by Sophocles
———. The Art of Rhetoric. Trans. John Henry Freese. Loeb Classical Library 193. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Berlin, Normand. The Secret Cause: A Discussion of Tragedy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981.
Benardete, Seth. Sacred Transgressions: A Reading of Sophocles’ “Antigone.” South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 1999.
Blundell, Mary Whitlock. Helping Friends and Harming Enemies: A Study in Sophocles and Greek Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
———, trans. Antigone. By Sophocles. Focus Classical Library. Newburyport, MA: Focus Information Group, 1998.
———, trans. Oedipus at Colonus. By Sophocles. Focus Classical Library. Newburyport, MA: Focus Information Group, 1990.
Boegehold, Alan L. When a Gesture Was Expected. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Carpenter, Thomas H., and Christopher A. Faraone, eds. Masks of Dionysus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
Cartledge, Paul. Ancient Greek Political Thought in Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Davidson, John N. Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Eagleton, Terry. Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
Easterling, P. E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
———, ed. Trachiniae. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Edmunds, Lowell. Theatrical Space and Historical Place in Sophocles’ “Oedipus at Colonus.” Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996.
Else, Gerald F. The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy. New York: Norton, 1965.
Euripides. Euripides. The Complete Greek Tragedies, vol. 4. Ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.
Foley, Helene P. Female Acts in Greek Tragedy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Garland, Robert. The Greek Way of Death. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.
———. The Greek Way of Life. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Garvie, A. F., ed. and trans. Ajax. By Sophocles. Warminster, UK: Aris & Phillips, 1998.
Golder, Herbert, and Richard Pevear, trans. Aias (Ajax). By Sophocles. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Goldhill, Simon. Reading Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Gould, Thomas. The Ancient Quarrel Between Poetry and Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
———, trans. “Oedipus the King”: A Translation with Commentary. By Sophocles. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
Grene, David, trans. Sophocles 1. 2nd ed. The Complete Greek Tragedies. Ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Griffith, Mark, ed. Antigone. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Guthrie, W. K. C. The Greeks and Their Gods. Boston: Beacon Press, 1950.
Hanson, Victor Davis. A War Like No Other. New York: Random House, 2005.
Herodotus. The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Ed. Robert B. Strassler. New York: Pantheon Books, 2007.
Hesk, Jon. Sophocles: Ajax. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 2003.
Hughes, Bettany. The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life. New York: Knopf, 2010.
Jebb, R. C., trans. Antigone. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928. (Originally published 1888.)
———, trans. Ajax. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1896.
———, trans. Electra. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1894.
———, trans. Oedipus Coloneus. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1886.
———, trans. Philoctetes. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1898.
———, trans. Oedipus Tyrannus. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1883.
———, trans. Trachiniae. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1892.
Kagan, Donald. Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy. New York: Touchstone–Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Kamerbeek, J. C. The Trachiniae. The Plays of Sophocles: Commentaries, vol. 2. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1959.
Kells, J. H., ed. Electra. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Kirkwood, G. M. A Study of Sophoclean Drama. Cornell Studies in Classical Philology 31. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Knox, Bernard M. W. Essays: Ancient and Modern. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
———. The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
———. Oedipus at Thebes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.
———. Introduction and notes to The Three Theban Plays. By Sophocles. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Viking, 1982.
Lefkowitz, Mary R. The Lives of Greek Poets. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Levett, Brad. Sophocles: Women of Trachis. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 2004.
Lloyd, Michael. Sophocles: Electra. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 2005.
Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, trans. Antigone. By Sophocles. Loeb Classical Library 20. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
———, trans. Oedipus at Colonus. By Sophocles. Loeb Classical Library 21. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
———, trans. Oedipus Tyrannus. By Sophocles. Loeb Classical Library 20. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, and N. G. Wilson. Sophoclea: Studies on the Text of Sophocles. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
Moore, J. A., trans. Selections from the Greek Elegiac, Iambic, and Lyric Poets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947.
Phillips, Carl, trans. Introduction and notes by Diskin Clay. Philoctetes. By Sophocles. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Pickard-Cambridge, Arthur. The Dramatic Festivals of Athens. 2nd ed. Revised with a new supplement by John Gould and D. M. Lewis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
Plutarch. The Rise and Fall of Athens: Nine Greek Lives. Trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert. London: Penguin, 1960.
Radice, Betty. Who’s Who in the Ancient World. London: Penguin, 1971.
Rehm, Rush. The Play of Space: Spatial Transformation in Greek Tragedy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Reinhardt, Karl. Sophocles. New York: Barnes & Noble–Harper & Row, 1979.
Roisman, Hanna M. Sophocles: Philoctetes. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 2005.
Seaford, Richard. Reciprocity and Ritual: Homer and Tragedy in the Developing City-State. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
Segal, Charles. Notes to Antigone. By Sophocles. Trans. Reginald Gibbons and Charles Segal. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
———. “Oedipus Tyrannus”: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
———. Sophocles’ Tragic World: Divinity, Nature, Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
———. Tragedy and Civilization: An Interpretation of Sophocles. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Steiner, George. Antigones. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
Taplin, Oliver. Greek Tragedy in Action. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Thucydides. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. Ed. Robert B. Strassler. New York: Touchstone–Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Tyrrell, Wm. Blake, and Larry J. Bennett. Recapturing Sophocles’ “Antigone.” Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.
Ussher, R. G., ed. and trans. Philoctetes. By Sophocles. Warminster, UK: Ari
s & Phillips, 1990.
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, ed. The Greeks. Trans. Charles Lambert and Teresa Lavender Fagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, and Pierre Vidal-Naquet. Myth and Tragedy in Ancient Greece. Trans. Janet Lloyd. New York: Zone Books, 1990.
Webster, T. B. L., ed. Philoctetes. By Sophocles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Whitman, C. E. Sophocles. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.
Wiles, David. Greek Theatre Performances: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
———. Tragedy in Athens: Performance Space and Theatrical Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Winkler, John J., and Froma I. Zeitlin, eds. Nothing to Do with Dionysos?: Athenian Drama in Its Social Context. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Winnington-Ingram, R. P. Sophocles: An Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Zimmern, Alfred. The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth-Century Greece. 5th ed. New York: Modern Library, 1931.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Translation is a thoroughly collaborative venture. The many scholars, theater practitioners, and friends who read and commented on our work at various stages deserve our gratitude.
Three classicists, Thomas Fauss Gould, John Andrew Moore, and Charles Segal did not live to see the publication of the present volume, but their influence and advice remains in the translations, introductions, and notes to the three Oedipus plays.
We thank the following readers for their contributions and suggestions: Mary Bagg, Normand Berlin, Michael Birtwistle, Teresa Choate, Donald Junkins, Tracy Kidder, Robin Magowan, William Mullen, Arlene Scully, Barbara Smith, Jim Svenson, Richard Trousdell, and Larry West.
Keith Oliver commissioned and directed the first production of Women of Trakhis in this translation, which was staged by the University of Massachusetts Department of Theater in Fall 1992, and Barbara Smith of the University of Utah Department of Theatre directed the first production of this translation of Antigone in September 2001; both productions inspired revisions to the plays as they are published here.
Special thanks to our agent, Wendy Strothman, who saw the possibility of a complete volume of Sophocles and skillfully helped accomplish it.
—RB & JS
Also by Robert Bagg
Madonna of the Cello: Poems (Wesleyan University Press)
Euripides’ Hippolytos (Oxford University Press)
The Scrawny Sonnets and Other Narratives (Illinois University Press)
Euripides’ The Bakkhai (University of Massachusetts Press)
Sophocles’ Oedipus the King (University of Massachusetts Press)
Body Blows: Poems New and Selected (University of Massachusetts Press)
The Oedipus Plays of Sophocles with Notes and Introductions by Robert and Mary Bagg (University of Massachusetts Press)
Niké and Other Poems (Azul Editions)
HORSEGOD: Collected Poems (iUniverse)
Euripides III: Hippolytos and Other Plays (Oxford University Press)
The Tandem Ride and Other Excursions (Spiritus Mundi Press)
Also by James Scully
Modern Poetics, ed. (McGraw-Hill) / Modern Poets on Modern Poetry, ed. (Wm. Collins, Ltd.)
The Marches (Holt, Rinehart & Winston)
Avenue of the Americas (University of Massachusetts Press)
Santiago Poems (Curbstone Press)
Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, co-translated with C. John Herington (Oxford University Press)
Quechua Peoples Poetry, co-translated with Maria A. Proser (Curbstone Press)
Scrap Book (Ziesling Brothers)
De Repente / All of a Sudden by Teresa de Jesùs, co-translated with Maria A. Proser and Arlene Scully
May Day (Minnesota Review Press)
Apollo Helmet (Curbstone Press)
Line Break: Poetry as Social Practice (Bay Press, Curbstone Press, Northwestern University Press)
Raging Beauty: Selected Poems (Azul Editions)
Donatello’s Version (Curbstone Press)
Oceania (Azul Editions)
Vagabond Flags journal (Azul Editions)
Angel in Flames: Selected Peoms
Credits
COVER DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATION BY ANDREA CARDENAS
Copyright
THE COMPLETE PLAYS OF SOPHOCLES. Copyright © 2011 by Robert Bagg and James Scully. Aias and Philoktetes copyright © 2011 by James Scully. Women of Trakhis and Elektra copyright © 2011 by Robert Bagg. Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Kolonos, and Antigone copyright © 2004, 2011 by Robert Bagg. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.
ISBN 978-0-06-202034-5
EPub Edition © 2011 ISBN: 9780062092441
11 12 13 14 15 DIX/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
25 Ryde Road (P.O. Box 321)
Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au/ebooks
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East -20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W, 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London, W6 8JB, UK
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
10 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
http://www.harpercollins.com
