Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018.
Bray, Martha Coleman. Joseph Nicollet and His Map. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1994.
Chaddock, Katherine E., and Matalene, Carolyn B., eds. College of Charleston Voices. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2006.
Chaffin, Tom. Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002.
Chambers, William Nisbet. Old Bullion Benton. Boston: Little, Brown, 1956.
Connelley, William E. A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, vol. 1. Chicago: Lewis, 1918.
____. The Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory and the Journals of William Walker. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society, 1899.
Crosby, Elisha Oscar. Memoirs of Elisha Oscar Crosby: Reminiscences of California and Guatemala from 1849 to 1864. Edited by Charles Albro Barker. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1945.
Delany, Martin. The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States. Amherst, MA: Humanity Books, 2004.
Desmond, Humphrey J. The Know-Nothing Party: A Sketch. Washington, DC: New Century Press, 1904.
Dillon, Richard. Fool’s Gold: A Biography of John Sutter. New York: Coward-McCann, 1967.
Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. London: Christian Age, 1882.
____. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Boston: Anti-slavery Office, 1849.
Easterby, J. H. A History of the College of Charleston. Charleston, SC: Trustees of the College of Charleston, 1935.
Egon, Ferol, ed. With Frémont to California and the Southwest 1845–49. Ashland, OR: Lewis Osborne, 1975.
Elzas, Barnett A. The Reformed Society of Israelites of Charleston. New York: Bloch Publishing, 1916.
Favour, Alpheus H. Old Bill Williams Mountain Man. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
Foote, Henry S. Casket of Reminiscences. Washington, DC: Chronicle Publishing, 1874.
Frémont, Elizabeth Benton. Recollections of Elizabeth Benton Frémont. New York: Hitchcock, 1912.
Frémont, Jessie Benton. Memoirs. Unpublished, Bancroft Library collection, undated.
____. Far-West Sketches. Boston: Lothrop, 1890.
____. Souvenirs of My Time. Boston: Lothrop, 1887.
____. A Year of American Travel. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1878.
Frémont, Jessie Benton, and Francis Preston Frémont. Great Events in the Life of Major General John C. Frémont, F.R.G.S. Chevalier de l’Ordre pour le Merite; etc. and Jessie Benton Frémont. Unpublished, Bancroft Library collection, 1891.
Frémont, John Charles. Memoirs of My Life. Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co., 1887.
____. A Report on an Exploration of the Country Lying Between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains on the Line of the Kansas and Great Platte Rivers. Washington, DC: United States Senate, 1843.
____. A Report on the Exploring Expedition to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44. Washington, DC: United States Senate, 1845.
Gienapp, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Gillikin, Margaret Wilson. Saint Dominguan Refugees in Charleston, South Carolina, 1791–1822: Assimilation and Accommodation in a Slave Society. PhD diss., University of South Carolina–Columbia, 2014.
Ginzberg, Lori D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life. New York: Hill and Wang, 2009.
Goodwin, Cardinal. John Charles Frémont: An Explanation of His Career. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1930.
Hague, Harlan, and David J. Langum. Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.
Halstead, Murat. Trimmers, Trucklers and Temporizers. Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1961.
Herr, Pamela. Jessie Benton Frémont: American Woman of the 19th Century. New York: Franklin Watts, 1987.
Holland, Jesse. The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016.
Hurtado, Albert L. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
Ide, Simeon. The Conquest of California: A Biography of William B. Ide. Oakland, CA: Biobooks, 1944.
Inglis, Fred. A Short History of Celebrity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Irving, Washington. Astoria: Or, Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Blanchard, 1836.
Lavender, David. The Great Persuader. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Admiral Farragut. New York: Appleton, 1901.
Marti, Werner H. Messenger of Destiny: The California Adventures, 1846–1847. San Francisco, John Howell, 1960.
Meigs, William Montgomery. The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1904.
Meltzer, Milton. Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Biography. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-first Century Books, 2007.
Merry, Robert W. A Country of Vast Designs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Moore, John Bassett, ed. The Works of James Buchanan. 12 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908–11.
Moore, Shirley Ann Wilson. Sweet Freedom’s Plains: African-Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841–69. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016.
Nevins, Allan. Fremont: Pathmarker of the West. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955.
Paul, Harry G., ed. Francis Parkman’s The Oregon Trail. New York: Henry Holt, 1918.
Peterson, Merrill D. The Great Triumvirate. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Phillips, Catherine Coffin. Jessie Benton Frémont: A Woman Who Made History. San Francisco: John Henry Nash, 1935.
Pool, David De Sola. Portraits Etched in Stone: Early Jewish Settlers, 1682–1831. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952.
Pred, Allan R. Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities 1790–1840. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Primm, James Neal. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764–1980. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1981.
Quaife, Milo Milton, ed. The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849. 4 vols. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910.
____. Kit Carson’s Autobiography. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.
Rolle, Andrew. John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Rosenus, Alan. General Vallejo and the Advent of the Americans. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1995.
Royce, Josiah. California: A Study of American Character. New York: Knopf, 1948.
Seward, Frederick W. Seward at Washington, 1831–46. New York: Derby and Miller, 1891.
____. Seward at Washington, as Senator and Secretary of State, 1846–1861. New York: Derby and Miller, 1891.
Silverman, Kenneth. Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.
Smith, Elbert. Francis Preston Blair. New York: Free Press, 1980.
Starr, Kevin. California: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2005.
Steel, Edward M. T. Butler King of Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964.
Taylor, Bayard. Prose Writings of Bayard Taylor. New York: Putnam, 1862.
Trent, William P., and Hellman, George S., eds. The Journals of Washington Irving. Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books, 1919.
Upham, Charles Wentworth. Life, Explorations and Public Services of John Charles Frémont. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1856.
Wilson, Robert. Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013
.
Wilson, R. L. Colt: An American Legend: The Official History of Colt Firearms from 1836 to the Present. New York: Artabras, circa 1986.
Wolff, Justin. Thomas Hart Benton: A Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.
WORKS OF POETRY AND FICTION
Aiken, Albert W. Kit Carson, King of Guides. New York: M. J. Ivers, 1899.
Child, Lydia Maria. Flowers for Children. New York: C. S. Francis, 1854.
Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Reprinted edition of 1891–92. New York: Random House, 1930.
CONTEMPORARY NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
Three newspaper databases were accessed through the Library of Congress: Chronicling America; America’s Historical Newspapers; and Newspaper Archive. The publications below were accessed through these databases except where specified otherwise.
Alta California
American Republican
Arkansas State Gazette/Weekly Gazette
Boon’s Lick Times
Boston Courier
Boston Daily Atlas
Cadiz Sentinel
California Courier
Century Magazine, Hathi Trust
Charleston Courier
Charleston Mercury
Cheraw Gazette
Cherokee Advocate
Congregational Herald
Daily American Organ
Daily Dispatch
Daily Gate City
Daily Index (Sacramento)
Daily Intelligencer (Seattle)
Daily Iowa State Democrat
Daily Madisonian
Daily Pacific News
Daily Picayune (New Orleans)
Democrat and Sentinel
Democratic Standard
Demoine Courier
Easton Star
Frederick Douglass’ Paper/North Star
Gazette and Commercial Advertiser
Liberator
Louisville Messenger
Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette
National Era
National Intelligencer
New York Commercial Advertiser
New York Evangelist
New York Evening Post
New York Examiner
New York Herald
New-York Observer
New York Spiritual Telegraph
New York Sun
New York Times
New York Tribune
Niles’ National Register, Hathi Trust
North-Carolina Standard
Ohio Democrat
Portage Sentinel
Republican and Savannah Evening Ledger
Richmond Dispatch
Richmond Enquirer
Sacramento Transcript
Sartain’s Union Magazine of Literature and Art, Hathi Trust
Saturday Journal (New York)
Saturday Morning Visitor
Schenectady Reflector
Southern Sentinel
Star of the North
State Capital Reporter
St. Louis Enquirer
Sunbury American and Shamokin Journal
Trenton State Gazette
United States Magazine and Democratic Review, Hathi Trust
Washington Globe
Washington Sentinel
Washington Star
Washington Union
Weekly Herald
Weekly Pacific News
Western Democrat
Whig Standard
Worcester Palladium
JOURNALS, ARTICLES, AND DISSERTATIONS
Anderson, H. Allen. “The Delaware and Shawnee Indians and the Republic of Texas, 1820–1845,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 94, no. 2 (1990): 231–60.
Andrews, Horace Jr. “Kansas Crusade: Eli Thayer and the New England Emigrant Aid Company.” New England Quarterly 35, no. 4 (1962): 497–514.
Barker, Eugene C. “The Annexation of Texas.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 50, no. 1 (1946): 49–74.
Baugh, Alexander. “John C. Frémont’s 1843–44 Western Expedition and Its Influence on Mormon Settlement in Utah.” Republished in Esplin, Scott C., Bennett, Richard E., Black, Susan Easton, and Manscill, Craig C., eds. Far Away in the West. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2015.
Brophy, Alfred L., and Douglas Thie. “Land, Slaves, and Bonds: Trust and Probate in the Pre–Civil War Shenandoah Valley.” West Virginia Law Review 119, no. 1 (2016).
Campbell, Augustus, and Colin D. Campbell. “Crossing the Isthmus of Panama, 1849: The Letters of Dr. Augustus Campbell.” California History 78, no. 4 (1999/2000): 226–37.
Crotty, Homer D. “The California Constitutional Convention of 1849.” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 31, no. 3 (1949): 155–66.
Crouthamel, James L. “Tocqueville’s South,” Journal of the Early Republic 2, no. 4 (1982): 381–401.
“Documentary: The Frémont Episode.” California Historical Society Quarterly 6, no. 3 (1927): 265–80.
Dorris, Jonathan Truman. “The Oregon Trail.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 10, no. 4 (1918): 473–547.
Ellison, William H., ed. “Memoirs of Hon. William M. Gwin.” California Historical Society Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1940): 1–26.
Gates, Paul W. “The Frémont-Jones Scramble for California Land Claims.” Southern California Quarterly 56, no. 1 (1974): 13–44.
George, Tom M. “‘Mechem’ or ‘Mack’: How a One-Word Correction in the ‘Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln’ Reveals the Truth about an 1856 Political Event.” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 33, no. 2 (2012): 20–33.
Harmon, Nicholas D., Huefner, Michael S., and Anderson Young, Shauna C. “Almon W. Babbitt, Joseph E. Johnson, and the Western Bugle: An LDS Frontier Newspaper at Kanesville.” Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 3 (2013): 163–97.
Hershberger, Mary. “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle Against Indian Removal in the 1830s.” Journal of American History 86, no. 1 (1999): 15–40.
Hunt, Gaillard. “South Carolina During the Nullification Struggle.” Political Science Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1891): 232–47.
Jackson, Donald. “The Myth of the Frémont Howitzer.” Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society (April 1967): 205–14.
Jones, Thomas B. “Henry Clay and Continental Expansion, 1820–1844.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (July 1975): 241–62.
Jortner, Maura L. “Playing ‘America’ on Nineteenth-Century Stages; or, Jonathan in England and Jonathan at Home.” PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2005.
Kanazawa, Mark. “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California.” Journal of Economic History 65, no. 3 (2005): 779–805.
Kemble, John Haskell. “The Genesis of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.” California Historical Society Quarterly 13, no. 3 (1934): 240–54.
Kirker, Harold. “The Larkin House Revisited.” California History 65, no. 1 (1986): 26–33.
Lannie, Vincent P., and Bernard C. Diethorn. “For the Honor and Glory of God: The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1840.” History of Education Quarterly 8, no. 1 (1968) 44–106.
Leavitt, Judith Walzer. “Under the Shadow of Maternity.” Feminist Studies 12, no. 1 (1986): 129–54.
Levine, Robert S. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin in Frederick Douglass’ Paper.” American Literature 64, no. 1 (1992): 71–93.
Lyman, J. Chester. “Our Inequalities of Suffrage.” North American Review 144, no. 364 (1887): 298–306.
Marshall, Schuyler C. “The Free Democratic Convention of 1852.” Pennsylvania History 22, no. 2 (1955): 146–67.
McGehee, Micajah. “Rough Times in Rough Places.” Cent
ury Illustrated Magazine, vol. 41 (March 1891): 771–80.
McGuire, Horace. “Two Episodes of Anti-Slavery Days.” Read Before the Rochester Historical Society, October 27, 1916. Published in Rochester Historical Society 4 (1925): 218–20.
Miller, Edward A. “VMI Men Who Wore Yankee Blue, 1861–1865.” VMI Alumni Review (Spring 1996): 1–13.
Missouri Historical Society. Glimpses of the Past. Pamphlet. December–January 1934–35.
Moore, Robert. “William Clark’s Indian Museum.” National Park Service paper, undated.
Nichols, Charles. “The Origins of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Phylon Quarterly 19, no. 3 (1958): 328–34.
Parker, Jane Marsh. “Reminiscences of Frederick Douglass.” Outlook 51 (April 1895).
Pearson, Lee M. “The ‘Princeton’ and the ‘Peacemaker’: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Naval Research and Development Procedures.” Technology and Culture 7, no. 2 (1966): 163–83.
Sacher, John M. “The Sudden Collapse of the Louisiana Whig Party.” Journal of Southern History 65, no. 2 (1999): 221–48.
Saerchinger, César. “Musical Landmarks in New York.” Musical Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1920): 227–56.
Savage, W. S. “The Influence of William Alexander Leidesdorff on the History of California.” The Journal of Negro History 38, no. 3 (1953): 322–32.
Schmandt, Raymond H. “A Selection of Sources Dealing with the Nativist Riots of 1844.” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 80, no. 2/3 (1969): 68–113.
Smith, Elbert B. “Francis P. Blair and the Globe: Nerve Center of the Jacksonian Democracy.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 57, no. 4 (1959): 340–53.
Spence, Mary Lee. “David Hoffman: Frémont’s Mariposa Agent in London.” Southern California Quarterly 60, no. 4 (1978): 379–403.
Stanley, Gerald. “Senator William Gwin: Moderate or Racist?” California Historical Quarterly 50, no. 3 (1971) 243–55.
Steen, Ivan D. “Palaces for Travelers: New York City’s Hotels in the 1850’s As Viewed by British Visitors.” New York History 51, no. 3 (1970): 269–86.
Swift, John W., Hodgkinson, P., and Woodhouse, Samuel W. “The Voyage of the Empress of China.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 63, no. 1 (1939) 24–36.
Thompson, Gerald. “Edward Fitzgerald Beale and the California Gold Rush.” Southern California Quarterly 63, no. 3 (1981): 198–225.
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