technological innovations in, 317
theaters, 311
transportation, 317, 325–28
Treaty of Versailles, 338, 339, 341
U.S. declaration of, war, 311
World War II, 354, 359, 360, 367–403, 404–439, 440, 502, 506, 509, 511, 618
ANVIL, 405–406, 425
“Arsenal of Democracy” policy, 381–91
Atlantic, Battle of, 373, 391–96
atomic bomb, 437–39
beginning of, 369
blacks in, 382–84
Britain, Battle of, 369
Bulge, Battle of the, 433–34
CARTWHEEL, 397
Casablanca conference, 401
casualties, 75n., 216, 375, 381, 384, 396, 397, 399, 411, 413, 417–21, 427, 434–38, 681
Central Pacific/Asia 1942–1945, map of, 414
China-Burma-India theater, 374–75, 408
COBRA, 423–24
command system, 380–81, 397, 411
Coral Sea, Battle of the, 377
D-Day, 413, 420–21
destroyer deal, 369
disease in, 390, 399
draft, 370, 381–82, 426
economic mobilization, 381–91
German surrender, 436
“Germany First” strategy, 371, 374, 377–78, 381, 397
intelligence, 384–85, 390–91, 411, 418, 421
isolation of Japan, 427–32
Italian campaign, 401–403, 424–25, 436
Iwo Jima, 435
Japanese surrender, 439
kamikazes, 419–20, 432–37
Lend Lease, 372–73, 387
logistical support, 373, 397, 401, 402, 405, 416, 420–27
in Marianas, 399, 406, 417–20, 431
MARKET-GARDEN, 425
MATTERHORN, 408, 431
Mediterranean theater, map of, 398
mobilization, 369–74, 381–91, 403, 407, 426–27
Normandy campaign, 413, 420–23
Northern European Theater, map of, 424
Okinawa, 436–37
OVERLORD, 405, 406, 420
Pacific Theaters, map of, 400
Pearl Harbor, 373–74, 375
in Philippines, 373–77, 399, 407–408, 415, 417–19, 434–35
POINTBLANK, 409–415
Potsdam conference, 439
RAINBOW, 368–69
Russo-German war, 372–73, 403
Sicilian campaign, 401–403
Siegfried Line, 425, 427, 432, 433, 435
strategic bombing, 378, 406, 408, 409–415, 430–32
submarines in, 371, 373, 391–96, 401, 427–30
technological innovations, 389–91, 395, 425, 430
Teheran conference, 367–68, 405
TORCH, 397, 410
Tunisian campaign, 399, 401–402
two-front war, 396–403, 404–15, 432
Victory Program plan, 372, 386
Washington conference, 378–79
Yalta conference, 438
Worth, William J., 128, 136, 140
Wright Brothers, 291, 299
XB–17 bomber, 362
XYZ affair, 89
Yakima Indians, 128
Yalta conference, 438
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 366, 373–74, 377, 415
Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 434
Yamassee Indians, 19, 31
Yamassee War, 19, 31
Yeltsin, Boris, 590
Yemen, 613, 628, 630, 637, 672, 678, 686
York, 101
York River, 149, 170, 171, 173
Yorktown, 60, 69–70, 74, 75, 171
Younger, Coleman, 161
Young Turks, 287–88, 346
Yugoslavia, 442, 467, 586, 616–24
map of, 617
Yunis al-Ahmed, Muhammad, 660
ZAPATA, 504
Zardari, Asif ali, 676
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 629, 644
Zia ul-Haq, 587
Zimbabwe, 575
Zollicoffer, Felix K., 165
Zumwalt, Elmo, 564
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Millett, Allan Reed.
For the common defense : a military history of the United States from 1607 to 2012 /
Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski.—Rev. and expanded.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. United States—History, Military. 2. United States—Armed Forces—
History. I. Maslowski, Peter. II. Title.
E181.M6986 1994
973—dc20
94-5199
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4516-2353-6
ISBN 978-1-4391-1827-6 (eBook)
1. A match was a length of stringlike material that had been soaked in saltpeter (or a similar substance) so that it would burn slowly and steadily.
2. The Tuscarora Indians, an Iroquoian tribe in the Carolinas, moved northward after their defeat by the whites and were admitted to the confederacy in the early 1720s. Thereafter the Five Nations became the Six Nations.
3. Prior to the twentieth century most campaigning occurred between May and October. A winter expedition in northern climates was rare because of the increased logistical problems.
4. By contrast, Mexican War deaths were only 0.06 percent of the population, World War I deaths 0.12 percent, and World War II deaths 0.28 percent.
5. The seven frigates were the United States, 44 guns; Constitution, 44; President, 44; Constellation, 38; Congress, 38; Chesapeake, 38; and Essex, 32.
6. In 1827 the Supreme Court ruled that the president had the authority to determine when an emergency existed in which he had the constitutional right to call forth the militia.
7. The six squadrons were the Mediterranean; the Pacific (1818); the Brazil, or South Atlantic (1826); the East India (1835); the Home (1841), which absorbed the West Indies Squadron that had been established in the early 1820s; and the African (1843).
8. The American General Staff was quite different from the Prussian General Staff created between 1803 and 1809. The Prussian staff had the responsibility of planning for war in peacetime, which involved systematic intelligence gathering, intensive study of military history, and critiques of tactics and strategy employed in peacetime maneuvers.
9. The term “ironclad” referred to either a wooden or iron-hulled ship protected by iron plates.
10. The complete title was An Elementary Treatise on Advanced-Guard, Out-Post, and Detachment Service of Troops, and the Manner of Posting and Handling Them in the Presence of an Enemy. With a Historical Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Tactics, etc. etc.
11. Not all of the men on either side were “present for duty.” For example, out of the 464,500 Confederates, only 233,500 were “present for duty.”
12. Women successfully passed as males because uniforms were ill-fitting and loose; like many men, women attended to bodily functions in private areas instead of going to the disgusting latrines; the numerous adolescent boys in the ranks had high-pitched voices and little or no facial hair; females could readily emulate typical masculine behaviors, such as drinking, gambling, swearing, and chewing tobacco; a
nd in many cases the menstrual cycle ceased because of the intense physical activity, poor nutrition, and severe psychological stress that all soldiers endured.
13. Though 620,000 remains the accepted figure, new research in pre- and postwar census data tentatively indicates that as many as 750,000 men may have perished during the war, an increase of 20 percent.
14. The Air Force shifted to the “wing” instead of the “group” to identify an organization of two or more squadrons.
15. During the war the U.S. lost a total of 3,339 fixed-wing aircraft. Of these, 2,430 were combat losses, and 909 were operational losses (primarily accidents). Although the percentages are far from precise, antiaircraft artillery and semiautomatic and automatic small arms fire were responsible for far more combat losses than SAMs or MiGs. In trying to avoid SAMs and MiGs, pilots often descended into AAA or small arms range.
16. Fiscal year 1986 was higher in current dollars but less in inflation-adjusted dollars.
17. Before the fighting faded away two days later, three more GIs died and thirty-four were wounded.
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