by Tariq Ali
The Barons entered first, dressed in their regalia, their swords dangling from their waists, and took their seats on both sides of the throne. They were followed by other sections of the nobility and then the judges entered, flanked by the Bishops with several monks in attendance. The prosecuting judge was seated just below the Sultan’s throne. After they had all been seated, the Amirs of Catania and Siracusa, together with a handful of Muslim notables from Qurlun, Djirdjent, Shakka and Marsa Ali as well as the qadi of Palermo, were permitted to enter and seated on the benches at the back, where it would not be easy for the Sultan to see them.
The hall fell silent when the Chamberlain entered and announced the Sultan. For the occasion Rujari had discarded his Arab robes and, like his Barons, was dressed as a Christian knight, the crown resting firmly on his head. Everybody present rose to greet the King in three different languages. Rujari nodded and the trial began. The prisoners, chained to each other with Philip at their head, were brought into the hall. He walked in with his head raised high, prepared to meet the eyes of the Sultan or his Barons. It was they who averted their gaze. Ten eunuchs known to be close to him were charged with exactly the same offences. They, too, conducted themselves with dignity.
The prosecuting judge, who had once worked for Philip, rose and listed the charges. ‘Philip al-Mahdia, you and those creatures by your side are charged with having betrayed the trust placed in you by King Roger. You are accused of having aided our enemies in Mahdia and Bone in Ifriqiya. You are accused of having concealed your real faith from the King and his court. Beneath the cloak of a Christian you behaved like a child of Satan. In mind and deed you followed the doctrines of Muhammad and you instructed the State treasury to give unlimited amounts of money to maintain the mosques in good condition. You sent special emissaries with offerings to the tomb of Muhammad. When it was suggested that this money be registered in the records, you dismissed the suggestion with an arrogant wave of your hand.
‘You frequently attended the synagogues of the Evil Ones and provided them with oil to fill their lamps. You offered them all the assistance they needed to practise their abominable faith. At the same time you rarely set foot and even then unwillingly in the churches of God. You ostentatiously ate meat on Fridays and during Lent.
‘The King was alerted to your infidelity when it was reported to him how you had permitted Muslim scholars and pious men to flee to their villages after you had conquered Mahdia and Bone. It is reported that you punished some of your own soldiers when you saw them taking a few women prisoners for their personal enjoyment.
‘And lastly, Philip al-Mahdia, we will produce witnesses who will swear on al-Quran that you have been a secret Muslim all your life. Your conversion was false. What trust can the King put in you after all these events? You were brought up in this palace and the King loved you like a son. You rose to the highest position in the land after the King. And you have brought disgrace on him. What do you say to all this?’
While the indictment was read the Amirs and the other Believers were restless. Their discontent was reflected in excessive shuffling, a regular clearing of throats, occasional sighs and at least two loud farts, all of which combined to produce a distinctly uncongenial atmosphere. As Philip prepared to address the court there was total silence. Whereas the prosecutor had addressed the court in stilted Latin, Philip spoke in fluent Arabic. ‘I did not betray the Sultan’s trust. This Sultan has, till now, been kind to me and regardless of what happens today I wish to state that Sultan Rujari Ibn Rujari has been a just ruler. He has treated all the people of this island well, regardless of their faith. He has never insisted, till now, that prisoners be brutalised and their women violated. So I reject the principal charge you bring against me, to the effect that I betrayed the trust of our ruler.
‘Nothing I did was in secret. Yes, I provided oil for the synagogues. The Sultan knew and approved. Yes, I did not permit the decline of the eighty remaining mosques in Palermo. The Sultan accompanied me once to see for himself the improvements in the Ayn al-Shifa mosque of this city. When you say I was hardly in church you speak a deliberate untruth and may God forgive you. The Sultan knows how many times I attended his own chapel. He knows how often I went to the church he has built in Cefalu at every stage of its construction.
‘Let us proceed to the next charge. I was too lenient to prisoners in Ifriqiya. I plead guilty. I treated them as I would treat any human being. The fighting was over. We had won an important victory. The Zirid dynasty crumbled to dust before my eyes. Had I been soft-hearted in the course of the battle you would have had cause to bring me before you. But on behalf of this Sultan, I took al-Mahdia, the city of my youth. I will not hide from you the inner pain I felt. That I was instrumental in taking this city gave me no pleasure, but my loyalty to Siqilliya was never in doubt. The Bedouin whom I paid to fight on our side wanted to loot the city indiscriminately and take their pleasure of any woman, young or old, who was not already in hiding. War arouses the lust for loot and human flesh. I gave firm instructions that this should not happen. When these were disobeyed I had three Bedouin and six of our own soldiers flogged in public for rape. Yes, I stood there and watched them bleed. Do I regret that? No. And I would do it again. I think in better times the Sultan would have defended all these actions.
‘I have nothing more to say. I know that the fires that will consume me have already been lit and I am prepared to meet my Maker. I have done nothing of which I am ashamed. My only regret is that I had no opportunity to live among our people because whenever I asked myself how the earth procured the food we eat in order to survive the answer was never in doubt. It was the ordinary peasants on the land who produced the food and from the comfort of this palace, I sometimes envied them their closeness to the earth. I remember mentioning this to many people.
‘To the Sultan I will say this: if I have offended you in any way I beg your mercy and I apologise. I have always been loyal to you and your family. Those who have poisoned your ears with regard to me are the same people who will try and get rid of your sons and the system of administration that your father and you helped to create. Think of that when you watch me in the flames.’
The Barons rose to protest and shouts of ‘Cut off his tongue’ were heard from the mouth of more than one monk. The prosecutor had worked himself into a confected rage.
‘We have a witness who will testify that this man concealed his real faith behind a Christian mask. Bring him in.’
The guards brought in a venerable merchant, Ali ibn Uthman al-Tamimi. He was one of the most respected traders in the city and had attended the mehfil at the Ayn al-Shifa mosque which Philip had attended just before he was arrested. The marks on his face suggested that violence had been inflicted on him.
The merchant was asked to swear on al-Quran that he would speak the truth. He spoke in a very low, broken voice, not daring to face Philip. But he did not mention the meeting. He testified that on a single occasion he had prayed together with Philip at the mosque. The evidence was enough to condemn him. As he was leaving he looked up at Philip with tearful eyes and in a voice that was heard throughout the hall he said: ‘Forgive me. They threatened to rape my ten-year-old daughter.’
At this point Philip, greatly angered by the sight of an old friend who had been humiliated and tortured, demanded to speak. The Sultan nodded. ‘Burn me, if you will, but do not inflict suffering on innocent people. Yes, it is true I was a secret Believer, but my sin lay not in my belief but in my cowardice. I should have told the Sultan and for this I beg your pardon and plead for your mercy. I was very young when I came to the Court and you were so kind to me that I wished to please you in every way. But when I accompanied the Amir George to Mahdia, memories of my childhood overwhelmed me and it was at that time that in my heart I became a Muslim once again. I do not regret my choice. I know you will burn me today for that is the custom of your faith. But before I am sentenced I wish to address the Sultan directly.’
Rujari
looked at him and for the first time their eyes met. Rujari nodded and turned away quickly. ‘I thank you, gracious Sultan. You more than anyone else present here—and I do not see our friend Master Idrisi in this gathering for which I thank him—understand full well that the reason you and your noble father were able to resist the commands of the Popes in Rome was because, even after the conquest of Siqilliya and the handing over of the most fertile estates to your Barons and the Lombard barbarians from the North, even after all that, my people are still a majority on this island. That is why your Barons speak and understand my language. And that is why you and you father could resist papal demands to send soldiers to fight in the Crusades. We were your strength, we gave you the courage to be independent, our learning, our language, our culture enabled you to boast that you were superior in every way to your poor cousins in England, which was only the truth.
‘Living under an occupation is never easy, but your family made it less painful because you needed us for your own reasons. And we needed you to survive. If you destroy us—and forgive my boldness ... but we all know that the decision to burn me is a victory for those who would like to burn every Believer on this island, if you destroy us you destroy yourselves. One, perhaps two, Hautevilles might reign as kings. Then your fellow religionists will sweep southwards and take what they believe belongs to them by papal right. At that time there will be no force left here to defend your family. As for these unfortunate eunuchs you have imprisoned with me, they are completely innocent. Their only crime is that they worked with me, but then so did the Sultan for many years. To punish them is base and unworthy and I would plead for mercy on their behalf. Spare their lives. You have mine. Your monks and Bishops wish to consign me to Hell. But Allah alone will decide.’
As he stepped back and bowed half-ironically to the Sultan, the Amir of Catania could not contain himself. He rose from his bench. ‘Allah will send you to heaven, Philip al-Mahdia. Allah akbar.’
Angered by this display of insubordination, Rujari rose from the throne and still refusing to look his old friend in the eye he addressed the court. ‘Most distinguished sirs who sit in judgement today, my words are for you. My soul is pierced by the greatest grief, and roused to passion by severe torments, because this minister of mine, whom I raised from boyhood so that, having been purged of his sins, the Saracen might become Christian, is yet a Saracen and, under the name of faith, has done deeds of faithlessness. Had he offended our majesty in other ways, had he carried off a greater part of our treasure, we would have forgiven him because he had done great service for us. But because he has offended God and has furnished others with the opportunity and the precedent of sinning, and because I should not forgive an injury to our faith and a crime against the Christian religion by my own son, nor should I acquit anyone else. In this act let the whole world learn that I love the Christian faith with absolute constancy and do not refrain from avenging any injury to it, even by my own ministers. For this reason are laws set up and for this reason our laws are armed with the sword of fairness; they wound the enemy of the faith with the sword of justice, and thus they set a terrible snare for the infidels. Most distinguished sirs, you who are here to judge this crime, do your duty.’
The Barons clanged their swords to show approval of their king. Rujari, exhausted, slumped on the throne. The Barons, justiciars and judges did not take too long in their deliberations.
‘We decree that Philip, a traitor to the name of Christian, and an agent of the works of faithlessness under the disguise of faith, shall be consumed by the vengeful flames, so that he who would not have the warmth of love shall feel the fire that burns, and so that no trace shall remain of this worst of men, but that, having been turned to ashes by an earthly fire, he may proceed to perpetual torment in the eternal flames. His fellow-conspirators in evil are also sentenced to death but by normal methods.’
The Amirs and the Muslim notables did not stay to watch the Christians savour their triumph. As soon as the Sultan limped out of the chamber, they left the hall and the palace. A loud wailing could be heard in a section of the palace as they made their way into the streets. To their astonishment these were empty. The people of Palermo, even the Nazarenes, had no desire to witness the fallen Philip dragged through the streets in ignominy. Before they parted the Amir of Catania took them aside and said: ‘They have declared war on us. And I, for one, will not willingly become a headless chicken. We will fight in Catania. We will not surrender and become their slaves or be killed without a struggle. All of you will make your own choices, but I hope you listened carefully to Rujari’s words. It is the end of Siqilliya as we have known it. My friends from Qurlun, your choice is very clear. Either you fight with us or convert now to their faith and turn your mosques into churches. Do not wait for them to do it. In that way you might save your lives, if not your property. I do not know if we will meet again. Peace be upon you and may Allah protect you all.’
A noble from Qurlun restrained his departure. ‘Before you leave, give me your advice. Is there any way we could save our property as well as our lives?’
‘Perhaps by offering the Barons half of what you own tomorrow and your daughters the day after. But don’t delay too long. And one more word of advice. You Qurlunis are so inbred that you think you’re cleverer than everyone else and that your secrets remain safe within your community. You saw what happened to Philip. If you convert, do it properly and don’t meet in secret to pray and fast or circumcise your boys. Learn to worship the bleeding man on the wooden cross and the mother who remained a virgin after his birth.’
The Amirs of Catania and Siracusa walked away together, both enraged by Rujari’s speech and the verdict.
‘I hope Rujari dies soon, freeing us from our oaths of loyalty. Our presence here is now under serious threat. Our culture is tottering and if we do not act it will fall.’ It was the first time the Siracusan had spoken that day.
‘I think his speech has freed us already. Idrisi’s messenger told me that the Trusted One will instruct his followers to capture three monasteries the minute they receive the verdict on Philip. I think the lighthouses will be busy today. My ship is ready to sail. Are you accompanying me or did you bring your own vessel?’
‘I did and will sail later today.’
The two men embraced and went their separate ways.
Inside the palace walls, Philip was handed to the justiciars, who removed his chains and tied him to the hooves of wild horses. The horses had to be restrained as they reached the gates. Every palace window was crowded with people. They watched in horror and it was later reported that young William, the only remaining legitimate son of Rujari, had tears in his eyes. He had been exceptionally close to the condemned man. Philip had taught him astronomy. The Barons and monks and their retainers stood behind the horses to follow the victim to his death. Outside only a few monks and Nazarenes watched, but less than a hundred in all, and this in a city of three hundred thousand people. There were reports that the mosques and synagogues were overfull that day as special prayers were said to honour Philip. The qadi was seen hurrying in the direction of Ayn al-Shifa to try and contain the hotheads.
The palace gates were opened. The grotesque procession moved forward. Philip’s limbs were bleeding, but he held his face high even as he was being violently dragged and some of those who had come to watch turned away. A lime-kiln close to the palace had been prepared and a fire had been blazing even before the trial had begun. The justiciars untied the man who was covered in blood. They lifted him above their shoulders and hurled him into the flames.
Then they all returned to the palace where a grand banquet had been prepared in honour of those who had passed judgement on an enemy of their faith. Rujari pleaded ill-health and was not present at the celebrations. Nor was his son William.
After a private conference with his friend from Catania, the Amir of Siracusa had instructed his men to make the ship ready to sail at short notice. Walking slowly towards the house where
his wife was lodged, he felt a hand on his shoulder. A shiver of fear ran through him, but it was only a grim-faced Idrisi and his retainers.
‘Ibn Muhammad, what a relief it is you,’ he said wiping the sweat from his face.
‘It has been a catastrophe. The trial was as you suggested, even worse.’
‘I have just returned from the mosque. It was a dignified farewell but our young men are angry and I fear there will be some violence in the city tonight. Were you walking to my house? Good. We shall arrive together.’
‘Ibn Muhammad, could you ask your men to let us talk on our own?’ Idrisi signalled to Ibn Fityan who told his men to slow down. The Amir confided to him that they would now plan a full-scale rebellion in their regions and drive the Franks out.
‘It will take us a few years yet, but the preparations must start now. I know I sometimes give people the impression of not being as steadfast as the Trusted One. But whatever doubts I may have had disappeared today. They declared war on us. That’s why I have a favour to ask of you ...’
TWELVE
Idrisi’s love for Balkis and its consequences.
IDRISI DID NOT HAVE long to wait for the three women outside the Chamberlain’s room at the front of the palace. Relieved of their hurriedly packed clothes by his retainers, he walked back with them to his house. The sky was so starry and active and Idrisi so delighted that he almost forgot the weight of events to come.
‘I thought that nights like this happen only when one is young,’ he said.
‘I am young,’ replied Elinore. ‘And I will never forget this night.’
