Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736–1793). French scholar and politician, author of a history of astronomy: 2730
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius the Elder (c. first century BCE). A correspondent of Cicero, from Gades (Cadiz): 467
Baldi, Bernardino (1553–1617). Italian poet and scholar from Urbino: 512, 699, 1143, 4139
Bandi, Cornelia (1669–1731). From Cesena, and believed by many, Dickens included, to be an example of spontaneous human combustion: 4218
Balemerin: see Valamir
Bandiera, Alessandro Maria (c. 1699–1770). Italian writer from Siena: 4098
Banquets: 130, 1448, 4422
Barbarians, barbarism, barbarity, barbarousness: 118, 157, 180, 871, 926, 1404–407, 3311–12, 3423–24, 4047; HISTORICAL PERIODS, PEOPLES AND NATIONS: 123, 314–15, 422, 426, 646, 674, 739–40, 883–84, 1077–78, 1101, 2695–96, 3073, 3104–105, 3174–76, 3420, 4289; NATURE/CIVILIZATION: 21–23, 37, 115, 118, 132–33, 162–63, 353–56, 403–404, 420–23, 471–72, 740, 819–22, 866–67, 868, 871, 926–28, 1173, 1404–11, 2334–35, 2479–80, 3798–801, 3882–83, 4121–22, 4185, 4295; religion: 353–56, 409, 1426–27, 3638–43, 3833–34
Barbarism (linguistic): 819–22, 864, 953–54, 1295, 2500–23; GREEK: 995, 997, 2513–14, 3966; ITALIAN: 47–48, 62, 752, 772–73, 782–83, 796–97, 819–20, 863–64, 953–54, 1214–17, 2501, 2508, 3322–23, 3750; LATIN: 48, 62, 312, 789–90, 859–60, 1518–19, 2514–15
Bards: 350, 812, 932, 941, 994, 1218, 1409, 3368, 4235, 4324, 4352, 4408, 4476
Barletta (siege of) (1503): 4372
Bart, Jean. French sailor under Louis XIV: 4416
Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques (1716–1795). French writer, antiquarian, and archaeologist, author of Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce: 68, 222, 2669–76, 2683, 2804, 3044, 3224, 3225, 3229, 3234, 3485, 4279
Bartoli, Daniello (1608–1685). Italian historian and man of letters from Ferrara, author of the Missione al Gran Mogòr: 44, 1313–15, 2197, 2396, 2419, 2523, 2758, 3630, 4143, 4259
Bartolomeo da San Concordio (1262–1347), author of the De documentis antiquorum: 2452, 2580
Baseness: see Cowardice
Basil the Great, St. (c. 330–379 CE). Bishop and Doctor of the Church: 736, 2697, 3071
Basnage, Samuel (1638–1721). Protestant pastor and theologian: 1000
Basvecchi, Olimpia. Leopardi’s aunt by marriage: 4421–22
Batelli, Vincenzo, and Ranieri Fanfani. Milanese publishers of Wieland: 1631
Bathyllus. Supposedly loved by the poet Anacreon: 3988
Batracomyomachia (The Battle of the Frogs and the Mice): 4414–15, 4483
Battie, William (1704–1776). English classical scholar, editor of Isocrates: 883, 3104
Baudouin frères. Parisian publishers and printers: 4399
Bauer, Karl Ludwig (1730–1799). Editor of Thucydides: 4441
Baumon, Rosellus. Critic cited by Fabricius: 723
Bava di San Paolo, Gaetano Emanuele (1737–1829). Piedmontese man of letters: 978
Bayer, Théophraste Siegfried (1694–1739). Pioneer in Chinese studies at the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg: 943
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706). French philosopher, author of the Dictionnaire historique et critique: 4192, 4288
Beards: 9, 58, 202, 2559, 3094, 3893
Bears: see Animals
Beasts: see Animals
Beau, Charles Le (1701–1778). French historian, secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions: 4426
Beauty (see also Grace and Ugliness). THE ANCIENTS: 64–65, 112, 926–28, 931–32, 1315–16, 2486–87, 2395, 2546–49, 3491, 4113; ART, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE: 2, 6–7, 170, 243, 319, 1207–12, 1228, 1321, 1356–61, 1663–65, 1691–94, 1721–23, 1759–60, 1780–86, 1799, 1804–805, 1832–33, 1833–40, 1883–85, 1927, 1983, 2415–19, 2425–28, 2942, 3231, 3421–27, 4329, 4366, 4497; taste and judgment: 8–9, 154–56, 191–93, 211, 1098, 1186–89, 1256–58, 1339, 1424–25, 1671–72, 1758–59, 1832–33, 1871–78, 1883–85, 3094, 3231, 3364–65, 3553–54, 4021–22; CONCEPTS, IDEAS, JUDGMENTS OF BEAUTY: 170, 178, 1183–1201, 1256–59, 1318–21, 1411–20, 1521–22, 1533, 1539–40, 1848, 1865–66, 1942–43, 2456–58, 4020, 4258–59; the human body: 718–20, 1306–12, 1315–16, 1356, 1367–69, 1379–81, 1509–13, 1528–29, 1529, 1538–39, 1576–79, 1593, 1634–35, 1666–68, 1698–99, 1718, 1749–52, 1794–96, 1913–14, 1930–32, 2546–49, 3084–90, 3090–94, 3893, 3984, 3988, 4119, 4310–11; ideal beauty: 8–9, 1256–58, 1339, 2961–62, 2964–65, 3088, 3206–208; propriety: 8–9, 49, 154–56, 186–88, 276–77, 357, 949–50, 1165, 1199–1201, 1306–307, 1311–12, 1315–16, 2045, 2395, 2513, 2546–49, 2834–35, 2963, 3491; relative concepts of beauty: 201, 208, 1084–85, 1098, 1207–12, 1212–13, 1256–59, 1306–12, 1315–16, 1326, 1340–41, 1367–69, 1404–11, 1424–25, 1527, 1538–39, 1603–605, 1684–85, 1716, 1725, 1721–23, 1878, 1914, 2960–62, 2962–72, 4113, 4119; EFFECT OF BEAUTY, OR ITS LACK: 131, 158, 170, 174, 187, 233–34, 269, 270, 306, 718–20, 1784–86, 2563–54, 3443–46, 3712–13, 4118, 4310–11, 4366, 4493; GRACE: 198, 270, 1322–28, 1365–66, 1522–23, 2045, 2831–34, 3177–79, 3961, 2834–35, 3971, 4416; VIRTUE: 64–65, 112, 1594–96, 2486–87
Beauzée, Nicolas (1717–1789). French grammarian, major contributor to the Encyclopédie Méthodique: 1343–44
Beavers: see Animals
Beca da Dicomano: a work by Luigi Pulci (q.v.): 8
Beccaria, Cesare (1738–1794). Milanese jurist and philosopher, author of Dei delitti e delle pene: 109–10
Bede, the Venerable (672/673–735 CE). Born in Jarrow, Anglo-Saxon monk, historian, Doctor of the Church: 1014, 3368, 4522
Bees: see Animals
Being/Nonbeing: see Existence and Nonbeing
Bek’s Allgemeine Repertorium: 4362
Beliefs: 362–64, 411–16, 420–27, 431, 435, 437–51, 521, 538–40, 565, 1055, 1060, 4513
Bembo, Pietro (1470–1547). Venetian humanist poet and cardinal: 686, 707, 2536, 2724, 3067, 3094, 3390, 3413, 4101, 4243, 4249
Beneventum (Benevento): see Cities
Benivieni, Girolamo (1453–1542). Italian poet, friend of Pico della Mirandola (q.v.): 2885
Bentivoglio, Guido (1577–1644). Florentine cardinal, Papal Nuncio to Flanders and to Paris: 3887
Bentley, Richard (1662–1742). English scholar, known in particular for his researches into the Aeolic digamma: 3106, 4334, 4395
Bergmann, Benjamin von (1772–1856). German traveler, author of an account of his travels among the Kalmuks, beside the Caspian Sea: 4407–408, 4412
Berkel, Abraham van (1639–1688). Dutch philologist: 4343
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri (1737–1814). French writer, author of Paul et Virginie and Etudes de la nature: 15, 53, 2685–86, 4479
Berni, Francesco (1497/98–1536). Italian burlesque poet born in Tuscany, author of a comic remake of Boiardo’s Orlando innamorato: 2, 7, 41, 3904, 4301, 4388
Bernouilli, Jean (1667–1748). Swiss mathematician who worked on infinitesimal calculus: 4302–303
Bertini, Francesco (active c. 1799–1841). Publisher in Lucca: 678, 683, 684, 702
Bertolotti, Davide (1784–1860). Turinese writer and polymath, founder of the Spettatore and editor of the Raccoglitore (later the Nuovo Raccoglitore): 955–56
Bettinelli, Saverio (1718–1808). Italian man of letters and polemicist born in Mantua: 3419
Bettinelli, Tommaso (c. 1744–1819). Publisher in Venice: 1654
Bible, the: 1639–42; OLD TESTAMENT: 936, 1441–42, 3342–43, 3672, 4490; Adam, tree of the knowledge of good and evil: 394–420, 433–39, 450–51, 637–38, 2939; Cain: 191, 1164–65; Genesis: 395–420, 433–36, 637–38, 2939–41; knowledge and society: 191, 427, 1164, 3666; Song of Songs: 13, 3543; style: 13, 3543, 3566–68, 4490; Ten Commandments, the: 881, 1639–41; NEW TESTAMENT, THE GOSPELS: 611, 999–1000, 1095–1096, 1201, 4312, 4338
Biblioteca italiana. Italian review founded in 1816: 27, 94, 155, 640, 956, 957, 961–62, 966, 975, 977, 978, 979–8
1, 983, 2851, 3018, 4170, 4523, 4529
Bibliothèque Britannique: 4234
Bibliothèque Italique: 4234
Big(ness): see Great(ness)
Bigoni, Angelo (1779–1860). Theologian and Italian translator of Lamennais: 888
Bilderdijk, Willem (1756–1831). Dutch jurist, poet, and linguist: 4360–61
Bilingualism: 241, 684, 990, 988–91, 1038–39, 2622–24, 2735–36, 3068, 4173
Bion the Borysthenite (c. 325–245 BCE). Greek philosopher: 303, 4188, 4469
Bipontine (press). Based in Zweibrücken: 4400, 4438
Birds: see Animals
Birth: 68–69, 676, 2607, 2671, 2672, 2673, 2796, 4104
Bithynia: 4435
Biton. Son of the priestess of Hera at Argos: 2675
Blacks, Negroes: 3420, 4145, 4280, 4300
Blair, Hugh (1718–1800). Scottish philosopher, known for his lectures on rhetoric: 2477
Blind, the: 1569, 1932, 2151, 2268, 2429–30, 2960–62, 2962–67, 3824–25
Bliss, blessedness: 69, 2457–58, 3497–3509
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–1375). Italian writer from Certaldo (Tuscany), commentator on Dante, correspondent of Petrarch, and author of the Decameron: 321, 686, 706, 1484, 3413–14, 3730. LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 1366, 1384–86, 1527, 1809–10, 2016, 2460, 2517, 2533, 2536–37, 2540, 2580, 2699, 2715, 2724, 2839, 3057, 3561–62, 3979, 3983, 4098, 4122, 4148, 4214, 4231, 4317, 4328, 4350, 4383, 4413
Body, bodies (human): ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 112, 115, 125, 128, 130, 163–64, 204–205, 207–208, 223, 453, 625–29, 1631–32, 2204, 4289, 4291; ANIMAL BODIES: 1538, 1762, 1775–76, 1805–806, 3058–60, 4092; BEAUTY: 112, 125, 1307–11, 1691–94, 3988; DEAD BODY: 471–72, 3430–32; DEVELOPMENT, HABIT, AND BEHAVIOR: 69–70, 152, 622–25, 1633–34, 1726–27, 2358–59, 3247–48, 3347, 3977–78, 4183–84; MIND, SOUL, SPIRIT AND THE BODY: 115, 358, 473, 661, 678, 1580–81, 1719, 2017–18, 2359, 2455, 2479, 2800–803, 3202–204, 3347, 3823–24, 3909–10, 3921–27, 3938; NATURE AND CIVILIZATION: 371–73, 830, 1597–602, 1631–32, 1701–702,1775–76, 1805–806, 2413, 3058–60, 3179–82, 3249–50, 3252, 3909–20, 3932–33, 4289, 4291; PERCEPTIONS AND DEATH: 281–83, 2182–84, 3617, 3823–24; STATURE (HUMAN): 1243, 1793–94; VIRTUES: 115, 223, 254–55, 280–81, 453, 1420–21, 4500
Boethius (480–524 CE). Latin philosopher, author of The Consolation of Philosophy: 2452, 2698, 4522
Bogda Khutugtu: see Sakya Pandita
Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1441–1494). Italian humanist poet from Reggio Emilia, author of the Orlando innamorato: 3549
Boileau, Nicolas (1636–1711). French poet and theoretician of classicism, author of the Art poétique: 41, 375
Boldness, frankness/Timidity, shyness (see also Courage): 4226–27, 4241, 4268; ACTION/(LACK OF) REFLECTION: 595–97, 1062–63, 1063–65, 3040, 3491–94, 3931, 4231–32; COMPASSION/EGOISM: 3271–83; COURAGE: 3488–90, 3491–94, 3537–40; GRACE: 452–53, 1329–30; HOPE: 458–59; LANGUAGE, LITERATURE: 9–10, 13–14, 217–18, 768–71, 978–79, 1008, 2619; LOVE, ATTRACTIVENESS: 452–53, 1885–87, 3766–68; SELF-LOVE: 4037–40; SOCIETY: 461; VIRTUE: 978
Boldness (literary and linguistic): 61, 688–89, 1481, 2113, 2239, 3865; LANGUAGE: 12, 688–89, 761–62, 768–71, 969, 978–79, 1007–1010, 1014, 1481, 1995, 2172–76, 2415–19, 2426–28, 2443, 2619, 3401–403, 3567–68, 3863–66; LITERATURE: 217–18, 768–71, 2051–52, 2239–40, 2455–56, 3567–68, 4214, 4479
Bolingbroke, Henry (1678–1751). English writer and statesman, cynic and deist: 331
Bonamy, Pierre-Nicolas (1694–1770). French scholar, member of the Académie des Inscriptions and author of Sur l’introduction de la langue latine dans les Gaules (1750): 983, 1012
Bonaparte: see Napoleon
Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de (1745–1832). Swiss man of letters, part of the Coppet circle: 4407
Book(s) (see also Readers, reading): 949–50; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 3439–40, 4238, 4268–72, 4439; INFLUENCE, EFFECTS: 46, 64; JUDGMENT AND PLEASURE: 4273–74, 4508; LEARNING: 58, 2523–24, 2588; ORIGINS, HISTORY, TRADITION: 1028, 4390, 4391–94, 4403–404, 4431, 4437, 4437–38, 4483; PRODUCTION: 4484; SUCCESS AND FAME: 307, 3952–54, 4153–54, 4268–72, 4329, 4348–49, 4354, 4508
Boredom, ennui: 2, 6, 72, 1690–91, 1815, 2242–43, 4306–307; ART AND LITERATURE: 164, 259–61, 1550, 2599–600; HABITUATION: 280, 1988–90, 4239–40; HAPPINESS/UNHAPPINESS: 2599–602, 3622, 3713–15, 3876–78, 4043, 4498; ancients and moderns: 484–85, 1554–55; HUMAN BEINGS AND ANIMALS: 2219–21, 4306–307; LEOPARDI’S PERSONAL EXPERIENCE: 82, 84, 280, 4273–74; THEORY OF PLEASURE: 172–77, 188–89, 1684–85, 3622, 3713–15, 3876–78, 3879–80, 4043, 4498; causes, effects, remedies: 23, 51, 88–90, 175–76, 239, 259–61, 262, 345–47, 1464–65, 2433–34, 2599–602, 2736–38, 3347, 3491–92, 4239–40, 4266–67, 4273–74, 4501, 4523
Borghesi, Bartolomeo (1782–1860). Specialist in Roman antiquity: 4490
Borgno, Girolamo Federico (early nineteenth century). Milanese scholar and translator, author of a version of Foscolo’s Sepolcri in Latin hexameters (1813): 13
Borromeo, St. Carlo (1538–1584). Archbishop of Milan, worked to reform the Church: 253–54
Bortoli, Giuseppe (active c. 1725–1783). Venetian publisher: 2676
Bossi, Giacomo (early nineteenth century). Professor of literature in Turin, priest and author of a response to Paravey: 4485
Bossi, Giuseppe (1777–1815). Milanese artist, poet, and man of letters: 155
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1627–1704). French theologian and writer, bishop of Meaux: 9, 30, 110, 217–20, 246, 374, 689, 1416, 2198, 2427, 4303
Botin, Anders af (1724–1790). Swedish historian, jurist, and writer: 4406–407
Botta, Carlo (1766–1837). Piedmontese doctor, politician and historian: 2127–28, 2395, 2543, 4122
Bouchardon, Edmé (1698–1762). French sculptor: 340 (alluded to without being named)
Bourbons. Members of the dynasty who since the eleventh century had ruled over Navarre, France, Spain, Naples, and the duchy of Parma: 974, 4079
Bourdaloue, Louis (1632–1704). French preacher: 9, 360
Bowring, John (1792–1872). English linguist, poet, and politician: 4399
Boxing: 4214
Brancas, Duc de (1733–1824), cited by Lady Morgan: 175
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles (c. 1538–1614). French writer, author of the Vie des Dames galantes: 4148
Breast-feeding: 4025
Breathing (phonetic): see Aspiration, breathing
Bredsdorff, Jacob Hornemann (1790–1841). Danish naturalist and scholar in the Sorø Akademi: 4312
Breme, Lodovico di (1780–1820). Turinese man of letters and politician, who, with Silvio Pellico and Pietro Borsieri, founded the Conciliatore: 15–21, 23, 32, 1014 (note)
Brevity, shortness (of time): 1254, 3411, 3437, 4092, 4269; LANGUAGES: 1822–23; PLEASURE: 1507–508
Briseis. A character in the Iliad, concubine and slave, captured by Achilles: 4164, 4210–11
Brittany: 933, 2408
Brizard, Gabriel (1730–1793). Editor of Rousseau’s writings: 338
Bruscambille (pseudonym of Jean Gracieux) (1575–1634). French actor and author of the Fantaisies de Bruscambille (1612): 4417
Brutus, Lucius Junius. Semilegendary hero of Rome associated with the fall of the monarchy in the sixth century BCE: 4456, 4458, 4459
Brutus, Marcus Junius (85–42 BCE). A republican, the chief assassin of Julius Caesar and later ally of Mark Antony: 23, 318, 380, 523, 2245, 3938, 4451, 4520
Budé, Guillaume (1467–1540). French humanist and champion of Greek studies in France: 4116, 4465
Buenos Aires: see Cities
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707–1788). French naturalist and writer, author of the Histoire naturelle de l’homme: 281, 291, 1547, 2729–31, 4092, 4125, 4270–71
Bulgaria, Bulgarians: see Nations, peoples
Bulletin universel des sciences et de l’industrie (Bulletin de Férussac): 4312, 4315, 431
9, 4321, 4327, 4330, 4333, 4334, 4337, 4340, 4341, 4342, 4361, 4364, 4365, 4370, 4374, 4378, 4391
Bulls: see Animals
Buonafede, Appiano (Tito Benvenuto) (1716–1793). Celestine monk and philosopher: 484
Buonarroti, Michelangelo: see Michelangelo
Buonarroti, Michelangelo (the Younger) (1568–1646). Florentine man of letters: 774, 2335
Buonmattei (or Buommattei), Benedetto (1581–1648). Florentine man of letters, member of the Accademia della Crusca: 1024, 2880, 2995, 3070–71, 4082, 4237
Burchiello, Il (pseudonym of Domenico di Giovanni) (1404–1449). Florentine poet: 4182
Bürger, Gottfried August (1747–1794). German lyric poet linked to the Sturm und Drang: 18, 977
Burmann, Pieter (1668–1741). Dutch philologist and scholar, editor of Phaedrus: 465, 481, 1107, 4170
Busdraghi, Mlles. Leopardi’s landladies in Florence in 1830: 4331
Business: see Commerce
Buti, Francesco da (1324–1406). Early commentator on Dante: 2392, 4214
Buttmann, Philip (1764–1829). German philologist: 4370
Buxtorf, Johann (1564–1629). Hebraist resident in Basle: 1282
Byron, George Gordon, Lord (1788–1824). English Romantic poet: 19, 223–26, 238, 261–62, 289, 986, 1848, 3156, 3477–79, 3483–84, 3821–24, 4479
Byzantine History (De Bizantinae historiae scriptoribus): 2696
Byzantium: see Cities
C
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges (1757–1808). French physician and materialist philosopher, author of the Rapports du physique et du moral: 946, 2616
Cacciavolpe, Bartolomeo. A fictitious character of Leopardi’s invention: 2396–97
Caecilius Statius (c. 220–c. 166 BCE). Roman comic poet: 2514
Caecilius, of Calacte (Caecilius Calactinus Siculus) (first century BCE–first century CE). Greek rhetorician of Jewish origin, who lived in Rome at the time of Augustus: 1016, 4213, 4370, 4440
Caedmon. Benedictine monk and poet described by Bede: 1014
Caesar, Gaius Julius (101–44 BCE). Roman statesman and general: 10, 118, 161, 460, 465, 472, 474, 479, 609, 621, 861, 2225, 2487–2488, 2655, 3063, 3341, 4016, 4028, 4352, 4483; DE BELLO GALLICO: 467, 468; IN SUETONIUS: 502, 3263, 3282, 3298, 3317, 3344, 3571, 4076, 4194
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