Stancati, Claudia, “The French Sources of Leopardi’s Linguistics.” In Lia Formigari and Daniele Gambarara, eds. Historical Roots of Linguistic Theories. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995, 129–40.
Timpanaro, Sebastiano, “Appunti per il futuro editore dello Zibaldone e dell’epistolario leopardiano.” Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 135 (1958), 607–26.
Timpanaro, Sebastiano, “Epicuro, Lucrezio e Leopardi.” In Nuovi studi sul nostro Ottocento. Pisa: Nistri Lischi, 1995, 143–97.
Timpanaro, Sebastiano, “Il Leopardi e la rivoluzione francese.” Ibid., 127–41.
Ugniewska, Joanna, “Strutture saggistiche e strutture diaristiche nello Zibaldone leopardiano.” Rassegna della letteratura italiana 91 (2–3) 1987, 325–38.
Versace, Stefano, “Appunti su Leopardi e l’analogia.” ACME 58, no. 3, 2005, 239–63.
Editorial Index
Note: This index contains names and subjects that occur in the Zibaldone (including Leopardi’s footnotes); with three exceptions related to the disambiguation of names, the index does not include items to be found exclusively in the editorial matter (Introduction and Editorial Notes). The phrase see also refers to another headword in the Editorial Index; a simple also indicates other words in the translation that have the same or similar meaning but are not expanded in the Editorial Index. Locators refer to the manuscript page numbers of the Zibaldone. In a small number of cases, the word or concept to be located may appear in English just before or just after the cited manuscript page number. The reader should be aware of this, and slightly expand his or her search if necessary.
A
Abandon: see Ease
Abelard, Peter (1079–?1142). French philosopher and theologian: 4368–69
Abraham. Biblical patriarch: 1641
Absolute/Relative (see also Universal/Particular): IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER: 159, 208, 254, 388, 391, 442, 583, 1084, 1184, 1198, 1527, 1618, 1621, 1626, 1637, 1645, 1791–92, 2074, 2662, 2972, 3721, 4292
Abydenus. Greek historian of uncertain date, author of a history of the Assyrians: 3982
Abyssinia, Abyssinians: see Nations, peoples
Académie des Inscriptions: 1012
Academies: 144–47; ACCADEMIA DELLA CRUSCA: 698, 774, 781–82, 784, 1892, 2124, 2130, 2181, 2335, 2397, 4237, 4382–83, 4386; Crusca Dictionary (Vocabolario della Crusca): 44, 205, 499, 511, 512, 593, 595, 597, 1104, 1109, 1132, 1144, 1164, 1181, 1230, 1241, 1252, 1282, 1422, 1661, 1679, 2071, 2215, 2312, 2325, 2328, 2338, 2363, 2366, 2392, 2461, 2466, 2474, 2556, 2564, 2587, 2704, 2705, 2810, 2843, 2845, 2865, 2922, 2925, 2926, 2947, 2984, 2995, 3001, 3005, 3008, 3057, 3170, 3264, 3288, 3390, 3488, 3541, 3548, 3588, 3687, 3811, 3817, 3904, 3928, 3938, 3945, 3969, 3992, 3995–96, 4000–4001, 4004, 4005, 4006, 4007, 4009, 4010, 4015, 4019, 4020, 4025, 4033, 4049, 4055, 4061–62, 4075, 4082, 4093, 4101, 4110, 4112, 4113, 4114, 4115, 4118, 4121, 4122, 4126, 4149, 4154, 4158, 4162, 4165, 4167, 4169, 4179, 4180, 4182, 4210, 4214, 4223, 4228, 4239, 4245, 4246, 4248, 4249, 4255, 4257, 4282, 4298, 4302, 4388, 4485, 4495, 4496, 4499, 4509, 4512; Crusca Dictionary (Veronese edition and its Addenda): 2282, 4146, 4158, 4162, 4165, 4167, 4246; FRENCH ACADEMY (AND DICTIONARY): 649, 686, 688, 708, 1002, 1051, 1813, 1888, 4145, 4270, 4304; OTHER ACADEMIES: 3018, 3070, 4422
Academy (Platonic): 4190
Acceleration: 1730–32, 1767, 1896, 2002, 2333, 3655
Accius, Lucius (170–c. 86 BCE). Latin poet and dramatist: 54, 4458
Achilles. Son of Peleus, and main hero of Greek army in the war against Troy. IN THE ILIAD: 1528, 3103, 3125, 3597, 4166, 4315, 4381, 4396–97; and Hector: 3095, 3097, 3103, 3111–14, 3143, 3591, 3606–607, 4405–406; and Priam: 99, 261, 1083, 2767–69, 3162; COMPARED TO AENEAS: 2, 289, 2760, 3141; and also to Tasso’s Rinaldo: 3612; COMPARED TO NAPOLEON: 4270, 4390
Achilles Statius (Aquiles Estaço) (1524–1581). Portuguese poet and scholar: 4520
Acontius. Athenian youth in a fable, in love with Cydippe: 4370
Acro (Helenius Acro) (prob. fifth century CE). Commentator on Terence and Horace: 1166
Action, activity/Inaction, inactivity. ANCIENT COMEDY: 42; CHRISTIANITY: 254; 2381–83; CIVILIZATION, ILLUSION, AND IMAGINATION, NATURE AND REASON: 14–15, 17, 37, 105, 176, 270–71, 298–99, 329–30, 442–47, 474–75, 1062–65, 1598, 1719, 2415, 3151, 3899, 3931, 3993, 4058–60, 4180–81, 4492; HAPPINESS AND PLEASURE: 268–69, 369–70, 646–50, 1328, 1389–90, 1588–89, 1988–90, 2361–62, 2702–703, 3160, 3848, 4185–88; PHILOSOPHY: 520–22, 536–38, 2453–54; SELF-LOVE, SELF-PROJECTION: 826–29, 958–60, 1585–86, 1728, 3835–38, 4040; SPEED AND VIGOR: 1999, 2017–18, 2049–50, 2054–57, 2239, 2337; TYRANNY: 252; VERB FORMS: 1160–62, 1205, 1388–91, 2345–46, 2816–18
Actium, battle of (31 BCE). Defeat of Antony, marking the end of the Roman Republic: 1165, 2322
Adam: 394–95, 397, 399, 401, 436, 437, 439, 450–51, 859, 869, 1100, 1773, 2404
Adaptability, conformability: see Habit, habituation
Addison, Joseph (1672–1719). English writer and playwright, founder of The Spectator: 1410, 3816, 4452
Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732–1806). German philosopher, author of Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde: 4337
Ad Herennium. Rhetorical treatise once thought to be by Cicero: 4145
Adiabenians: see Nations, peoples
Adolescence: 137, 278, 3518–19
Adriani, Marcello (the Younger) (1553–1604). Florentine humanist, translator of Plutarch, Opusculi morali di Plutarco volgarizzati (Florence 1819): 2673, 2674, 2675, 2678
Adulation, flattery, flatterers: 127–28, 196–97, 463, 507, 558–59, 1439–41, 1445–46, 1586–88, 2292–93, 3228–29, 4023, 4076–78, 4148, 4268–69, 4512
Advantages/Disadvantages: 271–72; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 338–39, 1842–43, 2987–88; DOMINATION: 463–65, 1594–96, 2258, 3773–86, 4391, 4493–94; egoism, hatred toward our fellows, dissimulation: 197–98, 669–74, 1291–92, 1669–71, 1673–75, 1740–41, 1842–43, 2485–86; STRENGTH/WEAKNESS: 2259–63, 3271–82, 3361–62, 3779–82, 3878–79
Aegisthus. King of Mycenae, murderer of Agamemnon: 3458, 3459
Aelian (Claudius Aelianus) (c. 175–c. 235 CE). Roman author, Stoic, a teacher of rhetoric: 989, 3106, 3130, 4011, 4215, 4248, 4265
Aemilius Paullus (Lucius) (c. 230–160 BCE). Roman consul: 454
Aemilius Probus (late fourth century CE). Grammarian, to whom the Lives of Cornelius Nepos were erroneously attributed: 3628
Aeneas. In Greek and Roman myth, one of the Trojan leaders in the Trojan War, and hero of the Aeneid: 95, 455–56, 1079, 1140, 2243, 2368, 2760–65, 3117, 3126, 3143–3145, 3614, 4209–210, 4315, 4446–48; COMPARED TO ACHILLES: 2, 289, 2760, 3135; and to Tasso’s Goffredo and Rinaldo: 3607–12
Aeneid, see Virgil
Aeolians: see Nations, peoples
Aeolic digamma: 1127, 1156–57, 1276–77, 1280, 2070, 2197, 2744, 3820, 3988, 4013, 4014, 4035, 4180, 4334–36, 4431–32, 4433, 4434
Aeronautics: 1738, 4198–99
Aeschines (b. c. 390 BCE). Athenian orator and rival of Demosthenes: 1058
Aeschines (fourth century BCE). Greek philosopher, known as Socraticus: 4153–54, 4435
Aeschylus (525–456 BCE). The earliest Greek tragic poet, author of Prometheus Bound and the Oresteia: 40, 222, 3043, 3485, 4079, 4159, 4413, 4415, 4459, 4483
Aesculapius. Greek God of medicine: 4470
Aesop (c. sixth century BCE). Greek teller of fables: 3264, 4368, 4416
Aetna (the Etna). A Latin didactic poem sometimes attributed to Virgil: 4209
Aetolia, Aetolians: see Nations, peoples
Affability: 126, 197–98, 1595, 1886, 3112, 3170, 4194
Affectation: see Arts: TASTE AND JUDGMENT and Literature and Naturalness
Affliction: see Pain, suffering
Affò, Ireneo (or Ireneus Affo) (1741–1797). Man of letters based in Parma, a Franciscan friar: 4121
Africa, Africans: see Nations, peoples
Africanus, Julius (c. 160–240 CE). Early Christi
an chronographer: 2734
Afterlife: see Christianity
Agamemnon. Mythical king of Mycenae, commander of the Greek armies during the war against Troy: 2760, 3458, 4164, 4211
Agatharchides (of Cnidus) (second century BCE). Greek philosopher and geographer, sometimes confused with an Agatharcides of Samos: 4152–53, 4193, 4213, 4330
Agathias (c. 531–c. 580 CE). Greek poet, lawyer and historian: 2732
Age(s) (see also Childhood; Youth; Old age): INDIVIDUALS: 102, 1315, 2046–47, 2602, 3806–808, 3944–45, 4138, 4141, 4284; HUMANKIND: 2046–47, 2602, 3806–808; civilization: 646, 823, 4120, 4124; Golden Age, Silver Age: 2250–51, 2256, 2679–80, 4224
Agesilaus (c. 444–360 BCE). King of Sparta: 884, 1794, 3893
Agesilaus. A hero of the Persian wars: 4153
Agriculture: see Farming
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (64–12 BCE). Councillor to Augustus, defeated Sextus Pompey at the battle of Naulochus in 36 BCE: 4520
Aim (also End, Objective, Purpose): 52–53, 1355, 4418, 4477; DOUBT, FEAR, UNCERTAINTY: 90–92, 369–70, 712–13; EXISTENCE: 826–29, 1507, 2157–59, 3237–39, 4127–32, 4168–69, 4169, 4228; PLEASURE AND HAPPINESS: 268–69, 345–47, 4518
Ajax. Commander of the Salaminians during the war against Troy: 3111
Alamanni, Luigi (1495–?1556). Florentine poet and statesman: 60, 62, 1162, 2374, 2461–62, 3067, 3416, 3996, 4300
Alamanni, Luigi (the Younger) (1558–1603). Italian writer: 3018
Alba (sometimes Alba Longa): see Cities
Albania, Albanians: see Nations, peoples
Alberoni, Giulio (1664–1752). Spanish cardinal and statesman, of Italian origin: 3887
Alberti, Francesco. Author of the Nouveau dictionnaire français-italien/Nuovo Dizionario italiano-francese (1777), a work that matched the Crusca dictionary with that of the Académie Française: 1071–72, 1115, 1132, 1164, 2035, 2587, 2919, 3065, 3488, 3636, 3762, 3818, 3894, 4001, 4004, 4030, 4049, 4245, 4257, 4282, 4477, 4499, 4509, 4514, 4518
Albigensians: 330
Alboin (c. 530–572 CE). Lombard king: 3967
Alcimus (fl. 300 BCE?). Greek author cited by Diogenes Laertius, identity not certain: 3491
Alcinous. In the Odyssey, king of the Phaeacians and father of Nausicaa: 4170, 4396
Alcman (seventh century BCE). Greek lyric poet who lived in Sparta: 4394
Alcuin of York (730s/740s–804 CE). Anglo-Saxon theologian: 4522
Aldine (press). Founded in Venice in 1494: 4404, 4441. See also Manutius
Aldobrandini, Tommaso (second half sixteenth century). Florentine editor of Diogenes Laertius: 501
Alemanni, Nicolò (1583–1626). Scholar of Greek origin, first custodian of the Vatican Library, editor of Procopius: 4473
Alembert: see D’Alembert
Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) (356–323 BCE). Conqueror of the Persians, and of Asia Minor as far as the river Indus: 14, 62, 107, 468, 883, 922–23, 961, 991, 1058, 2332, 2408, 2590, 2622, 3073, 3129–30, 3224, 3425, 3761, 4078, 4124, 4156, 4206, 4352, 4465
Alexi, Ioan (1801–1863). Bishop of Gherla, author of a Wallachian (Romanian) grammar, published in Vienna in 1826: 4400
Alexis (c. 375/394–c. 275 BCE). Greek comic poet of Middle and New Comedy, mainly resident in Athens: 4011
Alfieri, Vittorio (1749–1803). Piedmont-born lyric poet and dramatist, author of an autobiography (Vita). 4, 38, 41, 153, 598, 701, 866, 1450, 1452, 2363–64, 2453, 2455–56, 2595, 3190, 3202, 4483–84; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 12, 245, 701, 2455–56, 2595, 3418, 4216; WORKS: Agamennone: 3458–60; Oreste: 3458–60; Satire: 2456, 2595; Sofonisba: 3460; Virginia: 60; Vita: 200, 1028, 1260, 1455, 1999, 2966, 3482, 4241
Alfonso II d’Este (1533–1597). Duke of Ferrara from 1559 to his death: 3176
Algarotti, Francesco (1712–1764). Widely connected Venetian-born writer and scholar, and a confidant of Frederick II: 54, 64, 110, 207, 233, 1051, 1211, 1423, 1819–20, 2652, 2978, 3439, 3949, 3957, 3958, 4227
Algerians: see Nations, peoples
Alibert, Jean-Louis-Marc (1768–1837). French dermatologist, idéologue, author of Physiologie des Passions: 4231
Alighieri, Dante: see Dante Alighieri
Alighieri (spelling of name): 4386
Allegory: 177, 224, 637–38, 1823, 2940, 3487, 4001, 4102, 4365–66, 4477
Almachilde. The murderer of Alboin, king of the Lombards, in Machiavelli’s account: 3967
Alphabet (in general): see Language and Sign(s)
Alphabets (see also Language: ALPHABET, ORTHOGRAPHY, PRONUNCIATION and Languages): ANGLO-SAXON: 1271; ARCADIAN: 1270; ARMENIAN: 2622; CADMEAN: 1139; COPTIC: 1270; CYRILLIC: 4361, 4378; DEVANAGARI: 1139; ETRUSCAN: 1270; GERMAN: 1271; GOTHIC: 1271, 4523; GREEK: 54, 1136, 1139, 1168, 1169, 1264, 1270, 2621, 2740–44, 2955, 3080–82, 4392; HEBREW: 51, 1136, 1139, 1168, 1270, 1276, 1282, 1289–90, 1338, 1339, 2404–405, 2740, 2955, 2958, 4152, 4290, 4590; LATIN: 1136, 1169, 1270, 1968–69, 2621, 2740, 3081, 4284–85, 4290; MESOGOTHIC: 1271, 4312; MONGOL: 4341, 4341–42; PELASGIAN: 1270; PHOENICIAN: 1136, 1139, 1168–69, 1264, 1270, 1276, 2621, 2740–44, 2750, 2751; RUNIC: 4312; RUSSIAN: 1271; SAMARITAN: 1136, 1168, 1270, 1276, 2621, 2740; SANSKRIT: 2746
Altamoro. Character in Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3525
Amati, Girolamo (1768–1834). Italian scholar, specialist in Roman archaeology: 4173, 4369–70, 4440, 4465–66
Amazons: see Nations, peoples
Ambition: 150–51, 299–301, 556–57, 881, 920–22, 1728, 2677–78, 4077; AMBITIOUS MEN: 135–36, 888
Ambrose, St. (330–397 CE). Bishop of Milan, the teacher of Saint Augustine: 2698
America, Americans: see Nations, peoples
American Philosophical Society: 4352–53
Ammaestramenti degli antichi (by Bartolomeo da San Concordio): 2452
Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330–395 CE). Latin historian, author of a sequel to Tacitus: 991, 2137, 2661, 2698, 2732, 2882
Ammonius (first to second century CE). Greek grammarian: 2779, 4464–65
Ampelius, Lucius. Latin historian of uncertain date, author of the Liber memorialis: 2673
Amphinomos. A Greek renowned, like his brother Anapias, for filial piety: 4209
Amphion. Son of Antiope and Zeus, mythical founder of Thebes: 3432
Amulius (third century BCE). Last king of Alba: 4451
Amyot, Jacques (1513–1593). French humanist, translator of Plutarch: 94, 110, 1051–52, 2095, 3400, 4309–10
Anacharsis (sixth century BCE). According to Herodotus, a Scythian prince who traveled widely and acquired a reputation for wisdom: 2670, 2673, 2683, 2804, 3044, 3224, 3225, 3229, 3234, 4279. See also Barthélemy
Anachronism: 2763–64
Anacreon (sixth century BCE). Greek lyric poet: 2, 16–17, 20, 30–31, 1840, 2589, 2921, 3045, 3441, 3442, 3443, 3982–84, 3988, 3991, 3992, 3995, 4042, 4177. ANACREONTIC (IN THE STYLE OF ANACREON): 6, 28, 1209
Analogy: 66, 157, 3578, 3649, 3652; LINGUISTIC: 2006–2007; poetic: 19; OTHER SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF: 84, 1688, 3199–200, 4292
Analysis: 247–48, 1205, 1234–36, 1833–38, 1850–56, 2959–60, 3237–45; LINGUISTIC: 1134, 1283, 1285–86, 2593; VS. POETRY: 4177
Anapias. A Greek renowned, like his brother Amphinomos, for filial piety: 4209
Anarchy: see Government, governance
Anchises. Trojan prince, father of Aeneas: 2366
Anchorites: 76, 2381
Ancient (the), antiquity (as source of poetry or a poetic word/concept): 1429–30, 2054, 2805, 4415; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: 1789, 2263, 3566–68, 4214
Ancients and moderns: 121, 148, 338, 340–41, 352–53, 601–602, 931–32, 1555–56; ART AND LITERATURE: 3–5, 9–10, 41–42, 86–87, 233, 1412–14, 1573–75, 3478–79, 3482–88, 4267–68, 4268–71, 4308, 4311–12, 4343–50, 4351–52, 4352, 4439; poetry: 9–10, 15–21, 57, 58, 100, 170, 725–35, 1366, 1548–51, 1860–62, 1900–902, 2288–91, 2804–809, 2905–906, 2944–46, 3821–24, 3976, 4352, 4475–77; THE BEAUTIFUL: 92
7, 3545, 3988; THE BODY: 96, 115, 125, 207–208, 453, 473, 1332, 1601, 1631–32, 2217, 2754, 3252, 3292, 4291; CIVILIZATION: 162–63, 2676, 4158–60, 4171–72, 4289, 4368; GREATNESS: 1482, 2025–28, 2583–84, 3435–40; HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS: 168–69, 294, 327, 338–39, 422, 453–55, 484–85, 538, 1096–98, 1555–56, 2583–84, 3097–3107, 3134–35, 3292–95, 3351, 3976, 4070–71, 4240, 4309; despair, grief, death: 76–79, 88, 88–92, 105, 299, 618–20, 1677–78, 2434–36, 2672, 2673, 2675, 2754, 2943–44, 3029–31, 4156, 4243–45, 4277, 4283, 4410, 4441; misfortune: 43–44, 88, 503–507, 682–83, 1364, 2456–58, 2463–64, 3342–43, 4309; KNOWLEDGE, THOUGHT, WISDOM: 197–98, 231, 264–66, 334, 1771, 1976–78, 2379, 2672, 2800–803, 4190, 4294, 4486, 4522; explicit comparison between ancient and modern: 336–37, 1352–55, 1359–61, 2709–15, 4078–79, 4171–72, 4192–93, 4208, 4219–22. 4238–39, 4291–92, 4477–78, 4484, 4507–508; LOVE OF LIFE, VITALITY: 625–29, 1330–32, 3097–101, 3292, 4062–64, 4410; MORALITY, MORALS: 208–10, 342–43, 1710–12, 1794, 2492–93, 4172; MUSIC: 130, 159, 1781, 3228–29, 3423, 3424–25; NATURE: 1018–19, 1555–56, 3714; NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN: 931–32, 1026–27, 1043–44, 1351–52, 3676–82, 4256; POLITICS AND HOMELAND: 67–68, 123, 148–51, 161, 195–96, 311, 625–29, 895–96, 911–17, 1330, 1361–63, 3083, 3104–106, 3135–36, 3469–71, 4078–79, 4179, 4413–14, 4500; inequality, hatred of foreigners, and war: 119–20, 123, 148, 872–923, 930–31, 1004–1007, 1016, 1037, 1078–79, 1083–84, 1163, 1362, 1378, 1709–11, 1817–18, 1827, 1842–43, 2252–55, 2305–306, 2389, 2625–27, 2677–79, 2759–70, 3115–18, 3139–43, 3152–53, 3157–58, 3167–68, 4423–24; RELIGION: 77, 116, 131–32, 197–98, 334–38, 453–54, 503–507, 1444, 2367–68, 2387–89, 2456–58, 2463–64, 2669–71, 2673, 2683, 2968–69, 3342–43, 3430–32, 3494–97, 3544–45, 3881, 4048, 4050, 4076–78, 4094, 4110, 4206–208, 4210, 4309; STYLE, WRITING AND LANGUAGE: 86–87, 725–35, 975–77, 1356–61, 1366, 1412–14, 1470–72, 1477–94, 1499, 1689, 1900–902, 1988, 2025–28, 2037–39, 2171–73, 2288–91, 2475–78, 2914–16, 2916–17, 3471–77, 3482, 4216–17, 4268–71, 4473–74; VALUES, OPINIONS, SOCIAL USAGES AND CUSTOMS: 23, 38–39, 90, 148, 151, 606–607, 611–12, 678–83, 717–18, 876–85, 1448, 1648, 1739, 1841, 1932–34, 1941, 2322–23, 2254–55, 2255, 2420–25, 2686, 2736–39, 2943–44, 2987–89, 3386, 3430–32, 3433–35, 3435–40, 3602, 3644, 3797, 3920, 3974, 4144, 4144–45, 4166, 4170, 4179, 4183, 4183–84, 4201, 4206, 4224, 4238, 4245, 4255, 4256, 4268, 4275, 4275–76, 4286, 4289, 4298, 4305–306, 4427, 4441, 4477–78, 4481–82, 4517–18, 4524
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