Fanfani, Ranieri. see Batelli, Vincenzo
Fantasy: 143, 176, 650 726, 1177, 1236, 1855, 2936, 3156, 3307, 3389, 3478
Farming, agriculture: 131, 173, 2686, 3093; NATURE/CIVILIZATION: 76, 2337–38, 2389, 3179–80, 3797, 3811; PLEASURE: 1927–28, 4293; POETRY: 3, 63, 85, 228, 1789
Faroe Islands: 4339–40
Fashion (see also Opinion): 8, 147, 1078, 1318–20, 1258–59, 1318–19, 1668–69, 1865–66, 1926–27, 2509–10, 3988; FRANCE: 1029–30
Fate: see Destiny
Fatherland: see Homeland
Fathers of the Church (Greek and Latin): see Christianity
Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas (1664–1753). French mathematician: 4302
Fauns: 64, 3496
Faunus (god): 4432
Fauriel, Claude-Charles (1772–1844). French historian, author also of a study on Greek popular song: 4436–37, 4452
Faustina (c. 130–176 CE). Wife of Marcus Aurelius: 4308
Faustulus. Legendary Roman who discovered Romulus and Remus in the she-wolf’s den: 4443
Favorinus (c. 80–c. 150 CE). Hellenistic sophist and philosopher, a native of Arles: 55, 1015, 2624, 3366
Fear (see also Fright, terror and Horror): 122, 188, 262, 364, 461–62, 531–32, 644–45, 2803–804, 3443–46, 3518–20, 4229–31; DANGER: 9–10, 175, 1653–54, 3029–31, 3526–40, 4494; EGOISM, CRUELTY: 2206–208, 2388–89, 2497–98, 2630, 2669–70, 3638–43, 3767, 3798; HOPE: 66, 458–59, 1303–304, 1477, 3433–35, 4123; VIGOR: 1420–21, 2400
Feasts, festivals: 1438–48, 1605–606, 2673; ANNIVERSARIES: 60, 1448, 2322–23, 2255, 2943–44
Feeling: see Emotion
Feet: 1404–405, 1881, 1921, 2268–71, 2402, 2482, 3824
Feith, Everhard (c. 1585–c. 1625). Dutch humanist, author of the Antiquitatum Homericarum Libri IV: 2253, 4170
Fénelon, François (1651–1715). Cleric and philosopher, author of Dialogues sur l’éloquence: 110, 324, 687, 1416
Ferdinand (1549–1609). Grand Duke of Tuscany: 28
Ferdinand I (1423–1494). King of Naples: 702–703
Ferdinand the Catholic (1452–1516). King of Spain, ruled with Isabella, and completed the Reconquista: 4073
Ferdowsi (Hakīm Abu’l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī) (940–1020). Author of the Persian national epic, the Shahnameh: 954
Ferocity: 135–36, 1141, 3367, 3597–98, 3676, 3958, 4396; FIRST CRIME: 2481–83; DESPAIR: 615
Ferreira da Costa, Rodrigo (1776–1825). Portuguese musician and scholar: 4374
Ferri, Vincenzo (d. 1806). Chaplain to the Leopardi family: 1751
Férussac: see Audebard and Bulletin universel
Festivals: see Feasts
Festus, Sextus Pompeius (second or third century CE). Author of a twenty-volume abridgement of a lost Latin lexicon compiled in the age of Augustus: 1111, 1120, 1131, 1144, 1155, 2077, 2308, 2309, 2325, 2362, 2475, 2821, 2822, 2877, 2882, 2930, 2931, 2932, 3002, 3060, 3712, 3757, 3845, 3986, 4451
Feudalism: 1092
Ficino, Marsilio (1433–1499). Italian humanist and philosopher, founder of the Florentine Academy and translator of Plato: 491
Filangieri, Gaetano (1752–1788). Neapolitan jurist and philosopher, author of La scienza della legislazione: 2616
Filicaia, Vincenzo da (1642–1707). Florentine poet: 24, 26–27, 28, 3067
Filth: see Dirt
Fine arts: see Art
Finite/Infinite, finitude/infinity (see also Indefinite and Ephemerality): 714–17, 1982–83, 2242–43, 3500–501; THE DEFINITIVE, THE FINISHED: 644–46, 1826, 2242–43, 2251–52, 4277–79, 4282, 4492; EXISTENCE, AFTERLIFE, UNIVERSE: 817–18, 4141–43, 4174, 4177–78, 4181–82, 4274–75, 4292; PLEASURE, SELF-LOVE: 165–83, 185, 383–84, 472–73, 514–16, 610–11, 646–48, 826–29, 1017–18, 1429–30, 1430–31, 1573–75, 1744–47, 1927–30, 1999, 2154–55, 2251–52, 2629, 3027–29, 4060–61, 4126, 4502
Finland: see Nations, peoples
Fire: 3643–63, 4119, 4121, 4399, 4427
Firearms: see War: MILITARY ART
Firenzuola, Agnolo (1493–1543). Florentine poet and man of letters: 640, 4285
Fischer, Johann Friedrich (1726–1799). German philologist and author of the Preface to Weller’s Greek grammar (1756): 2995, 4154, 4435
Fitness, fittingness: see Propriety
Flattery, flatterers: see Adulation
Flavors: 157–58, 1782–83, 1803–804, 1913–14, 1940–45, 2230–31, 3426–27
Fleas: see Animals
Florence, the Florentines: see Cities, towns
Florus, Lucius Annaeus (fl. second century CE). Author of the Latin history known as the Epitome of all the Wars during Seven Hundred Years: 477, 489, 490, 494, 495, 501, 502–3, 508–512, 523, 526, 620–22, 624, 714, 724, 916, 2565, 2865, 3263, 3343, 3373, 3404, 3420, 3471, 3541, 3561, 3568, 3611, 3766, 3906, 3907
Folgore da San Gimignano (c. 1270–c. 1330). Tuscan poet: 4190
Follini, Vincenzo (1759–1836). Florentine scholar: 4124
Food: 3636–37, 3682, 3881–82
Forcefulness: 1301, 1474, 3186, 3296; OF LANGUAGE: 1498–99, 3248–52, 4386; OF STYLE: 469, 1470–72
Forcellini, Egidio (1688–1764). Latin lexicographer, author of the Totius latinitatis Lexicon (first edition, Padua 1771): 33, 107, 150, 205, 478, 480–81, 495, 498, 501, 509–10, 512, 592–93, 595, 600, 928, 1000, 1054, 1066–67, 1071, 1075, 1105, 1107–8, 1111, 1113–16, 1119, 1121, 1123, 1126–27, 1131, 1142–45, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1154, 1162, 1163, 1166, 1169, 1181–82, 1201, 1230, 1276, 1277, 1279,1282, 1338, 1534, 1656, 1780, 1819, 1938–39, 1992, 2010, 2020, 2021, 2035, 2071, 2072, 2076, 2077, 2105, 2137, 2138, 2153, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, 2200, 2202, 2215, 2226, 2227, 2237, 2246, 2247, 2248, 2249, 2258, 2265, 2266, 2268, 2275, 2276, 2279, 2280, 2281, 2282, 2283, 2287, 2291, 2299, 2301, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2312, 2316, 2317, 2318, 2323, 2324, 2325, 2340, 2341, 2344, 2345, 2346, 2347, 2349, 2351, 2357, 2359, 2360, 2362, 2363, 2365, 2366, 2367, 2368, 2369, 2372, 2375, 2376, 2386, 2442, 2466, 2470, 2475, 2497, 2556, 2557, 2565, 2577, 2587, 2588, 2659, 2662, 2677, 2705, 2739, 2757, 2786, 2790, 2792, 2793, 2809, 2815, 2816, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2821, 2822, 2824, 2841, 2842, 2864, 2865, 2877, 2878, 2882, 2885, 2886, 2889, 2895, 2919, 2923, 2925, 2926, 2928, 2930, 2932, 2933, 2935, 2973, 2974, 2975, 2984, 2985, 2991, 2992, 2996, 2997, 2998, 3001, 3002, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3006, 3021, 3023, 3053, 3060, 3063, 3064, 3073, 3074, 3078, 3081, 3170, 3190, 3235, 3264, 3288, 3289, 3298, 3299, 3301, 3312, 3317, 3350, 3358, 3477, 3488, 3496, 3514, 3516, 3541, 3542, 3547, 3559, 3569, 3571, 3572, 3584, 3585, 3588, 3589, 3617, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3684, 3686, 3689, 3691, 3693, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3702, 3703, 3704, 3706, 3708, 3710, 3711, 3712, 3717, 3723, 3724, 3727, 3731, 3732, 3733, 3735, 3736, 3745, 3751, 3752, 3754, 3757, 3758–59, 3761, 3762, 3772, 3810, 3811, 3815, 3816, 3825, 3826, 3827, 3828, 3829, 3831, 3832, 3834, 3843, 3844, 3845, 3849, 3852, 3854, 3868, 3869, 3870, 3871, 3875, 3881, 3893. 3896. 3897. 3900, 3901, 3904, 3907, 3928, 3939, 3946, 3949, 3963, 3964, 3979, 3980, 3984, 3986, 3988, 3989, 3991, 3995, 3996, 4000, 4001, 4004, 4006, 4007, 4008, 4009, 4010, 4011, 4013, 4014, 4015, 4016, 4017, 4019, 4020, 4022, 4024, 4025, 4029, 4033, 4035, 4036, 4042, 4044, 4046, 4048, 4053, 4055, 4056, 4062, 4067, 4068, 4073, 4083, 4086, 4088, 4089, 4093, 4094, 4095, 4102, 4110, 4112, 4113, 4114, 4115, 4116, 4119, 4120, 4121, 4122, 4126, 4127, 4141, 4146, 4150, 4151, 4153, 4154, 4156, 4160, 4162, 4165, 4166, 4167, 4168, 4169, 4170, 4172, 4190, 4196, 4197, 4213, 4232, 4237, 4239, 4245, 4247, 4254, 4255, 4257, 4274, 4279, 4282, 4283, 4287, 4372, 4422, 4426, 4427, 4433, 4442, 4459, 4463, 4465, 4466, 4469, 4470, 4472, 4474, 4482, 4487, 4489, 4490, 4491, 4492, 4495, 4496, 4499, 4505, 4506, 4508, 4511, 4513, 4516
Forehead, brow: see Physiognomy
Foreigners: 211, 2453–54, 4261–63, 4267, 4293, 4295–97; HATRED, INEQUALITY: 119–20, 880–901, 1004–1005, 1092–93, 2252–55, 2305–306, 2665, 3789–91, 4423–24; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: 2796–99, 2909–10, 4506
Forgetting, forgetfulness: 118–19, 197–98, 253–54; FACULTY OF MEMORY: 1103, 1176–77
, 1716, 1776–77; FORGETTING THE TRUTH: 104, 109, 151–52, 336–37, 678–83, 1690–91, 2680–81; illusions: 216–17, 325–26, 512–14, 1550–51; PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT: 1531–33, 4507–508; THEORY OF PLEASURE: 173, 1580–81, 1779, 4074–75
Forgiveness: 476–77, 717, 2946, 3282–83, 4195, 4490, 4493; ANTIQUITY: 2354; war: 885–86, 2305–306, 2759–70
Form (human): see Man
Forteguerri, Niccolò (1674–1735). Poet based mainly in Rome, author of the Ricciardetto: 3549, 4317
Forti, Francesco (1806–1838). Italian jurist, contributor to Antologia: 4368
Fortunatianus (fourth century CE). Bishop of Aquileia, mentioned by St. Jerome as a commentator on the Gospels: 2825
Fortunatianus, Curius (fl. mid–fifth century CE). Author of an Ars rhetorica: 35
Foscolo, Ugo (1778–1827). Italian poet born on the then Venetian island of Zante, lived in exile in London from 1816 until his death: 195, 932, 1366, 2363–64, 3418, 4049–50, 4305–6, 4378, 4379, 4450, 4487, 4488, 4492; WORKS: Sepolcri: 13, 4449; Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis: 58; Viaggio sentimentale (Sterne): 101
Fourmont, Etienne (1683–1745). French Orientalist: 943
France, the French (see also French language and French literature): 124, 304, 869, 1302–303, 1403; CLIMATE: 1045, 1409, 1415, 1945, 2989–90, 3195, 3252–53, 3395, 4032; CUSTOMS, CHARACTER, AND VALUES: 39, 48, 58, 74, 92–93, 119, 134, 208, 217–18, 231–32, 236, 237, 246, 248, 373, 474, 476, 575, 624, 769–70, 773–74, 869, 911, 924–25, 965, 972–73, 987, 1022–23, 1029–30, 1043–44, 1045–46, 1078, 1175, 1242, 1366, 1409–20, 1422, 1513–18, 1582, 1590, 1604–605, 1671, 1688–89, 1778, 1800, 1815, 1840, 1889–92, 1942, 1932–34, 1942, 1950–51, 1999–2004, 2038, 2058–59, 2067–68, 2107, 2126, 2136, 2198, 2334–35, 2407–408, 2428, 2453–54, 2501–503, 2546, 2595, 2615–16, 2666–67, 2911, 2989–91, 3195, 3318, 3343, 3394–95, 3864–65, 4222, 4227, 4261–63, 4265, 4424; PHILOSOPHY: 357–58, 373, 520, 737, 870, 1045, 1078, 1087, 1091, 1174, 1800, 2417–18, 2616, 2618, 3193, 3195–96, 3237, 3817, 4306; POLITICS: 48, 114, 117, 160, 301, 314, 357–58, 408, 459, 520, 575, 671, 737–38, 769–70, 870, 904, 911, 974, 1023, 1044, 1078, 1084, 1242, 1420, 1422, 1517, 1566, 1606, 2107, 2120, 2126, 2334–35, 2407–408, 2454, 4017, 4079, 4179, 4390; the French Revolution: 160–61, 357–58, 671, 737, 870, 911, 1077–78, 1084, 2334–35, 3887; war: 314, 408, 624, 737, 1043–44, 1046, 1422, 1709; RELATIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLES: 408, 972–75, 990, 1019–20, 1022–23, 1045–46, 1156, 1420, 1515–17, 1590, 1684, 1709, 1942, 2313, 2466, 2501–503, 2573, 2589, 2609, 2623, 2782, 3068, 3174, 3193–96, 3587, 3731, 3740, 4079, 4234, 4261–63; SCIENCE: 373, 737, 1174, 1253, 2417–18, 2616
Francesca da Rimini. The wife of Giovanni (Gianciotto) Malatesta, immortalized with her lover Paolo in Dante’s Divine Comedy (Inferno 5): 4365
Franciosini, Lorenzo (prob. d. after 1654). Florentine teacher of Spanish and translator of Cervantes: 813, 1104, 3183
Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790). American statesman and scientist: 4295
Frankness: see Boldness
Franks: see Nations, peoples
Frederick II. King of Prussia (1712–1786), on close terms with Voltaire and other philosophes: 270, 751, 906, 1352, 2295, 2623, 3014, 3365–3366, 3439, 3633–34, 3769, 3835, 3884–85, 3894, 3899, 3907, 3931, 3949, 3954–55, 3989, 3993, 4097–98, 4281
Freedom: see Liberty
Freher, Marquard (1565–1614). German historian and diplomat: 4281
Fréminville, Christophe-Paulin de la Poix, Chevalier de (1787–1848). French explorer, naturalist, and antiquarian: 4371
French Academy, the: see Academies
French language (see also Languages: Romance languages): 30, 322, 324, 344, 758, 773–74, 812–13, 863–64, 1021–22, 1045, 1232–33, 1244, 1344–46, 1475–76, 1497–99, 1768, 1812–15, 1879, 1901–902, 1970, 2174, 2417, 2427–28, 2581, 2715, 2755, 2989–91, 3340–41, 3557, 3560–61, 3633–35, 3747–48, 4012, 4082, 4223, 4276; ALPHABET, ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONOLOGY: 54–55, 191, 965–66, 1139, 1156, 1276–82, 1343–46, 1363, 1659–60, 1678–80, 1945–46, 1967–69, 2236–38, 2325–26, 2355–57, 2358, 2375–76, 2459, 2462–63, 2466–68, 2703–704, 2869–76, 2989–91, 3055–56, 3251–53, 3394–95, 3980–81, 4050, 4124–25, 4280–81, 4285, 4293, 4294, 4376–77, 4377–78, 4487–88; CORRUPTIBILITY: 1049, 1897, 2002–2004, 2065–66, 2091–93, 3747–48; FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT: 768–71, 1031, 1035, 1098, 1501–504, 1993–98, 2095–97, 2120–21, 2687, 3251–53, 3318–21, 3326, 3559–60, 4118; GREEK AND LATIN: 54–55, 965–66, 1014–16, 1035, 1040–41, 1098, 1156, 1497, 1501–504, 2236–38, 2782–83, 3573, 3937, 3946–49, 4001–4002; MODERNITY: 787–88, 1001–1003, 1009, 1039–40, 1050–52, 1497–99, 2001–2004, 2027–28, 2911–12, 3318–21, 3428–29; OTHER LANGUAGES: 1001–1003, 1007–10, 1011–12, 1012, 1019, 1156, 1475–76, 1846, 2089–90, 2615–16, 2782–83, 3069, 3394–95, 3672–73, 4050; POETRY/PROSE: 1901–902, 2052, 2418, 2428, 2666–68, 3428–29, 3864–65; REFORM OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: 685–90, 708, 768–71, 1244, 1887–900, 3634; REGULARITY: 769, 1045; SPREAD: 990, 1034, 1239, 1812, 3066–69; STYLE: 1094, 1970, 2417, 2427–28, 2608, 2613–15, 2615–16, 2907–13, 2914–15, 3428–29; TRANSLATIONS: 93–94, 246, 323, 962–71, 1087, 1683–84, 2089–90, 2135; UNIVERSALITY: 240–43, 321–22, 323, 838–39, 1022–23, 1029–31, 1039–40, 1213–14, 1344–46, 1517, 1683–84, 1822, 1985–86, 2428, 2619, 2623, 3068–69, 3257–58, 3972–73, 4050; WEAKNESSES: 46–47, 48, 50, 110–11, 323, 863–64, 1001–1003, 1007–10, 1014, 1049, 1086–87, 1226–27, 1253, 1358, 1359, 1705–704, 1796–98, 1822–23, 1887–900, 1955, 1964, 1985–86, 2014, 2427–28, 3429, 3672–73
French Literature: 15, 21, 31, 42, 46–47, 94, 208, 242, 246, 313, 319–20, 527, 685–90, 768–70, 804, 838–42, 855, 962, 969–72, 987, 990, 1253, 1344, 1359, 1403, 1416–18, 1519, 1671, 1688–89, 1778, 1840, 1997, 2058–59, 2064–69, 2097–98, 2120–21, 2197–99, 2312–13, 2427–28, 2498, 2580–81, 2589, 2914–15, 3066–68, 3126, 3192–96, 3318–21, 3326, 3399–3401, 3403, 3421, 3471–72, 3559–60, 3566, 3747–51, 3769, 3816–17, 3947–48, 4078–79, 4322; MODERNITY: 1029–31, 1039–40, 1052, 1174–75; ORATORY AND RHETORIC: 217, 218, 1688; POETRY: 190, 245, 373–75, 962, 1253, 1359, 1813–14, 1901–902, 1993, 2171–72, 2417–18, 2484, 2642, 2666–68, 2906–13, 3404, 3428–29, 3562, 3864–65, 4214
French Revolution, the: see France: POLITICS
Fréret, Nicolas (1688–1749). French historian and antiquarian: 4290
Freudenberger, Uriel (1705–1768). Swiss scholar: 4362
Frezzi, Federico (c. 1346–1416). Italian poet from Foligno, author of the Quadriregio: 3014
Friendship: 137–40, 324, 1675, 1794, 2862–64, 3279–82, 3942–44, 4274, 4523; CICERO’S DE AMICITIA: 532, 536, 542, 592, 592–93, 1725; SELF-LOVE, EGOISM: 104, 889–922, 1723–24, 1724–25, 2043–46, 4482, 4520
Fright, terror (see also Fear and Horror): 531–32, 3617; BEAUTY: 3443–46; THE BRAVE, THE GREAT SOULS: 90–91, 262, 2803–804; DEATH: 102, 188, 2102–103, 1547–48; NATURE: 3433–35, 3518–20
Frivolity: 931, 3990; CIVILIZATION: 474–76; THE PRESENT TIME: 729–30, 1507, 2157–59; women: 676–77; SOCIETY: 3190
Froissart, Jean (1337–1400). French chronicler, poet, and writer of romances: 4371
Frontinus, Sextus Julius (c. 30–104 CE). Roman consul, author of De Aquaeductibus Urbis Romae, governor of Britain: 2877
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (c. 100–c. 176 CE). Prominent orator in Rome, tutor to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus; his letters rediscovered and published by Angelo Mai: 38, 109, 198, 543, 752–57, 916, 989, 991, 1122, 1840, 2167–70, 2283, 2304, 2326, 2514, 2583, 2655, 2903, 3627, 3763, 3852, 3897, 4308
Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzo (1692–1768). Arcadian poet born in Genoa: 106, 200, 2642, 3419, 3884
Furies. Spirits of punishment also known by the propitiatory name of Eumenides: 3485
Furlanetto, Giuseppe (1775–1848). Author of the Appendix to Forcellini’s Lexicon: 1182
Fusconi, Teodoro. A lawyer from Emilia Romagna, friend of Leopardi and the aut
hor of a dissertation on single combat (Dissertatio de Monomachia, Rome 1821): 4110
Future: 76, 80, 277–80, 532–35, 648–49, 826–29, 1521, 2054, 2629, 3024–29, 3265–69, 3435–37, 3504–505, 3629, 3745–46, 4165, 4232, 4249–50, 4284; LEOPARDI’S PROJECT FOR A “LETTER TO A YOUNG MAN OF THE 20TH CENTURY”: 4280; THE WORD “FUTURE”: 1930
Future tense: 1970–73
G
Gaia Caecilia. Adoptive name, allegedly, of Tanaquil, wife of Tarquin the Elder: 4458
Gaiety: see Cheerfulness
Galamini, Carlo. Recanati patrician, known by Leopardi in childhood: 1751, 4502
Gale, Thomas (also known as Galeus) (1635/1636–1702). English philologist: 4160–62, 4222, 4224, 4470
Galen (Galenus, Aelius or Claudius) (129–199/217 CE). Greek physician from Pergamon, based in Rome: 992, 4156, 4173
Galeus: see Gale, Thomas
Galilei, Galileo (known as Galileo) (1564–1642). Scientist and philosopher, born in Pisa: 30, 1312–13, 1317, 1402, 1532, 1616, 1708, 1857, 2013, 2616, 2729, 4216, 4238, 4241, 4271
Gallicism(s): 62, 242, 640, 752, 781, 950–52, 1216, 1812, 2166, 2501, 2504–506, 2508, 2573, 2719, 3068, 3264, 3392, 3393, 3560–61, 3587, 3624, 3729, 3740–41, 4158
Gallus (Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus) (first century BCE–33 CE). Roman politician, arrested by Tiberius: 1077
Games: 79, 328–29, 453, 1445–46, 2943–44, 4109–10
Ganymede. In Greek myth, the son of Tros (or Laomedon), king of Troy, abducted by Zeus on account of his beauty: 1840, 2370
Garden: 82, 186–88, 2275, 4175–77
Garden of Eden: see Bible: OLD TESTAMENT: Adam
Garnier, Julien (1670–1723). French Benedictine monk, editor of St. Basil: 3071
Gaul, the Gauls (incl. Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul): see Nations, peoples
Gazzetta di Milano: 106, 3058
Gelli, Giovan Battista (or Giambattista) (1498–1563). Florentine poet and moralist: 1378, 2721
Gellius, Aulus (c. 125/130–after 180 CE). Latin author and grammarian, author of the Noctes Atticae: 30, 600, 789, 1067, 1114, 1127, 1313, 1317, 1402, 1532, 1708, 1857, 2013, 2021, 2035, 2076, 2616, 2655, 2729, 2774, 2825, 2877, 2974, 3071,4216, 4238, 4241, 4265, 4271, 4432, 4503
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