E
Edessa 52, 100, 102
Edmund, king of East Anglia 30, 31
Edward the Confessor 26, 30–1, 30
Edward I of England 97, 150, 151, 213
Edward II of England 98, 138, 150
Edward III of England 31, 138–9, 139, 141, 143, 150
Eleanor of Aquitaine 20, 21, 76, 80
Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint 181
Elster, Battle of 61
encyclopedias 91
England
Normans in 24–31
Parliament 150, 151
Enrique 141, 143
Epirus 126
escheat 195
Estates-General 148–9
Ethelred II 26, 26
Euclid 89
Evesham, Battle of 150
exploration, maritime 205
evangelization 200–02
F
Faith 181–2
famine, medieval 196
Fatimid dynasty 100, 102
Fatimids 50, 53, 54, 123, 124
Ferdinand III of Castile 176
Ferdinand of Aragon 176
Ferdinand, count of Flanders 95–6
Ferdinand, king of León and of Castile 174
feudum (fiefs) 195
fiefs (feudum) 195
Fiesole 164
Florence 37, 39
architecture 165–6, 166
banking collapse 168
bridges 167
environmental dangers 167–8
golden age of 162–9
government 166–8
growing power 164–5
Palazzo del Popolo
(Bargello) 165, 166
Palazzo della Signoria (Palazzo Vecchio) 166, 167
Santa Maria del Fiore 163, 166
Santa Maria Novella 166
trade guilds 164, 165, 166, 167, 168
Folquet de Marseille 114
Fosalta, Battle of 72
Francis of Assisi 183, 184, 186
Franciscans 183, 186
Franco, Francisco 171
Franks 120, 122–3
Eastern 8
Western 8, 16
Fraticelli 159, 186
Frederick I Barbarossa 21, 36, 39, 46–7, 67, 68–9, 69, 88, 91, 105, 164
Frederick I von Staufen, duke of Swabia 61
Frederick II of Germany 36, 47, 70–1, 71, 71, 96, 157
Frederick II of Swabia 66
Frederick III of Sicily 133
Frederick V, of Swabia 67
freedmen 188
fueros (charters) 170
Fulk V of Anjou 100–2
G
Gaiseric 118
Galen 89
Galicia 121, 173, 174
Galilee 54
Gandersheim Abbey 14
Gascony 138–9
Geoffrey V of Anjou 74, 75, 100
Geoffrey of Brittany 81
Gerbert of Aurillac 12
German towns, growth of 33–5
Ghibellines 39, 132, 211
in Florence 165, 167
Giotto di Bondone 169
glossators 88
Godfrey II, duke of Upper Lorraine 65
Godfrey of Bouillon 50, 51, 53, 54
Godwine, Earl 26
Godwinson, Harold 26
Godwinson, Tostig, earl of Northumbria 26
Goliards 87
Gonzales, Fernan 173–4
Good Parliament 150
Goslar 64–5, 64–5
Goth, Bertrand de 152
Goulet, Le, Treaty of 95
government by writ 27
Granada 170, 176, 177
Gratian of Bologna 88, 202
Great Ordinance 149
Great Zab River, Battle of the 121
Gregory VI, pope 162
Gregory VII (the Great), pope 44, 48, 56–8, 57, 59–61, 62–3, 63, 217
Gregory X, pope 131
Gregory XI, pope 152, 160, 162
Gregory of Tours 91, 91
Grisaille 34
Gruffudd ap Cynan 217
Gruffudd ap Rhys 217
Guaimar IV of Salerno 42
Guelphs 39, 164, 165, 167, 211
Guesclin, Bernard du 141, 142, 143
guilds 164, 165, 166, 167, 168
Guiscard, Robert 42, 43–4, 61, 63, 63
gunpowder 148
Guy of Lusignan 103, 104, 105, 107
Gwenllian ap Gruffudd 217
H
Halles, Les 94
Hagia Sofia 177
Hamburg, siege of 59
Harald III Hardrada 26
Harold, king of England 25
Harthacnut 26
Hastings, Battle of 25, 26, 214
Hattin, Battle of 104
Hauteville family 42
Hauteville, William de (Iron Arm) 42
Heinrich, landgrave of Thuringia 72
Henry I, duke of Saxony (the Fowler) 8–9, 19
Henry I of England (Beauclerc) 29, 29, 74, 197
Henry II, duke of Bavaria 12–13, 19
Henry II Jasomirgott, duke of Austria 69
Henry II of Champagne, count 107
Henry II of England 20, 30, 74, 76–81, 94, 100, 104–5, 217
relationships with French 80–1
territorial struggles 78–80
Henry III of England 31, 150
Henry III of Germany 65
Henry IV of England 143
Henry IV of Germany 35, 44, 58–61, 59, 65
Henry V of England 144, 144, 145
Henry V of Germany 34, 62, 164
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 67, 70
Henry VI of England and France 145
Henry VI of Germany 46, 94, 106, 106, 164
Henry, count of Anjou 20
Henry the Lion 68, 69, 69, 70
Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria and of Saxony 66, 68
Henry the Younger 80–1
heraldry 203
heretics 178–87
Hereward the Wake 27
Hildebrand 58 see also Gregory VII, pope
Hildegard of Bingen 187, 187
Hippocrates 89
historical writing 91
Hoel 79
holy war 48–50, 212–13
Homildon Hill, Battle of 143
Honorius III, pope 71
horses 191
Hôtel Dieu 22
Hroswitha 14
Hugh III of Cyprus 131
Hugh Magnus 19
Hugh of Saint-Victor 203
Hugh of Vermandois 51, 54
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester 145
Hundred Years’ War 136–49, 142
consequences of 146–7
first period of peace 141–2
impact of 148–9
military strategy 147–8
naval action 139, 144
second period of peace 143–4
Hungary 205
Hussite wars 217
Hussites 159, 186
Hywel Dda (the Good) 217
I
Inab, Battle of 102
infantry 213–14
Innocent II, pope 45, 66
Innocent III, pope 113–14, 154, 157
Innocent IV, pope 72, 129
Inquisitions, establishment of 116
Inquisition 176
investiture contest 56–63
Irnerius 88
Isabel of Castile 176
J
Jacquerie 140, 149, 217
Jaffa 54, 106
James of Bourbon, count
of La Marche 135
Jean III de Grailly 143
Jeanne d’Arc 145, 145, 147, 217
Jerez 176
Jerusalem 50, 72, 100, 106, 107
battle for 53–4
surrender of 104
Jeu de Paume 99, 99
Jews
in England 197
in France 94, 96, 98, 197
in Spain 120, 176
jizya 124
Joachim of Fiore 187
Joan I, queen of Naples 159
Joan II of Naples 135
Joanna, queen of Naples 134
John I of France 98, 138
John II (le Bon) of France 139, 141
John II, duke of Burgundy 143
John XII, pope 10
John XIX, pope 64
John XXII, pope 160, 161, 186
John, king of England 76, 81, 136, 150
John of Brienne 71
John of Procida 132
John of Salisbury 86
John, prince of England 94, 95–6
Joscelin III of Edessa 103
Juliana of Norwich, Dame 187
Justinian, emperor 46
K
Kempe, Margery 187
kermis 202
kingship, culture of 200
knighthood 195, 213
diminution of 215
Knights Hospitaller 100, 109
knights, medieval 195, 209
Knights Templar 97–8, 100, 108–9, 108–9, 158
Knights, Teutonic 110, 111
L
La Réole 138
La Roche-Derrien, Battle of 212
laborers vs. warriors 193
Ladislaus 134–5
laity 202
landlords 190
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 28
Langensalza, Battle of 60
language, medieval 198
Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of 176
Lateran Palace 152
Lateran, Third Council of the 113
Latin 86–7, 198
laws, changing 87–8
Le Goulet, Treaty of 95
learning, centers of 84, 86
Lechfield, Battle of the 10
legal system 87–8
Legnano, Battle of 36, 69
León 173
kingdom of 123
Leopold V, duke of Austria 105, 106
Leovigild 120
Lewes, Battle of 150
libraries 86, 125
Llywelyn II of Wales 151
Loarre Castle 171
Lollards 186, 186
Lombard League 36
Lombard, Peter 203
Lombards 40
London, Concordat of 62
lordship 195
Lothair
Duke of Saxony 66
king of West Francia 11, 18
Louis I of Anjou 134
Louis II of Anjou 134–5
Louis IV of France 160
Louis V, king of West
Francia 18
Louis VI of France 19, 21
Louis VII of France 21, 74, 102
Louis VIII of France 92
Louis IX of France 96, 97, 182–3
Louis X of France 98, 99, 138
Louis of Valois, duke of Orléans 143
loyalties, medieval 195
Lucca 162
Lucius III, pope 187
Ludovico il Moro 213
M
Madinat al-Kahra 123
Magna Carta 81, 96, 136, 150
Magnus I of Norway 26
Magyars 205
Mamluk Sultanate 109
Manfred 72, 129
king of Sicily 165
manorial system 190, 196
Manuel I Commenus 102–3
manufacturing 193, 196
Manzikert, Battle of 48, 50
Marcel, Étienne 140, 140, 149, 217
Margaret, Queen of Scots 184–5
Maria of Montferrat 107
maritime exploration 205
Marshal, William 150
Marsilio of Padua 159–60
Martel, Charles 121, 134
Martel, Charles Robert 134
Martin IV, pope 131, 132–3
Martin V, pope 154
Martin of Tours 178
Mary of Antioch 131
Mary of Hungary 134, 135
masons 192
Mastino II della Scala 167
Matilda, margrave of Tuscany 59, 60, 61, 162–4, 217
Matilda of England 68, 74–6, 217
Meaux, Treaty of 116
Medici, Cosimo de’ 168, 168
Medici, Giovanni de’ 168
Medici, Lorenzo de’ 168
medieval period
culture 198–207
society 188–97
warfare 208–17, 209
Melfi 43
Constitutions of 71
mendicancy 206
mercenaries 213
Michael VIII Palaeologus 126, 129, 131
Midi 115
military strategy 214–15
mining 196
miracle plays 87
missionaries 200
Model Parliament 150
Mohammed ibn Nasr 176
Monarchy versus papacy 61–2
monasteries 84, 86, 201
monastic life 201
money lending 197
Mongols 205
Montaperti, Battle of 165
Monte Maggiore, Battle of 42
Montemassi Castle 37
Montfort, Simon de 114–15, 116, 150
Montségur castle 116
Montsigard, Battle of 103
Moriscos 176
Mosul 102
motte-and-bailey castles 25
Mozarabs 120, 123
Muhammad I al-Mustansir 130
Munich 68
Muret, Battle of 116
music 203
Muwallads 120, 123
mystics 187
N
Nablus, Council of 100
Najera, Battle of 141
Naples 126–35
Nasrid dynasty 176
naval warfare 139, 215–16, 216
gun decks 216
Navarre 172, 174
Neville’s Cross, Battle of 139
Nicaea 126
siege of 52
Nicholas, anti-pope 160
Nicholas II, pope 42
nobility 193–6
Nogaret, Guillaume de 156–7
Nördlingen 33
Norman conquest of England 24
Normandy 19, 24–5, 79, 94–5, 136, 141, 144
Normans
bureaucracy 28
in England 24–31
in Sicily 40–7
Northumberland, Earl of 143
Northumbria 27
Notre Dame 22
Novara 213
Nur ad-Din 102
O
Obodrites 10
Occitania 110, 117
Ockham, William 160
Order of Friars Minor 186
Orderic Vitalis 91
Ordinance of Villers-Cotterets 117
Ordinances of Justice 166–7
Orléans 145, 146–7
siege of 215, 217
Otterburn, Battle of 143
Otto I (the Great), of Germany 9, 10–11, 10, 14
Otto II of Germany 11, 18
Otto III of Germany 12, 13
Otto IV of Germany 95, 96, 136
Otto of Brunswick 71
Otto of Freising 91
Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria 59
Otto of Ostia 61
Ottonian dynasty 8–15, 18
Oultrejourdain 103
Ourique, Battle of 175
Outremer 55
Ovid 86
Oviedo 123
Owain Glyndwr 143
Owain Gwynedd 78
Oxford, Provisions of 150
P
Pachymeres, Georgius 89
Pandulf Ironhead 11
papacy, at Avignon 158, 159–60
Pardoner, The 160
pardoners 160
Parlement of Paris 97
Parliament, English 150, 151
Parma, Battle of 36, 72
Parzival 73, 73
Paschal II, pope 62
Paschal III, antipope 69
Patay, Battle of 145
patronage 193–6
Paul, apostle 178
Peace and Truce of God
204
peasants 190–1
Peasants’ Revolt 149, 217
Pedro the Cruel 141, 142
Peter I of Sicily 132
Peter II of Aragon 115, 116
Peter III of Aragon 132, 133
Peter the Hermit 51
Petit-Pont, Adam du 87
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 161, 161
Philip I of France 63
Philip II Augustus of France 21, 80, 92–6, 93, 95, 104–5, 105, 114, 115, 136, 197
Philip III, duke of Burgundy 145–6
Philip III of France 133
Philip IV (le Bel) of France 96–8, 109, 138, 155, 156, 158
Philip V of France 98, 138
Philip VI of France 138–9
Philip of Swabia 71
Philip of Valois 138
piety 184–5
Pisa 168
plague
Black Death 167, 196
medieval 196
Plantagenets 136
dynasty 76, 81
territorial holdings 79
Plato 90, 207
Pliny the Elder 86
podestà 164, 165
Poitiers 143, 152
Poland 12
Ponte Vecchio 167
Popolo movement 166
see also Primo Popolo; Secondo Popolo
population levels in Europe 196
Prignano, Bartolomeo 152
Primo Popolo 165, 166
printing 196, 203
Provence 128–9
Provisions of Oxford 150
Puglia 11, 40, 43, 45
Q
Quedlinburg Abbey 14, 14–15
Quedlinburg Annals 14
R
Ramiro II 173
Raymond III of Tripoli 103, 103–4
Raymond IV of Toulouse 48, 51, 52, 54
Raymond V of Toulouse 80
Raymond VI of Toulouse 114, 116
Raymond VII of Toulouse 116
Raymond of Poitiers 102
Raynald of Chatillon 103, 103–4
Reccared, king 120
reconquista 170–7, 173, 204, 210, 212, 215
reich, first 8
reichskirche (German imperial church) 10
relics 180–2, 184, 185
relief (payment) 195
Renaissance, 12th-century 84–91
René of Anjou 135
Rhys ap Gruffudd 78, 217
Riade, Battle of 8
Ribagorza 174
Richard I (the Lionheart) of England 70, 76, 80, 81, 94, 104, 105–6, 106–7, 106, 197
Richard II of England 30, 31, 143, 204
Richard of Bordeaux 143
rinascimento 169
Robert I of Burgundy 19
Robert II, count of Flanders 51, 52
Robert II (the Pious) 18–19
Robert III, count 98
Robert, duke of Normandy 28, 29
Robert, king of Naples 134, 161
Robert of Anjou 134
Robert of Artois 128
Robert of Geneva, archbishop of Cambrai 154
The Age of Chivalry Page 29
