Weckbecker, ‘Selbstschutz’, 175.
31. Ibid. 193 ff.
32. Note made by Blaskowitz for a presentation to the ObdH, 6 Feb. 1940, in Ernst Klee,
Willi Dressen, and Volker Riess, eds, ‘Schöne Zeiten’. Judenmord aus der Sicht der Täter
und Gaffer (Frankfurt a. M., 1988), 14 ff.
33. Schmuel Krakowski, ‘The Fate of Jewish Prisoners of War in the September 1939
Campaign’, YVS, 12 (1977), 297–323.
34. On the establishment and replacement of the military administration see Hans
Umbreit, Deutsche Militärverwaltungen 1938/39. Die militärische Besetzung der Tsche-
choslowakei und Polens (Stuttgart, 1977), 85 ff., and Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 18 ff.
On the dismemberment of Poland, see Rohde, ‘Blitzkrieg’, 136 ff.
35. On the system of ‘ethnic inequality’ in Poland see especially Diemut Majer,
‘Fremdvölkische’ in Dritten Reich. Ein Beitrag zur nationalsozialistischen Rechtset-
zung und Rechtspraxis in Verwaltung und Justiz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung
der eingegliederten Ostgebiete und des Generalgouvernements (Boppard, 1981). From
the extensive literature on the German politics of occupation, the following deserve
special mention: Martin Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik (Stuttgart,
1961); Gerhard Eisenblätter, ‘Grundlinien der Politik des Reichs gegenüber der
Generalgouvernement’, diss. (Frankfurt a. M., 1969); Madajczyk, Okkupationspoli-
tik; Werner Röhr, ed., Die faschistische Okkupationspolitik in Polen (1939–1945)
(Bonn, 1969).
36. Hans-Christian Harten, De-Kulturation und Germanisierung. Die nationalsozialistische
Rassen- und Erziehungspolitik in Polen 1939–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996).
37. Madajczyk, Okkupationspolitik, 541 ff.
38. Wlodzimierz Borodziej, Terror und Politik. Die deutsche Polizei und die polnische
Widerstandsbewegung im Generalgouvernement 1939–1944 (Mainz, 1999). See also
Majer, Fremdvölkische, 864 ff. on the arbitrary penal system in the General
Government.
39. Ibid. 387 ff.
Notes to pages 148–151
481
40. Christopher Browning, ‘Nazi Resettlement Policy and the Search for a Solution to the
Jewish Question’, GSR 9/3 (1986), 8; reprinted in Browning, The Path to Genocide; and
Pohl, Lublin, 22.
41. BAB, R 58/825, 15 Sept. 1939.
42. BAB, R 58/825, Departmental Heads meeting, minute of 27 Sept. 1939. The ‘German
areas’ referred to in point 1 of the summary remarks clearly indicated the annexed
Polish territories, whilst ‘Jews out of the Reich’ (point 2) meant those in the rest of the Reich area, as is clear from the parallel intention (in point 3) to deport 30,000 Gypsies (i.e. almost all those living in the area of the Reich).
43. Faschismus—Ghetto—Massenmord. Dokumentation über Ausrottung und Widerstand
der Juden in Polen während des zweiten Weltkriegs, ed. Tatiana Berenstein et al.
(Frankfurt a. M., 1962), 37 ff.; ND 3363-PS.
44. Note of the conversation between Heydrich and Brauchitsch, published in Groscurth,
Tagebücher, 361–2.
45. BAB, R 58/825, Departmental Heads meeting of 29 September, minute of 1 Oct. 1939.
Correspondingly the exceptional regulation for the area under Einsatzgruppe I
mentioned in the express letter of 21 September was lifted: YV, 053/87, Eichmann’s
note dated 29 Sept. 1939.
46. Hans-Günther Seraphim, ed., Das Politische Tagebuch Alfred Rosenbergs aus den
Jahren 1933/35 und 1939/40 (Göttingen, 1956), 81.
47. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. Vertrauliche Auf-
zeichnungen über Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslands, vol. i (Frankfurt a. M.,
1967), 29–30 (26 Sept. 1939).
48. ADAP, series D, vol. 7, no. 176, minute of 2 Oct. 1939.
49. Confidential Information (Communications of the Ministry for Propaganda), 9 Oct.
1941, in Jürgen Hagemann, Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich (Bonn, 1970), 145; Jonny
Moser, ‘Nisko: The First Experiment in Deportation’, Simon Wiesenthal Center
Annual (SWCA) 2 (1985), 3, observes that the Belgrade paper Vreme had already
reported on the reservation plans on 19 Sept. 1941.
50. Verhandlungen des deutschen Reichstages, vol. 460, pp. 51 ff.
51. IMT xxvi. 255–6, 686-PS.
9.
Deportations
1. The note Eichmann made on 6 Oct. 1939 goes on to say that ‘this activity should serve in the first instance as a way of building up experience such that on this basis the
evacuation of larger masses of people could be facilitated’ (YV, 053/87, Gestapo Docu-
ments from Ostrava). On the autumn 1939 deportations see: Miroslav Kárny, ‘Nisko in
der Geschichte der Endlösung’, Judaica Bohemiae 23 (1987), 69–84; Seev Goshem,
‘Eichmann und die Nisko-Aktion im Oktober 1939. Eine Fallstudie zur NS-Judenpolitik
in der letzten Etappe vor der “Endlösung” ’, VfZ 27 (1981), 74–96; Moser, Nisko; Seev
Goshem, ‘Nisko—ein Ausnahmefall unter den Judenlagern der SS’, VfZ 40 (1992), 95–
106; Hans-Günther Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch. Studien zur deportation der Juden aus
Deutschland (Tübingen, 1974), 125 ff.; Browning, Resettlement; Hans Safrian, Die Eich-
mann-Männer (Vienna, 1993), 68 ff. There is more information in the volume of
482
Notes to pages 151–153
conference proceedings edited by Ludmila Cermáková-Nesládková, The Case of Nisko
in the History of the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Problem’ in Commemoration of the 55th Anniversary of the First Deportation of Jews in Europe (Ostrava, 1994).
2. On 13 September the Quartermaster General of the OKH had given the order for all Jews in the eastern part of Upper Silesia to be deported eastwards over the San and thus into the area that agreements with the Soviet Union had designated as the Soviet sphere of
influence. This occurred on a huge scale. See Alfred Konieczny, ‘Die Zwangsarbeit der
Juden in Schlesien im Rahmen der “Organisation Schmelt” ’, Beiträge zur Nationalsozia-
listische Gesundheitspolitik und Sozialpolitik: Sozialpolitik und Judenvernichtung. Gab es seine Ökonomie der Endlösung?, 5 (1983), 94. In addition, on 18 September a discussion led by Stahlecker, the Commander of the Security Police (BdS) in the Protectorate had
envisaged the deportation of 8,000 Jews from the area of Ostrava immediately bordering
on Silesia into Galicia: YV, 053/87, telex from the Stapostelle Brünn from 19 Sept. 1939.
3. Ibid., note dated 6 Oct. 1939.
4. Ibid., note by Günter dated 11 Oct. 1939.
5. Note by the Special Representative dated 10 Oct. 1939 (original not preserved; excerpt made later), quoted by Gerhard Botz, Wohnungspolitik und Judendeportation in Wien
1938 bis 1945. Zur Funktion des Antisemitismus als Ersatz nationalsozialistischer Sozial-
politik (Vienna, 1975), 105 (from the Austrian State Archive).
6. YV, 053/93, telegram from SD Danube to the SD Headquarters, 16 Oct. 1939.
7. At the meeting held in the Stapo Branch Office in Ostrava on 9 October, there was some discussion of the details for the construction of these barracks (ibid., note by Dannecker, 11 Oct. 1939).
8. Ibid., note from the Central Office in Vienna, 17 Oct. 1939. According to this note,
Gauleiter Bürckel, who had been informed of the latest discussions with Eichmann by
one of his colleagues, was ‘more than happy . . . that the planned resettlement of the
Jews into bar
racks did not need to take place, since the costs per head of the construc-
tion of the barracks alone would have amounted to 330 RM’.
9. Ibid., telegram from the SD Headquarters to the Stapo Branch Office in Ostrava, 13 Oct.
1939 and response from SD Danube, 16 Oct. 1939.
10. See Safrian, Eichmann-Männer, 77 ff. On the execution of these deportations, see
Goshen, ‘Eichmann’, 86; Herbert Rosenkranz, Verfolgung und Selbstbehauptung. Die
Juden in Österreich 1938 bis 1945 (Munich and Vienna, 1978) (on Vienna); on the
deportation from Ostrava, see Karny, ‘Nisko’, 96 ff. and Lukas Pribyl, ‘Das Schicksal
des dritten Transports aus dem Protektorat nach Nisko’, Theresienstädter Studien
(2000), 297–342; there is detailed material on this in YV, 053/86.
11. Ibid., note on the contents of a telex and Eichmann’s views on it. Eichmann did not
receive this until 21 October in Nisko.
12. Ibid., note from the Gestapo Branch Office in Ostrava dated 21 Oct. 1939. In a letter to Bürckel from 9 Nov. 1939, Himmler made it clear once more that he had ‘put a stop to
the transportation of Jews until further notice because of the technical difficulties’. See Botz, Wohnungspolitik, 196, and IMT xxxii. 255 ff., 3398-PS.
13. Ibid., note from the Gestapo Branch Office in Ostrava dated 24 Oct. 1939.
14. IMT xxvi. 378–9, 864-PS, minute of 20 Oct. 1939. On military reservations about the
further concentration of Jews in the area around Lublin see also the remark made by
Notes to pages 153–156
483
Krüger on 1 Nov. 1939 in Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen
1939–1945, ed. Werner Präg and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer (Stuttgart, 1975), 56. The negative
attitude of the OKW with regard to a ‘massing (Zusammenballung) of Jews’ near the
demarcation line is also mentioned in the so-called ‘long-term plan’ of the RHSA
(c. November 1941, BAB, R 69/1146).
15. Ibid., SD Danube to the Stapo Branch Office in Ostrava, 28 Oct. 1939.
16. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 56.
17. Bogdan Musial, Deutsche Zivilverwaltung und Judenverfolgung im Generalgouver-
nemnt. Eine Fallstudie zum Distrikt Lublin 1939–1944 (Wiesbaden, 1999), 127–8.
18. Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., 46.
19. Hagemann, Presselenkung, 146.
20. IMT xxx. 84 ff. (95), 2278-PS.
21. Quoted from Sybille Steinbacher, ‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz. Germanisierungspolitik und
Judenmord in Ostoberschlesien (Munich, 2000), 120.
22. Pohl, Judenpolitik, 52.
23. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 186.
24. Quoted from Götz Aly and Susanne Heim, Vordenker der Vernichtung. Auschwitz und
die deutschen Pläne für eine europäische Ordnung (Hamburg, 1991), 204.
25. Karl Haushofer: Leben und Werk, vol. ii: Ausgewählter Schriftwechsel, 1917–1946, ed.
Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (Boppard am Rhein, 1979), no. 226.
26. Longerich, Politik, 262. On the deportations and plans for deportations after autumn
1939, especially those relating to Jews in the annexed Polish areas after autumn 1939, see in particular Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 106 ff.; Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 33 ff., and Browning, Origins, 43 ff.
27. BAB, R 75/3b, published in Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., 42–3.
28. Minute in Biuletyn Glowncj Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich W Polsce (Biule-
tyn), XII, document 3. On this see also Krüger’s report made at a workshop for the
district administrators (Landräte) of Cracow held on the same day (Diensttagebuch, ed.
Präg and Jacobmeyer, 60–1): ‘the most urgent matter is the return of 25,000 ethnic
Germans from the Bug–Vistula area. By spring 1,000,000 Poles and Jews must be
removed from East and West Posen, Danzig, Poland and Upper Silesia and taken into
the General Government. The return of the ethnic Germans and the reception of the
Poles and Jews (10,000 per day) must be achieved according to plan.’
29. Minute of the meeting of 8 Nov. 1939 (see previous note); circular from the HSSPF
Warthegau, Koppe, 12 Nov. 1939, AGK, Bühler-Prozess, 8.
30. BAB, R 58/240, note by Best dated 31 Oct. 1939; cf. Karl-Heinz Roth, ‘Erster
“Generalplan Ost April/May 1940” von Konrad Meyer’, in Dokumentationsstelle zur
NS-Sozialpolitik Mitteilungen, vol. 1 (1985), 34.
31. See the memorandum by two of the members of the Racial Policy Office, G. Hecht and
E. Wetzel, on ‘The Question of How to Treat the Population of the Former Polish Areas
seen from a Racial Political Perspective’ (BAR, R 49/75, 25 Nov. 1939, published in
Documente Occupationis Teutonicae (Doc. Occ.) (Poznan, 1949), v. 2 ff.
32. Letter from Heydrich to the HSSPF in Cracow, Breslau, Poznan, and Danzig and telex
on the details of the short-term plan dated 28 Nov. 1939: Biuletyn Glownej Komisji
Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich W Polsce, vol. XII, documents 4 and 5. A copy of the
484
Notes to pages 156–157
completed ‘long-range plan’ has not so far been discovered, but there is a draft in
existence, undated and unsigned, which was presumably made by Department III of the
RSHA: BAB, R 69/1146, in 1999 11 (1997), 50–71.
33. BAB, R 75/3b, letter from HSSPF Koppe to the RSHA, dated Poznan, 18 Dec. 1939
(Biuletyn, XII, document 8).
34. BAB, R 75/3b: concluding report by Koppe, dated 26 Jan. 1940 (published in Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., 48).
35. BAB, R 58/544, II-112. The SD headquarters was at precisely this point being trans-
formed into Department III of the RSHA.
36. BAB, R 58/276 (also published in Biuletyn, XII, document 9); the letter referred to the in-house meeting of 19 Dec. 1939.
37. Götz Aly, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews (London, 1999), 41–2, quoted from AGK, UWZ, P 197. On these plans see also Frank’s
statements on 19 Jan. 1940 (Diensttagebuch, 93 ff.).
38. According to Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 41 (based on AGK, UWZ, P 197).
39. Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 43–4, 46–7, 80.
40. For details see Longerich, Politik, 266–7.
41. Note dated 8 Jan. 1940 on an interministerial meeting held on 4 Jan. 1940; see Kurt
Pätzold, Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung. Dokumente des faschistischen Antisemi-
tismus 1933 bis 1942 (Leipzig, 1984), 256–7.
42. BAB, R 113/10 (published with an introduction by Karl-Heinz Roth and supplementary
documents in Mitteilungen), 45 ff. There is a suggestion for the dating of the document
in the marginal note ‘zum Vermerk vom 24.1.40’.
43. BAB, R 58/1032, meeting of 30 Jan. 1940 in the RSHA; published in Faschismus, ed.
Berenstein et al., 50 ff. On the limitations placed on the plans for deportation, see
Browning, Origins, 54 ff.
44. Frank Golczewski, ‘Polen’ in Wolfgang Benz, ed., Dimensionen des V}
olkermords. Die
Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1991), 429. On the inter-
mediate plan see Browning, Origins, 63 ff.
45. OS, 503-1-385, express letter dated 12 Feb. 1940. This document was first drawn to
historians’ attention by Wolf Gruner, ‘Von der Kollektivausweisung zur Deportation
der Juden aus Deutschland’, in Christoph Dieckmann et al., eds, Beiträge zur Geschichte
des Nationalsozialismus, vol. xx: Die Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland, Pläne,
Praxis, Reaktionen 1
938–1945 (Göttingen, 2004), 39.
46. BAB, R 43II/1412; see Adler, Verwalteter Mensch, 140 ff.
47. Speech to the Gauleiters, 29 Feb. 1940, Himmler, Geheimreden, 139. This thesis was
adopted by Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 60–1, but the deportations were evidently a component
of a plan that encompassed the whole of the Reich, as Gruner was the first to
demonstrate. Those affected, however, saw the transportations as an act of revenge
on the part of the Gauleiter and the Mayor after the ‘resettlement’ of Jews in the district of Stettin had been thwarted in January after an intervention from the RVJD (WL, 02/
425, report by Arthur Abrahamson dated 1 Sept. 1941). Cf. Jakob Toury, ‘Die Entste-
hungsgeschichte des Austreibungsbefehls gegen die Juden der Saarpfalz und Badens
(22/23. Oktober 1940—Camp de Gurs)’, Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte
15 (1986), 432–3, who finds this thesis plausible.
Notes to pages 157–160
485
48. See p. 159.
49. OS, 500-1-385, 15 Mar. 1940; cf. Gruner, ‘Von der Kollektivausweisung’, 40.
50. Jakob Peiser, Die Geschichte der Synagogengemeinde zu Stettin (Würzburg, 1965), 133–4
and report WL 02/425. See also Else Rosenfeld and Getrud Luckner, eds, Lebenszeichen
aus Piaski Briefe Deportierter aus dem Distrikt Lublin 1940–1943 (Munich, 1968), e.g.
report of Frau G.M., 27 ff.
51. Himmler, Geheimreden, 138–9.
52. IMT xxxvi. 299 ff., 305 EC.
53. Discussed in Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 49. The text is cited in a letter from Goering dated 4
Apr. 1940 to the Trustee Offices (Treuhandstellen) in the eastern areas (original in the
State Archive, Posen). That the Zentralstellen Für Jüdische Auswanderung in Berlin und
Wien, in fact agencies of the RSHA, had asked Soviet authorities for a resettlement of the German Jews at the beginning of 1940, is the astonishing revelation of the most recent
research in Russian archives. See Parel Polian, ‘Hätte der Holocaust beinahe nicht
stattgefunden? Überlegungen zu einem Schriftwechsel im Wert von zwei Millionen
Menschenleben’ in: Johannes Hürter and Türgen Zarusky, eds, Besatzung, Kollaboration,
Holocaust. Neue Studien zur Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden, 1–20.
54. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jakobmeyer, 2 and 4 Apr. 1940, 127 ff., 143 ff.
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Page 87
