Notes to pages 366–370
299. PAA, Inland II g 177, note by Luther, 21 Aug. 1942.
300. PAA, Inland II g 177.
301. PAA, Inland II g 177, note by Luther, 21 Aug. 1942.
302. Details of the Hungarian Judenpolitik in Braham, Politics.
303. See p. 224.
304. Braham, Politics, 214 ff.
305. PAA, Inland II g 208, letter from OKW, Wehrwirtschaftsamt to AA, 21 July 1942;
cf. also Braham, Politics, 284 ff.
306. PAA, Inland II g 208, Himmler to Ribbentrop, 30 Nov. 1942.
307. In the same file.
308. Frederik Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1940–1944 (Pittsburgh,
1981), 44 ff. and 80 ff.
309. Ibid. 80 ff.
310. PAA, Inland II g 183, Presentation note by Luther of 10 September; Note by Sonn-
leithner, 15 Sept. 1942. On these deportation preparations See Chary, Bulgarian Jews,
113 ff.; Browning, Final Solution, 123; Hans-Joachim Hoppe, ‘Bulgarien’, in Benz,
Dimension, 285–6.
311. PAA, Inland II g 194, Presentation note by Luther for Ribbentrop, 24 July 1942 and AA to Envoy Kasche, 10 Aug. 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 115.
312. PAA, Inland II g 177, Presentation note by Luther for Ribbentrop, 11 Sept. 1942; see Daniel Carpi, ‘The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia’, in Daniel
Cesarani and Sarah Kavanaugh, eds, Nazi Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical
Studies (London, 2004), v. 670–730.
313. Ibid.
314. PAA, Inland II g 194, note for Luther, 17 Sept. 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 122–3.
315. Details in Hagen Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, in Benz, Dimension, 241 ff. and Mark
Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944 (New
Haven and London, 1993), 235 ff.
316. PAA, Inland II g 190, Suhr to Rademacher, 11 July 1942. On the Italian attitude see also Daniel Carpi, ‘Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period:
The Attitude of the Italians (1941–1943)’, in Cesarani and Kavanaugh, eds, Nazi
Holocaust, v. 731–68, 738 ff.
317. See PAA, Inland II g 190; dealt with in detail in Browning, Final Solution, 136–7, 140–1.
318. Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews (New
York, 1987), 163 ff. See critical comments on this in William B. Cohen and Jörgen
Svensson, ‘Finland and the Holocaust’, HGS 9 (1995), 94–120, esp. 82–3.
319. See Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, ii. 106 ff. about the Hitler–Antonescu discussion and PAA, Inland II g 200, report from Richter, 26 Nov. 1942 about Antonescu’s statements concerning his special discussion with Ribbentrop. See also Browning, Final Solution, 124–5.
320. PAA, Inland II g 208, note from Luther to Weizsäcker of 24 Sept. 1942.
321. See p. 324.
322. See Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, ii. 111 ff. report, 25 Sept. 1942, about the meeting of 24
Sept.
323. PAA, Inland II g 194, Büro RAM to Luther, 25 Sept. 1942.
324. See pp. 326, 404.
Notes to pages 370–376
559
325. See various documents by Richter and Luther in PAA, Inland II g 200.
326. PAA, Inland II g 177.
327. See Hilberg, Destruction, 845 f.
328. PAA, Inland II g 183, Deutsche Gesandtschaft an AA, 2.11.
329. PAA, Inland II g 183, report of 16 Nov. 1942, attached Bulgarian verbal note of 12 Nov.
Cf. on this subject Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 118 ff.
330. IfZ, MA 1538/2 (NA, T 175/658), vol. 9, note about discussion on 23 Oct. 1942, in which the Romanian Judenkommissar, Lecca also took part, 24 Oct. 1942.
331. PAA, Inland II g 183, sent by Schellenberg, 21 Nov. 1942.
332. Cf. Braham, Politics, 287 ff. and Browning, Final Solution, 128 ff.
333. PAA, Inland II g 208, report from Luther about this to Ribbentrop, 6 Oct. 1942.
334. Instruction from Luther to Jagow, 14 October; report from Jagow, 17 Oct. 1942, both in PAA, Inland II g 208.
335. See PAA, Inland II g 208, report from Jagow of 27 October and 13 Nov. 1942 about
conversations with Kállay.
336. Ibid., letter from Himmler to Ribbentrop, 30 Nov. 1942.
337. ND NG 4586, report from Wisliceny, 8 Oct. 1942; cf. Braham, Politics, 288 ff.
338. PAA, Inland II g, message from Luther to Rademacher, 14 Dec. 1942.
339. See the extensive correspondence between the missions and Luther in October and
November 1942, in PAA, Inland II g 194. On this process, in greater detail, Browning,
Final Solution, 137 ff.
340. See in particular Carpi, ‘The Rescue of Jews’, 670–720, 465 ff.
341. PAA, Inland II g 192.
342. PAA, Inland II g 194, Report from the legation in Zagreb.
343. Hans Thomsen, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Dänemark 1940–1945 (Düsseldorf, 1971);
See Herbert, Best, 330 ff.
344. Samuel Abrahamsen, Norway’s Response to the Holocaust (New York, 1991), 83 ff.
345. Ibid. 104 ff. On the deportation of the Norwegian Jews see also Hilberg, Destruction, 584 ff.
346. Abrahamsen, Norway’s Response, 130 ff.
18.
The Further Development of the Policy of Extermination after the
Turning of the War in 1942–1943: Continuation of the Murders
and Geographical Expansion of the Deportations
1. Decrees of 28 Oct. and 14 Nov. 1942; VOBlGG, 665–6 and 683 ff.
2. See Katzmann Report (018-L, IMT xxxvii. 391 ff.) of 30 June 1943: ‘With the further
instruction of the Higher SS and Police Leader the accelerated total resettlement of the
Jews to be carried out.’ This decision, must, as the context of the report reveals, have
been made after the decree of 10 Nov. 1942 and before the erection of the large camp in
Lemberg for 8,000 Jews.
3. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 248 ff.
4. Arad, Belzec, 393 ff.; Mlynarczyk, Judenmord, 277; Seidel, Besatzungspolitik, 339 ff.
5. Frank Golczewski, ‘Polen’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 476.
6. Ibid. 392–3.
560
Notes to pages 376–381
7. ND NO 1882, Himmler to Krüger, 11 Jan. 1943.
8. NS 19/1740; see also Himmler’s order to Krüger, 16 Feb. 1943. On 23 July 1943 Pohl
informs Himmler that the concentration camp in the Warsaw ghetto has been
constructed (ibid.).
9. Arad, Belzec, 392; Gutman, Jews, 307 ff.
10. Jan Erik Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit für die SS: Juden in der Ostindustrie Gmbh’, in Norbert Frei et al., Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: Darstellungen und Quellen zur
Geschichte von Auschwitz (Munich, 2000), 43–74.
11. Literature on the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: Gutman, Jews; Daniel Blatman, For Our
Freedom and Yours: Jewish Labour Bund in Poland 1939–1949 (Jerusalem, 1998); Reuben
Ainsztein, The Warsaw Ghetto Revolt (New York, 1979).
12. Shmuel Krakowski, War of the Doomed (New York, 1984).
13. BAB, NS 19/2648, 12 May 1943; see also the file note from Himmler, 10 May 1943, in
which he stated that the ‘evacuation of the remaining 300,000 Jews in the General
Government was to be carriedout . . . at the greatest speed’ (original published in
Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 278, S.354–5); cf. Sandkühler, Endlösung, 197
14. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 31 May 1943, p. 682; see also Himmler’s
telephone notes, 20 May 1943: ‘Judenevakuierung’ (BAB, NS 19/1440).
15. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 246 ff.; Sandkühler, Endlösung, 194 ff.
16. Repor
t from Katzmann to Krüger, 30 June 1943; published in Faschismus, ed. Beren-
stein et al., no., 284, pp. 358 ff. It is, however, unlikely that Katzmann was actually in a position to name the number of victims with such great precision; the figure he gives
must therefore refer only to the extent of the mass murder for which he was
responsible.
17. BAB, NS 19/1432, file memorandum Himmler, 19 June 1943, resolution Bandenbe-
kämpfung.
18. Pohl, Lublin, 160. Pohl, Krüger, und Globocnik agreed to take over the camps in a
discussion held on 7 Sept. 1943 (note from Pohl on the same day, ND NO 599, published
in Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 370, pp. 459–60.
19. ND NO 1036, Minute of 19 Jan. 1944 betr. die Umwandlung der Zwangsarbeitslager der
SSPF in KZ.
20. BAB, NS 19/1740, 11 June 1943., Himmler to Pohl and Kaltenbrunner. Himmler speci-
fied that ‘a large park be laid out’ on the area of the former ghetto.
21. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 348 ff.; Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbert’, 59.
22. BAB, NS 19/1571, Himmler’s, order of 5 July 1943; after objections from Pohl and
Globobnik Himmler withdrew his order on 20 July 1943 (letter from Brandt, 20 July
1943, ibid.), but on 24 July 1943 he renewed his instruction.
23. By September 1943 he distanced himself from this order again, but in December he
renewed it.
24. Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 290, pp. 369–70, letter from Greiser to Pohl, 14 Feb.
1944. Reference is also made there to Himmler’s order of 11 June 1942, the original of
which has disappeared. In greater detail, see Michael Alberti, Die Verfolgung und
Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland, 1939–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2006), 472 ff.
25. Alberti, Verfolgung, 473–4.
26. Ibid. 481 ff.
Notes to pages 381–383
561
27. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, article on Bialystok. On the history of this see Sara
Bender, ‘From Underground to Armed Struggle—The Resistance Movement in the
Bialystok Ghetto’, YVS 23 (1993), 145–71; Bender, Jews, 243 ff.
28. Arad, Belzec, 396; Sara Bender, ‘The “Reinhardt Action” in the Bialystok District’, in Freia Anders et al., Bialystok in Bielefeld. Nationalsozialistische Verbrechen vor dem
Landgericht Bielefeld, 1958 bis 1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 204 ff.
29. Gunnar S. Paulsson, Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 (New Haven
and London, 2002), esp. table, p. 57 and summary of the results, pp. 231 ff.
30. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 363 ff.
31. Ibid. 362; a few such cases are described in memoirs: thus, for example, Helene Kaplan managed to reach Oberammergau (Helene Kaplan, I never left Janowska (New York,
1991)); Stefan Szende reached Norway with Organisation Todt and escaped from there
to Sweden (Stefan Sender, Der letzte Jude aus Polen (Zurich, 1945)). Binca Rosenberg,
who lived in the ghetto of Kolomyja, assumed a false identity in 1943 and survived the
end of the war as a waitress in Heidelberg (Binca Rosenberg, Versuch zu überleben . . .
Polen 1941–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996)).
32. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 368 ff.
33. Krakowski, War, 11.
34. Christopher Browning, ‘ “Judenjagd”: Die Schlussphase der “Endlösung” in Polen’, in
Jürgen Matthäus and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, eds, Deutsche, Juden, Völkermord. Der
Holocaust in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Darmstadt, 2006), 177–89, points out, on the
basis of contemporary reports, that the police in the General Government routinely
killed a large number of people who had escaped the ghettos. But it was only from
summer 1943 onwards that these ‘Jew-hunts’ became the focus of police work.
35. Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff.
36. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 371 ff.
37. Order by the SSPF, 13 Mar. 1943, published in Faschismus, ed. Berenson et al., no. 275, p. 352. On the practice in the district of Lublin see also: Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff., Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 308 ff. The procedure was similar in the district of Galicia: Pohl,
Ostgalizien, 366.
38. On Treblinka und Sobibor see Ainsztein, Widerstand, 396 ff.
39. Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler, Letzte Spuren: Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion ‘Erntefest’, 2nd edn (Berlin, 1993), 328 ff.
40. Pohl, Lublin, 168–9.
41. Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit’, 69.
42. ND PS-1919.
43. ND NO 1831, Minute of the meeting of 20 Aug. 1943 concerning Reich labour deploy-
ment issues with special reference to the conditions in the occupied territories, which
took place on 13 July 1943.
44. On the following see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.
45. Cf. pp. 237 f.
46. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.
47. BAB, NS 2/83, 13 Aug. 1943, RFSS concerning Jewish labour deployment in the occupied
East; NOKW 2386, Kriegstagebuch Oberkommando 3. Panzer-Armee, Quartiermeister
2, 4 Nov. 1943; cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739.
562
Notes to pages 383–386
48. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739; Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch
Erlösung, weder Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und de Untergang
des Ghettos Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte (2004), 11–38; on Glebokie see also Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde, 739.
49. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739–40.
50. Ibid. 741 ff.
51. OS, 504-2-8. On this in detail see Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 382 ff.
52. ND NO 2403. Participants in this meeting, apart from Bach-Zelewski, included the
HSSPF Russia North, Prützmann, the HSSPF East, Krüger, the head of the RSHA,
Kaltenbrunner, the director of the WVHA, Pohl, and the head of the Command Staff of
the RFSS, Knoblauch.
53. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 381 ff.
54. Scheffler, ‘Schicksal’, 39.
55. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 401.
56. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, ed. Martin Gilbert,
(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), 468 ff.; Alfred Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager auf
dem Gebiet der Sojetunion’, Dachauer Hefte 5 (1989), 176; Enzyklopädie des Holocausts,
Article ‘Kowno’.
57. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust (New York, 1981), 355 ff.
58. Ibid. 401 ff.
59. Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 177–8; Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article ‘Vaivara’.
60. Corni, Hitlers Ghettos, 308–9; Tory, Surviving the Holocaust.
61. Ainszstein, Widerstand, 236 ff.; Arad, Ghetto in Flames, 373 ff.
62. Dov Levin examines these ghettos in his study Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewrys’s
Armed Resistance to the Nazis 1941–1945 (New York and London, 1997). He also deals
with the ghettos of Vilnius (Wilna) and Kaunas (Kovno).
63. Ibid. 174–5.
64. Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article on Riga.
65. Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 311 ff.
66. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 224 ff. The Berlin action was linked with the resettlement of ethnic Germans from the region of Lodz to Zamosz in the district of Lublin; some of
the Poles resident there were to have been deported to the Reich to replace the Jewish
workers deported from there. See Bruno Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung im Osten;
der Generalplan Ost in Polen 1940–1944 (Basle, 1993), 135 ff.
67. See Wolf Gruner, Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse. Die Fabr
ik-Aktion und die Verfol-
gung der ‘Mischehen’ 1943 (Frankfurt a. M., 2005) which corrects Nathan Stolzfuß,
Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstraße Protest in Nazi Germany
(New Brunswick, NJ, 2001). Significantly, in his diary entry for 11 Mar. 1943 Goebbels
regretted the arrest of ‘Jews, male and female, from privileged marriages’, which had led to ‘fear and confusion’. See Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Teil II: Diktate 1941–1945. Band 7: Januar–März 1943 (Munich, 1993), 528.
68. Frederik Gottwaldt and Diana Schulle, Die ‘Judendeportationen’ aus dem deutschen
Reich 1941–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2005), 400 ff.
69. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 201.
Notes to pages 386–390
563
70. Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 419 ff.
71. Ibid. 337 ff.
72. ND 3363-PS, 18 Dec. 1943; Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 202. See the significantly elevated figures of the deportees to Theresienstadt for Hamburg (Transport 19 Jan. 1944) and
Berlin (10 Jan. 1944): Hamburger jüdische Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Gedenkbuch
(Hamburg, 1995), xix and Gedenkbuch Berlins der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozia-
lismus (Berlin, 1995), 1422.
73. Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 400 ff.
74. Ibid. 427 ff.
75. Ibid. 204.
76. On the deportations from the Netherlands see Hirschfeld, ‘Niederlande’, in Benz et al., Dimension, 137–66 Presser, Destruction; Moore, Victims, 100 ff.; Hilberg, Destruction, 624 ff.
77. Figures concerning the deportations and the number of victims in Hirschfeld, ‘Nie-
derlande’, 162 ff.
78. PAA, Inland II g 182, 4 Dec. 1942. On the Jewish persecution in Belgium from 1942
onwards see Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130; Hilberg, Destruction, 642 ff.;
S. Klarsfeld and M. Steinberg, Die Endlösung der Judenfrage in Belgien. Dokumente
(Paris, 1980).
79. PAA, Inland IIg, 5 Jan. 1943.
80. Published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg, Endlösung, 70.
81. Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130.
82. Ibid. 135.
83. Marion Schreiber, Silent Rebels: The True Story of the Raid on the Twentieth Train to Auschwitz (London, 2003).
84. Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130. This figure includes 5,000 victims who fled to France and were deported from there to Auschwitz. The pre-war Jewish population is
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