Duffy locus 25, 28
Cornaro, Marco 7
dysentery 71, 121, 124, 127–8
Corneto (Tarquinia) 63
Corsica 44, 106
Corbellini, Gilberto 7, 84
Eboli 242
Cosa (Ansedonia) 69, 198, 250–1
economy 61, 179, 181, 238, 244–6,
Croton 155, 161
251–3
Crotonese 64, 161
eggs:
Culex mosquitoes 29, 68–9, 81, 235
chicken 134, 142
Culex (poem) 238
locust 183
Cumae 85
mosquito 43, 87
cuniculi 76–8, 179, 181, 214
Egypt 30–4, 53, 85, 91–2, 282
einkorn ( Triticum monococcum) 150
Dante Alighieri 100, 133, 198
elephants 236
DDT 47, 94, 96, 112
embankments 94–5
Dead Sea 32
emmer ( Triticum dicoccum) 150
Decemnovium 182, 191
Empedocles 73
Decius 190
England 71, 78, 91, 118, 138, 151–66,
deforestation 72, 90, 103, 105–9, 112,
176, 180, 197, 205, 208, 271, 279
182–3
epidemiology 23, 132, 156, 215, 223,
Demaratus of Corinth 144
256
Demetrius 108
epilepsy 50, 139
Denderah 282
Epirus 9, 249, 253
dengue fever 10, 89
Epstein-Barr virus 139
Dennis, George 180
erythrocytes 11, 18, 25, 28, 37–8, 125,
Diamantina 89
142–3, 165, 218, 221, 329
diarrhoea 124, 126
Esquiline, hill 213–14
diet 35, 141–51
estatatura 280
dinosaurs 7
Etruria, see Tuscany
Diocletian, emperor 208
Eudemus 135
Diodorus Siculus 181
Eustathius, commentator
Diogenes Laertius 38
on Homer 21
334
Index
Faesulae 278
Genoa 138
Falleroni, Domenico 43, 45, 267
Gervase 159, 224
Favorinus, sophist 134–5
Ghetto, Jewish in Rome 210–11
Felix, M. Minucius 50
Ginanni, Francesco 81–3
Ferrara 83, 89, 122, 142, 278
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
fertility, human 118, 127, 151, 162–3,
(G6PD) deficiency 39, 68, 127,
242, 277
143–5
fever:
Godfrey of Bouillon 226
as a divinity 50–4
Godfrey of Viterbo 224
as an immune response 13
Gracchus, Tiberius and Gaius 93, 95,
see also blackwater fever; dengue
196, 248, 253
fever; quartan fever; quotidian
Graviscae 192–8, 244, 250, 266
fever; relapsing fever; semitertian
Greece 12–14, 18, 20–3, 31–5, 38, 44,
fever; tertian fever; typhoid fever;
91, 116, 136, 144, 160, 200, 249,
typhomalarial fever; yellow
252, 279
fever
Gregorovius 57, 147–8, 163, 173–4
Fienili di Sonnino 190
Gregory I the Great, pope 230, 273
Fiora, river 113
Gregory of Tours 54, 157
fish 69–70, 95, 146
Grassi, Battista 43, 49–50, 72, 87
fishponds, artificial 69–70
Grmek, Mirko Drazen 4, 13, 18–19,
Fiumicino 94, 98, 280
22–3, 35–6, 38, 49, 143, 230
floods 86, 109–10, 202, 214
Grosseto 2–3, 40–1, 60, 63, 69, 108–9,
Florence 22, 100, 109, 117, 124–5, 140,
111–12, 116–18, 121–3, 125, 128,
142, 180, 203, 208, 251, 272–3,
140, 142–3, 155, 160–5, 180, 205,
276, 284
233–4, 269, 271, 273, 280, 283
Foggia 266
Guyana 121, 136
Forum, Roman 76, 109, 150, 213, 217
Forum Appii 187
Habitancum (Risingham) 157
Fossombroni, Vittorio, 100
Hadrian, emperor 71, 157
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 122
Hadrian III, pope 183
François, Alessandro 199
haemoglobin 18, 30, 143, 165
Franklin, Benjamin 252
Hamilton, Robert 152
Frederick Barbarossa 224, 227
Hamilton, W. D. 130
Fregenae 87
Hannibal 13, 246, 249, 264
Frontinus 229
harvest 21–2, 152, 168, 231, 255–6, 267
Fucécchio 260
Hawaii 7
Fucino, Lago di 71–2
heart disease 130, 150
Herculaneum 10
Galen 14, 17–20, 48–9, 54, 86, 117,
Herodian 75, 126, 134, 137, 156, 276
121, 135–6, 140, 156, 189, 209,
Herodotus 91–2, 282
218, 222–3, 229, 258–9, 276
Hesiod 20
Galera 57, 94
Hippocrates 18–19, 50, 222
gametocyte 33, 98, 329
hippopotamus 32
gardens 112, 211, 229, 242
HIV 139
gastro-intestinal diseases 62, 123–9,
Holland 91, 157
162
Homer 20–1
Gaza 30
Honorius IV, pope 54
Gellius, Aulus 135
Horace 73, 181, 188, 217, 228
Index
335
Horton Hospital, Epsom 11, 33, 35,
lethargy 220–1, 231
38, 131, 155, 202
leucocytosis 129
hospitals, see individual entries
Levi, Carlo 141, 236, 242
houses 55, 63, 91, 95–8, 212, 216, 280,
life-expectancy 1, 3, 52, 83, 125, 127,
282
141, 143, 154–66, 218, 254, 257,
Hugh of Evesham, cardinal 159
269–72, 278, 283
hyperostosis, porotic 31, 92, 141
life-tables 1–2, 160–4, 166–7, 277–8,
hypnozoites 329
283–4
Liguria 74, 255
Icatidas 134
Lithika, Orphic 20
immunity 10, 16, 36–8, 42, 52, 64,
Livorno 10, 43
82–3, 98, 119, 124–7, 147, 155,
Livy 41, 105, 178–9, 183, 185–7, 201–2,
198, 223–4, 226
218, 236, 249, 252
impluvium 95–6
locusts 183
influenza 9–10, 133
London 20, 29, 138, 152, 273
Innocent III, pope 148
Longula 178
Innocent IV, pope 119
lucerne 238
India 38, 49, 95, 142, 166, 200, 202
Lucilius 192
Isola Tiberina 211, 281
Lucretius 61, 220
Lugnano in Teverina 67–8, 145, 233
Luni 85
Janiculum 206, 214
John Lydus 53
Maccarese 87, 234
Jordan 32
Macedonia 127
Jordanes 225
Machiavelli, Niccolò 251
Josephus 32
Madagascar 151
Juan de Lugo, cardinal 202
Magi, Luigi 234
Justinian, emperor 86, 182, 198
magic 49, 53–4, 134, 147, 224, 232
Juvenal 190, 217, 219
Magiotti, Latanzio, 15
maize 147–9, 168, 243–4
King’s Lynn 152
malaria, see
entries for individual
species under Plasmodium
Lactantius 50
see also blackwater fever; periodicity;
lacus Caprae 215
quartan fever; quotidian fever;
Lancisi, Giovanni 45–6, 62, 74, 89,
semitertian fever; tertian fever; et
108, 125, 128, 132, 209, 214–16,
passim
281–2
Maleventum (Beneventum) 263
Lapi, G. G. 124, 141, 212, 281
malnutrition 140–51
larvae 69–70, 72, 74, 78–9, 87, 95, 108,
Manfredonia 264, 266
112, 239
Mantua 70
latifundia 241, 246, 253–4
Marana, Lago di, 264
Laurentum 87, 111, 197, 236, 240, 246,
Marcellinus, Ammianus 281
269–71
Marchiafava, Ettore 14–16, 18–19, 21,
Laveran, Alphonse 35
25, 37, 63, 130, 139, 220, 238
Lawrence, D. H. 199
Maremma 39–40, 74, 100, 112, 136,
leishmaniasis, visceral, 27
180, 189, 198–201, 234, 250–1,
Leoniceno, Niccolò 122
254–5
leprosy 39, 122
Marius 50, 188
336
Index
marshes 38, 40–1, 44, 46, 55, 61, 63,
Norma 57–9
68, 70–1, 74–5, 78–82, 84, 87, 89,
nuraghi 91–2, 95
91–2, 122–3, 132, 152–6, 198, 257,
nutrition 140–51
264–5
see also Pontine Marshes
olive, tree 72, 77, 103, 248, 267, 270
Marta, river 57, 113, 193
Olympiodorus 241, 276
Martial 85, 93, 108, 134, 228
Ombrone, river 73, 112, 180
Martin IV, pope 159
Orosius 109
Massari, Cesare 260
Orte 68
Massarosa 43
Ostia 69, 74–5, 86–7, 89, 91, 96, 190,
Mazzara 52
204, 231–4, 278, 280
meadows 109, 236–8
Otto, bishop of Freising 227–8, 280
melanization 34
Mendini, Giuseppe 49, 206
Pacelli, Filippo 281
merozoites 11, 125, 156, 329
Paestum (Poseidonia) 40–1, 242, 250
Metapontum 103–5, 161
Palatine, hill 50, 206, 209, 213
migration, animal 267, 277
Palidoro 239
human 180–1, 205, 248, 250, 273,
Palladius, R. T. Aemilianus 68, 70,
276–7
169
mosquito 30
Panarolo, Domenico 74
Montalto di Castro 199
Pantanelli, Pietro 283
Monterosi 246
Pantanello 105
mosquitoes:
Paola, in Calabria, 116
anthropophilic 85, 89, 193, 239, 260
Paola, Lago di 171, 257, 264
evolution 26
Papua New Guinea 28, 149
zoophilic 84–5, 89, 100, 174, 239,
papyri, magical 54
260
papyrus, plant 32
see also entries for individual species
para-amino benzoic acid 142, 165
under Aedes; Anopheles; Culex; and pathocoenosis 197, 222, 230
anophelism without malaria;
Paulus Diaconus 158, 183, 273
melanization; nets; refractoriness
Pausanias 32
mountains 42, 63, 92, 95, 105–6, 197,
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 37,
205, 228, 236, 238, 267
67
Mozzano 119
pellagra 121, 148
Mussolini, Benito 4, 75, 85, 168–70,
periodicity 8–10
188, 191, 264
Peter of Blois 158
Myus 79
Peter Damian, St. 87, 231
Peter the Venerable 159
Naples 9, 33, 43, 153
Petronius, Alexander 209, 259
Napoleon 4
Philostratus 173
Narni 64–6
Piquer, Andrés, 15
Nemi, Lago di 77, 113
Pisa 43, 63, 75, 100, 108, 180, 251, 260
nephrotic syndrome 12, 136
Pius VI, pope 75, 168, 180
Nero, emperor 71, 96–7, 190, 214
placenta 73, 124–6
Nerva, emperor 110, 182, 229
‘plague’, Antonine 2, 124, 223
nets, mosquito 48, 92
plague, bubonic ( Yersinia pestis) 10, 49,
Nightingale, Florence 148, 174
117, 125, 198, 230–2, 272–4, 284
Ninfa 57, 59, 182, 282
Plasmodium berghei 142
Index
337
Plasmodium bubalis 240
Plasmodium malariae:
Plasmodium cynomolgi 27
associated with splenomegaly 16
Plasmodium falciparum:
association with other diseases 135
association with harvest 20–2
attacks Atticus 131–2
at Grosseto 116, 162
attacks Eudemus 135
at Metapontum 105
duration 12
at Nemi 113
effects on different age-groups 133
clinical differentiation from P. vivax
epidemiology 132
14–16
evolution 24–7
clinical syndromes 129
in Greece 12–13
cross-reactions with P. malariae
in Po delta 83
218
interaction with P. falciparum 218–19
cross-reactions with P. vivax 126,
invasion rate of erythrocytes 25
155–6
main discussion of 131–6
cyclical fluctuations in Roman
nephrotic syndrome 12, 136
Campagna 256–60
periodicity 8–10
described by Celsus 14–16
poorly adapted to A. atroparvus 33
described by Hippocratic authors
remedies 134
18
schizogony 125
drug resistance 48
temperature requirements 102
effects on the elderly 130
see also quartan fever
evolution 23–39
Plasmodium ovale 9, 28
genetic variation 37–8
Plasmodium reichenowi 25–6, 37
in Greece 13–14, 17–18, 20–2, 31
Plasmodium vivax:
in Macedonia 127
association with desiccating
in Near East 32–3
marshes 71, 152
in North Africa 35
association with harvest 152
in Po delta 81–4
association with other diseases
in pregnancy 67–8
153–4
in Rome 62–3, 202–3, 219–33,
association with pilgrimage to
272–3, 276
Rome 158–60
in Sardinia 92–3, 127, 164–5
at Naples 153
in Sicily 36–9
at Ravenna 81–3
in Umbria 64–8
attacks Alcuin 130, 157–8
interaction with heart disease 130
clinical differentiation from P.
interaction with respiratory disease
falciparum 15–16
137–8
cross-reactions with P. falciparum
interaction with tuberculosis 137–9
155–6
pathology 125–6
cross-reactions with P. malariae 218
periodicity 8–11
demographic effects 151–66, 279
pernicious symptoms
16
duration 12
placental malaria 125–6
evolution 24–8
rapid growth rate in Europe 34
in Belgium and Holland 156
resistance to quinine 202
in England 151–8
seasonality in Rome 62–3
in Greece 13
similarity to typhoid 128
in India 166
temperature requirements 102
in the Marche 66
vitamin A supplements 149
in pregnancy 126
338
Index
Plasmodium vivax continued:
Procopius 57, 86, 146, 182, 216, 238
in Sardinia 223
Puccinotti, Francesco 9, 46
in Tuscany 189, 200
Punjab 146, 200
latency 131
Pupinius, ager 244–5
mortality rates 154–66
Pyrgi 69, 200
no cerebral malaria in 220–1
periodicity 8–11
qinghaosu 48
quotidian expression 132–3, 152
quartan fever 4, 9, 11–12, 14, 18, 52–4,
relation to Duffy antigen 28
62, 66, 71, 102, 121, 131–6, 156,
schizogony 125
218–19, 221, 226
targets reticulocytes 25
see also nephrotic syndrome;
temperature requirements 20–1,
Plasmodium malariae
102
quinine 11, 35, 48, 66, 112, 128, 147,
treatment with opium 156
154, 202–3, 220, 261, 280
see also tertian fever
Quintilian 190
Plautus, T. Maccius 192, 254
Quirinal, hill 202
Pliny the Elder 39, 48, 53, 63–4, 76,
quotidian fever 11, 16, 18, 37, 53, 121,
95, 108–9, 132–4, 157, 170, 172,
133, 137, 152, 158, 220–1, 223
177–8, 190, 192, 205, 211, 241, 245
Pliny the Younger 87, 105, 109, 111,
rainfall 29, 78, 109, 111, 122, 182, 216,
172, 197–8, 228, 236, 238, 240,
229
246, 257, 269–70, 278
Ravenna 45, 52, 64, 78–86, 89, 98,
Plutarch 39
198–9, 251, 256, 270
pneumonia 126, 136, 138
refractoriness 23, 33, 33–4, 36, 200
Po, river 40, 81–2, 85, 89, 142, 278
Regata 238
Poggio Gramignano 67
Regulus, M. Aquilius 228–9, 257
Pollusca 178
Regulus, M. Atilius 243, 245, 250
pollution, atmospheric, 229
relapsing fever 10
Polybius 178
respiratory distress 129, 136
Pompeii 57
reticulocytes 25
Ponte di Nona 260
Rhazes 134
Pontine Marshes 4, 43, 57, 74–5, 77–9,
riboflavin 142
87, 91, 100, 107, 119, 167–91, 230,
rice 44, 180
247, 252, 265
rickets:
Pontinia 170
in London 153
poppy, opium 157
in Rome 141
Populonia 108
rivers, see individual entries
Portus 86
roads 77, 93–5, 101, 236
Poseidonia, see Paestum
Rocca Massima 60
Poseidonius 221
Rome (city of):
Pratica di Mare 188–9
Alcuin in 157–8
Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy Page 47
