treatise on Personalities. See Renwu zhi
Tang dynasty: business culture of,
Tuipeng wuyu (by Li Yuheng), 263,
239–245; examination system of,
319n102
242–243, 251, 291–292; intellectual
Tuo Xiao, 21–22
breakthroughs, overview, 166–167;
Tu Wei-ming (Du Weiming), 355, 360
merchant rebellions of, 240–242.
Twitchett, Denis, 239
See also Neo-Confucianism
Tang Gongfang, 35–36
Uighur (Huihu) merchants, 241, 245
Tang Junyi, 322, 355, 356, 368
underworld belief and bureaucracy,
Tang Prize for Sinology, xi, xii, xviiin1,
70–76, 82n69, 86–87
381–382
Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism, The (de
Tang Shunzhi, 217, 254, 293–294, 304
Bary), 355–371; about the book, 355–357;
Tanyi lu ( On the Art of Poetry), 371
on Buddhist intellectualism, 369–371;
Taolu zalu, 263
on gewu, 368; on jingshi, 362–364; on
Tao Zhengxiang, 258
kaozheng, 364–368; on origin of
taxation, 232, 236, 237, 239, 301. See also
metaphysics, 357–361. See also
market economy
Neo-Confucianism
Taylor, Charles, 17
unity of Heaven and man, 1–17. See also
teaching of names. See mingjiao/ziran
specifi c elements of
duality
unity of knowledge and action, 215, 253,
tea drinking, 105
359–360
textual interpretation. See hermeneutics
three bonds and six rules ( sangang liuji) of
vegetables, 94, 103, 110. See also food and
social relationships, 134–135
eating in Han dynasty
Three Dynasties. See Shang dynasty; Xia
vessels for food, 104, 111–113
dynasty; Zhou dynasty
Three Teachings in One. See Sanjiao heyi
Wang Anshi, 137, 178–179, 274–275, 286,
movement
361
Thrupp, Sylvia, 252
Wang Bao, 105
Tianli. See Heavenly Principle
Wang Bi (Han Neo-Daoist), 2, 139,
tianming (Mandate or Decree of Heaven):
147–149, 151–154, 163n86
Confucius on, 8–9, 11–12; inward
Wang Bi (Wang Gen’s son), 299, 332
transcendence of, 7–11, 13–16
Wang Chong, 36, 39, 67, 94, 105, 138
tian ren heyi (unity of Heaven and man),
wangdao (the Kingly Way), 306
1–17. See also specifi c elements of
Wang Daokun, 214, 219, 247–249,
tianzun (venerable celestial deities), 14
254–255, 257, 292–293
ti-yong (substance-function) duality, 176,
Wang Fu, 144
309, 363
“Wang Fu-chih (Fuzhi) and the Neo-
TLV mirrors, 85–86, 89
Confucian Tradition,” 355, 358
tong (fundamentals), 338–339
Wang Fuzhi, 307, 308, 350, 355, 357, 358,
Tong Kegang, 285
366
Tongya ( Comprehensive Studies), 367
Wang Gen, 284–285, 290–291, 298–299,
transcendence: external transcendence in
301, 302, 304, 307, 332, 365
Western tradition, 14–15, 17; inward
Wang Guowei, 62, 88
transcendence in Chinese tradition,
Wang Ji, 290, 302, 330–332, 333–335, 359
8–17
Wang Lang, 147
398 inde x
W
ang Mang, 40, 55n137, 109, 111
wooden documents in Han tombs, 70–71,
Wang Qiao, 26–27, 53n115
86–87
Wang Rong, 143, 155–157, 238–239
wu (nonbeing), 144, 148–150, 153, 176
Wang Sengqian, 158, 164n102
Wudi, Han Emperor, 26, 29, 30–32,
Wang Shizhen, 255, 293, 371
71–73, 89
Wang Tingbang, 257
Wu Liang Ci mural-painted tomb,
Wang Xian, 214, 253, 261, 295, 301, 311
Shandong, 97, 126–127
Wang Yangming, xvi, 16, 17, 182, 196,
Wu Pei-yi, 355, 368, 369
205n85, 212, 214–215, 217–218, 250,
wu shamans, celestial communication by,
330–332, 347, 358–360, 366–369, 380;
3, 8–13
anti-intellectualism of, 365, 366, 368;
wusi (no death), 24, 25–36
“Baben saiyuan” (Pulling Up the Root
Wu Weiye, 302
and Stopping Up the Source), 285–286,
wu-you (nonbeing-being) duality,
288, 295; Confucian project of, 16, 174,
148–150
281–291; on Dao, 17, 253, 330;
Wu Yubi, 279, 280, 303
enlightenment of, 282–283; on
Wuzong, Ming Emperor, 281–282, 284
Heavenly Principle, 174; reorientation
of Confucian social thought, xii,
Xia Boqi, 278
273–320; on scholar-merchants, 182,
Xia dynasty, 3, 7, 11
214, 250–254, 293–305. See also
xian (county), 230–231
liangzhi (innate knowledge); unity of
Xiang-er Commentary to Laozi ( Laozi
knowledge and action; xinxue
Xiang-er zhu), 23, 70
(Learning of the Mind)
xian immortality, 24–44; alchemy and,
Way, the. See Dao
55n135; etymology of, 53n112; fangshi on,
Ways to Paradise (Loewe), 85–86
25, 28–29, 33, 56n143, 72; importation
Weber, Max: on asceticism, 170–171; on
of idea, 47nn36–37, 48n38; literati class
Confucianism, 208–211, 213–215, 218;
on, 36; “no death” and, 24–27, 32; in
on intellectual transitions, 8; on
popular thought, 36–41, 47n36, 83n77;
market economy, 227–228, 300
restructuring the afterworld and,
Weber’s Protestant Ethic, 208, 210–211
71–77; worldly transformation of,
Wei, King of Qi, 25
33–36, 41, 53n111. See also Daoism; life
Wei Anshi, 240
( sheng); longevity
Wei-Jin tradition. See Neo-Daoism
xiao (fi lial piety), 38, 137–138, 175, 250, 293
Wei Mou, 21–22
Xiaojing ( Classic of Filial Piety), 299
wei zheng yi de (rule of virtue), 12
Xiaotang Shan mural-painted tomb,
Wen Yanbo, 276
Shandong, 99, 126–127
Western cultural tradition on external
xiaoti (the parts of smaller importance of
transcendence, 14–15, 17
