28. Michael de Cossart, The Food of Love: Princesse Edmond de Polignac (1865–1943) and her Salon (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1978), 26–103; Martin-Fugier, Les Salons, 140–41; Jessica Duchen, Gabriel Fauré (London, Phaidon, 2000), 44–113; Jonathon Brown, Claude Debussy (London, Pavilion, 1996), 43–62; Arnold L. Haskell, Ballet Russe: The Age of Diaghilev (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968)
29. Gertrude Stein, Picasso (Paris, Librairie Floury, 1938), 26, 31, 62; Fernande Olivier, Picasso and his Friends (London, Heinemann, 1964), 82–8, 139–40
30. Elizabeth Cowling, Picasso: Style and Meaning (London, Phaidon, 2002), 160–62
31. Guillaume Apollinaire, Chronique d’art (1902–1918) (Paris, Gallimard, 1960), 73–4
32. Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Arts in France, 1885–1918 (London, Faber, 1958), 208–19
33. George D. Painter, Marcel Proust: A Biography (London, Chatto & Windus, 1966), I, 95–8, 146–54, II, 293
34. Proust, la recherche du temps perdu (Paris, Gallimard, 1968–9), I, 19
35. Painter, Marcel Proust, II, 163–204, 296–7
36. Alain Pagès, ‘L’Expérience du livre: Zola et le commerce de la librairie en France au XIXe siècle’, in Jean-Yves Mollier, ed., Le Commerce de la librairie au XIXe siècle, 1789–1914 (Paris, IMFC, 1997), 428
37. James Smith Allen, In the Public Eye: A History of Reading in Modern France, 1800–1945 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1991), 80
38. Jean-Paul Dekiss, Jules Verne l’enchanteur (Paris, Félin, 1999), 169; Henri-Jean Martin and Roger Chartier, eds, Histoire de l’édition française, III: Du Romantisme à la Belle Époque (Paris, Promodis, 1985), 202
39. Anne-Marie Thiesse, Le Roman quotidien: Lecteurs et lectures populaires à la Belle Époque (Paris, Le Chemin Vert, 1984), 17–21, 155; Smith Allen, In the Public Eye, 117–20
40. Thiesse, Roman quotidien, 28, 123–4; Dominique Kalifa, ‘“Zigomar”, grand roman sériel (1909–13)’, in his Crime et Culture au XIXe siècle (Paris, Perrin, 2005), 176–88
41. Sophie Grandjean, ‘Les Éditions Fayard et l’édition populaire’, in Mollier, ed., Commerce de la librairie, 229–32; Jean-Paul Colin, La Belle Époque de roman policier français: Aux origines d’un genre romanesque (Lausanne and Paris, 1999), 13–15
42. Claude Bellanger, Histoire générale de la presse française, III: De 1871 à 1940 (Paris, PUF, 1972), 300–316, 399–404; Francine Amaury, Histoire du plus grand quotidien de la IIIe République: Le Petit Parisien, 1876–1944 (Paris, PUF, 1972), I, 265–75, II, 864; Marjorie A. Beale, The Modernist Enterprise: French Élites and the Threat of Modernity, 1900–1914 (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1999), 53–5; Dominique Kalifa, ‘Les Tâcherons de l’information: Petits reporters et faits divers à la Belle Époque’, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 40 (1993), 578–603
43. Jean-Yves Mollier, ‘La Librairie du trottoir à la Belle Époque’, in Mollier, ed., Commerce de la librairie, 234–40
44. Jean-Paul Sartre, Words [1964] (London, Penguin, 2000), 37, 47; Jean-Yves Mollier, ‘Un Parfum de la Belle Époque’, in J.-P. Rioux and J.-F. Sirinelli, eds, La Culture de masse en France de la Belle Époque à aujourd’hui (Paris, Fayard, 2002), 89–90
45. Baldick, ed., Pages from the Goncourt Journal, 374, entry for 13 Mar. 1892; W. Scott Haine, The World of the Paris Café: Sociability among the French Working Class, 1789–1914 (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 20–57, 227–8; Charles Rearick, Pleasures of the Belle Époque: Entertainment and Festivity in Turn-of-the-Century France (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1985), 58–83; Jerrold Siegel, Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life (London, Penguin, 1987), 216–39
46. Yvette Guilbert, La Chanson de ma vie: Mes mémoires (Paris, Grasset, 1927); Bettina Knapp and Myra Chapman, That was Yvette: The Biography of the Great Diseuse (London, Frederick Muller, 1966); Charles Virmaître, Trottoirs et Lupanars (Paris, 1895), 149–51; Richard Harding Davis, About Paris (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1895), 81; Rearick, Pleasures of the Belle Époque, 83–91
47. Georges Sadoul, Le Cinéma français, 1890–1962 (Paris, Flammarion, 1962), 13–17; Jacques Deslandes and Jacques Richard, Histoire comparée du cinéma, II: 1896–1906 (Paris, Casterman, 1968), 103–5, 304–17, 411–60; Emmanuelle Toulet, ‘Le Cinéma à l’Exposition Universelle de 1900’, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 33 (1986), 179–209; Kalifa, ‘“Zigomar”, grand roman sériel (1909–13)’, 182
48. Les Sports Athlétiques, 12 Dec. 1891, cited by Eugen Weber, ‘Gymnastics and Sport in Fin de Siècle France’, American Historical Review 76/1 (1971), 85; Eugen Weber, ‘Pierre de Coubertin and the Introduction of Organised Sports into France’, Journal of Contemporary History 5 (1970), 3–16; Richard Holt, Sport and Society in Modern France (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1981), 40–72; Philip Dine, French Rugby Football: A Cultural History (Oxford and New York, Berg, 2001), 23–46
49. Holt, Sport and Society, 91–100; Philippe Gaboriau, Le Tour de France et le vélo: Histoire sociale d’une épopée contemporaine (Paris, L’Harmattan, 1995), 35–51; Christopher Thompson, ‘Controlling the Working-class Sports Hero in Order to Control the Masses? The Social Philosophy of Henry Desgranges’, Stadion 27 (2001), 139–51
CHAPTER 15: REBUILDING THE NATION
1. Frederic H. Seager, ‘The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871–1914’, in Charles K. Warner, ed., From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front (New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1969), 114
2. Paul-Marie de la Gorce, La République et son armée (Paris, Fayard, 1963), 14
3. Edgar Quinet, La République: Conditions de la régenération de la France (Paris, Dentu, 1872), 47, 63
4. Richard D. Challener, The French Theory of the Nation in Arms, 1866–1939 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1955), 39–40
5. Alan Mitchell, ‘“A Situation of Inferiority”: French Military Reorganisation after the Defeat of 1870’, American Historical Review 86/1 (1981), 50–51; Annie Crepin, La Conscription en débat, ou le triple apprentissage de la nation, de la citoyenneté, de la République (1798–1889) (Arras, Artois Presses Université, 1998), 210–26
6. Gambetta, Saint-Quentin speech, 16 Nov. 1871, Discours et plaidoyers politiques, II (Paris, Charpentier, 1881), 172, cited by Seager, ‘The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France’, 112, and J. P. T. Bury, Gambetta and the Making of the Third Republic (London, Longman, 1973), 65–8
7. Alan Mitchell, The German Influence in France after 1870 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 162–6
8. J. P. T. Bury, Gambetta’s Final Years, 1877–1882 (London and New York, Longman, 1892), 186, 268–9; Anne Hoguenhuis-Selverstoff, Juliette Adam, 1836–1936 (Paris, L’Harmattan, 2001), 102–7; Bertrand Joly, ‘La France et la revanche (1871–1914)’, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 46 (1999), 326–42
9. Jean-Jacques Becker and Stéphane Audouin-Rouzeau, La France, la nation, la guerre, 1850–1920 (Paris, Sedes, 1995), 135–7
10. See above, pp. 294–5
11. Ernest Renan, Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? Conférence faite en Sorbonne le 11 mars 1882, in Oeuvre complètes, I (Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1882), 12–28
12. Ernest Lavisse, Souvenirs (Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1912), 110–12
13. Ernest Lavisse, ‘L’Enseignement historique en Sorbonne et l’éducation nationale’, Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Feb. 1882, in Lavisse, Questions d’enseignement national (Paris, 1885), 42–3; Pierre Nora, ‘L’Histoire de France de Lavisse’, in Les Lieux de mémoire, II.1: La Nation (Paris, Gallimard, 1986), 317–75
14. Ernest Lavisse, La Deuxième Année d’histoire de France (Paris, 1884), 341–3
15. Félix Dupanloup, Second Panégyrique de Jeanne d’Arc prononcé dans la cathédrale de Sainte-Croix, le 8 mai 1869 (Orléans, 1869), 35; Jacques de Biez, Un Maître imagier: E. Frémiet (Paris, 1896), 178; Gerd Krumeich, Jeanne d’Arc in der Geschichte: Historiographie, Politik, Kultur
(Sigmaringen, Thorbecke, 1989), 160
16. Albert Réveille, ‘Vercingétorix et la Gaule au temps de la conquête romaine’, Revue des Deux Mondes, 3rd period, 22 (15 Aug. 1877), 867; Anne Pingeot, ‘Les Gaulois sculptés, 1850–1914’ and Antoinette Ehrard, ‘Vercingétorix contre Gergovie’, in Paul Viallaneix and Jean Ehrard, eds, Nos ancêtres les Gaulois: Actes du Colloque International de Clermont-Ferrand (Clermont-Ferrand, Association des Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Clermont-Ferrand, 1982), 255–61, 307–15; Eugen Weber, ‘Gauls versus Franks: Conflict and Nationalism’, in Robert Tombs, ed., Nationhood and Nationalism in France from Boulanger to the Great War, 1889–1918 (London, HarperCollins Academic, 1991), 14–15; Krzystof Pomian, ‘Francs et Gaulois’, in Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de mémoire, III: Conflits et partages (Paris, Gallimard, 1992), 81–91; Michael Dietler, ‘“Our Ancestors the Gauls”: Archaeology, Ethnic Nationalism and the Manipulation of Celtic Identity in Modern Europe’, American Anthropologist 96/3 (1994), 590–92, 41–105
17. Commandant Galliéni, Voyage au Soudan français: Haut Niger et Pays de Ségou, 1879–1881 (Paris, Hachette, 1885); Marc Michel, Galliéni (Paris, Fayard, 1989), 14–110; André Le Révérend, Un Lyautey inconnu: Correspondance et journal inédites, 1874–1934 (Paris, Perrin, 1980), 44–138
18. Vicomte E.-M. de Vogüé, diary entry of 13 July 1879, in Journal: Paris–Saint-Pétersbourg, 1877–1883 (Paris, Grasset, 1932), 90
19. Jules Ferry, speeches of 5 and 9 Nov. 1881 in Odile Rudelle, ed., La République des citoyens (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1996), II, 232–57; Henri Brunschwig, Mythes et Réalités de l’impérialisme colonial français, 1871–1914 (Paris, Colin, 1960), 55
20. De Vogüé, diary entry of 28 June 1882, in Journal: Paris–Saint-Péters-bourg, 312
21. Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982), 62
22. La Justice, 28 Sept. 1882, cited in E. Malcolm Carroll, French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs, 1870–1914 (New York, Century, 1931), 96–7
23. Paul Déroulède, Le Livre de la Ligue des Patriotes (Paris, 1887), 3, 123, 289
24. Charles de Freycinet, Souvenirs, 1878–1893 (New York, Da Capo Press, 1973), 268–9
25. Ferry, La République des Citoyens, II, 284; Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Clemenceau (Paris, Fayard, 1988), 226
26. Lucien Descaves, Sous-offs: Roman militaire (Paris, Tresse & Stock, 1889); Georges Darien, Biribi (Paris, Société Le Gadenet, 1966); George Courteline, Le Train de 8h47, in his Théâtre, contes, romans et nouvelles, philosophie, écrits divers et fragments retrouvés (Paris, Robert Laffont, 1990), 579–663; Jean Rabaut, L’Antimilitarisme en France, 1870–1975 (Paris, Hachette, 1975), 34–58, has extracts from Sous-offs and Biribi
27. Marcel Cachin vous parle (Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1959), 15; on Fourmies see above, p. 267
28. George F. Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1979), 161
29. E.-M. de Vogüé, Le Roman russe (Paris, Plon, 1886)
30. Hoguenhuis-Selverstoff, Juliette Adam, 217–34
31. René Girault, Emprunts russes et investissements français en Russie, 1887–1914 (Paris, Colin, 1973); Herbert Feis, Europe, the World’s Banker (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1930), 23, 51, 74, 210–34; Rondo Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800–1914 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961), 486
32. Pierre Renouvin, ‘Les Relations franco-russes à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle’, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique I (1959), 128–47; Hoguenhuis-Selverstoff, Juliette Adam, 237–8
33. C. M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forster, ‘The French “Colonial Party”: Its Composition and Influence, 1885–1914’, Historical Journal 14 (1971), 99–128; Stuart Michael Persell, ‘Joseph Chailley-Bert and the Importance of the Union Coloniale Française’, Historical Journal 17 (1974), 176–84; C. M. Andrew, ‘The French Colonial Movement during the Third Republic: The Unofficial Mind of Imperialism’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 26 (1976), 143–66; Stuart Michael Persell, The French Colonial Lobby, 1889–1938 (Stanford, Hoover Institution Press, 1983), 9–48; Christopher Andrew, Théophile Delcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale (London, Macmillan, 1968), 9–44; Roland Villot, Eugène Étienne (Oran, L. Fouque, 1951); John C. Wilkinson, A Fatal Duel: ‘Harry Allis’ (1857–95), a Behind-the-Scenes Figure in the Early Third Republic (Darlington, Serendipity, 2006)
34. Le Drapeau, 1 Oct. 1898
35. Roger Glenn Brown, Fashoda Reconsidered: The Impact of Domestic Politics on French Policy in Africa, 1893–1898 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 95
36. E.-M. de Vogüé to Lyautey, 2 Oct. 1898, in Lyautey, Lettres de Tonkin et de Madagascar, 1894–1899 (Paris, Colin, 1933), 619
37. Brown, Fashoda Reconsidered, 100
38. Ibid., 116; Darrell Bates, The Fashoda Incident of 1898: Encounter on the Nile (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), 142–68
39. Christophe Charle, Naissance des ‘intellectuels’: 1880–1900 (Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1990), 200, 212, 222
40. General Galliéni, Neuf ans à Madagascar (Paris, Hachette, 1908), 161–2; Pascal Venier, ‘The Campaign of Colonial Propaganda: Galliéni, Lyautey and the Defence of the Military Regime in Madagascar, 1899–1900’, in Tony Chafer and Amanda Sakhur, eds, Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France (Basing-stoke, Palgrave, 2002), 29–39
41. Jean-Charles Jauffret, Parlement, gouvernement, commandement: L’Armée de métier sous la 3e République, 1871–1914 (Vincennes, 1987), II, 910–17; Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army, 1871–1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), 67–72, 164
42. Maurice Larkin, Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: The Belle Époque and its Legacy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 36–50. See above, p. 283
43. Judith F. Stone, Sons of the Revolution: Radical Democrats in France, 1862–1914 (Baton Rouge and London, Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 273–98
44. Émile Combes, ‘Discours de Clermont-Ferrand’, in Une Campagne laïque (1902–1903) (Paris, 1904), 370–72
45. Michael Vann, ‘All the World’s a Stage, Especially in the Colonies: L’Exposition de Hanoi, 1902–3’, in Martin Evans, ed., Empire and Culture: The French Experience, 1830–1940 (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 181–91
46. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 181–213
47. Kim Mulholland, ‘Rival Approaches to Morocco: Delcassé, Lyautey and the Algerian–Moroccan Border, 1903–1905’, French Historical Studies 5/3 (1968), 328–43; Persell, The French Colonial Lobby, 50– 52; William A. Hoisington, Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995), 25–6
48. Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 274–301
49. Eric Cahm, Péguy et le nationalisme français de l’Affaire Dreyfus à la Grande Guerre (Paris, Cahiers de l’Amitié Charles Péguy, 25, 1972), 29–30
50. Jean Maitron, Le Mouvement anarchiste en France (Paris, Maspéro, 1975), I, 371 note
51. Paul Louis, Le Colonialisme (Paris, Bellais, 1905), 5–107
52. L’Humanité, 28 Dec. 1905
53. Jean Jaurès, speech to SFIO congress of Nancy, 13 Aug. 1907, in Oeuvres, V (Paris, Rieder, 1933), 106–10
54. Jean Jaurès, speech at Tivoli-Vauxhall, 7 Sept. 1907, and L’Armée nouvelle [1910], in Oeuvres, V, 128, 290–382
55. Charles Péguy, Notre patrie, in Oeuvres en prose, 1898–1908 (Paris, Gallimard, 1959), 801–53; Cahm, Péguy et le nationalisme français de l’Affaire Dreyfus à la Grande Guerre, 27–38
56. Claude Digeon, La Crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870–1914 (Paris, PUF, 1959), 495–518; Eugen Weber, The Revival of National Sentiment in France (Millwood, NY and Berkeley, Kraus Reprint/ University of California Press, 1980)
57. Archives de la Préfecture d
e Police BA 1340, speech of Déroulède, 22 May 1907; Bertrand Joly, Déroulède: L’Inventeur du nationalisme français (Paris, Perrin, 1998), 346–7
58. Paul Déroulède, Hommage à Jeanne d’Arc: Discours prononcé à Orléans le 8 mai 1909 au banquet de la Ligue des Patriotes (Paris, Bloud, 1909), 2
59. Maurice Barrès, Scènes et doctrines du nationalisme (Paris, Plon-Nourrit, 1925), II, 115–30
60. Ibid., I, 92; Yves Chiron, La Vie de Barrès (Paris, Godefroy de Bouillon, 2000), 21–2
61. Barrès, Colette Baudoche (Paris, 1909), 231–52
62. Ernest Psichari, Terres de soleil et de sommeil, in Oeuvres complètes, I (Paris, L. Conrad, 1948), 278–81; Frédérique Neau-Dufour, Ernest Psichari: L’Ordre et l’errance (Paris, Cerf, 2001), 16–120; Henri Massis, Notre ami Psichari (Paris, Flammarion, 1936), 51
63. Joseph Caillaux, Mes mémoires, II: 1909–1912 (Paris, Plon, 1943), 205. See above, p. 286
64. Marshal Joffre, Memoirs, I (London, 1932), 24–5
65. Porch, March to the Marne, 171–86
66. Sonia E. Howe, Lyautey of Morocco: An Authorized Life (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1931), 218–20, 264; Porch, March to the Marne, 118–30; Marjorie Farrar, Principled Pragmatist: The Political Career of Alexander Millerand (New York and Oxford, Berg, 1991), 136–49
67. Jules Maurin, Armée, guerre, société: Soldats languedociens, 1889–1919 (Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1982), 268–72, 312–13; Guy Pedroncini, ed., Histoire militaire de la France, III: 1871–1940 (Paris, PUF, 1992), 85–115
68. Max Ferré, Histoire du mouvement syndicaliste révolutionnaire parmi les instituteurs (Paris, Société Universitaire d’Éditions et de Librairie, 1954), 164–70
69. Ernest Psichari, L’Appel des Armes, in Oeuvres complètes, II (Paris, L. Conran, 1948), 14–93, 117–75; Massis, Notre ami Psichari, 77–8
70. Agathon, Les Jeunes gens d’aujourd’hui (Paris, Plon-Nourrit, 1913)
71. Message of Poincaré, 20 Feb. 1913, cited in Jean-Jacques Becker and Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, La France, la nation, la guerre, 1850–1920 (Paris, Sedes, 1995), 252–3
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